Pregnancy weight gain may affect perinatal outcomes, quality of life during pregnancy, and child-bearing expenses: an observational cohort study.

PURPOSE: We aimed to examine the effect of gestational weight gain (GWG) on perinatal outcomes, quality of life (QoL) during pregnancy, and medical costs of childbirth. METHODS: The observational cohort comprised 2210 pregnant women who were classified into three groups based on their pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and GWG in relation to the 2020 Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations. The data were collected on perinatal outcomes, urinary incontinence (UI) during pregnancy, changes in sexual function, and medical costs of hospitalization for delivery. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were employed to explore those associations. RESULTS: Only 42.1% of women met the 2020 IOM guidelines. After adjustments for potential confounding factors, women with above-normal GWG had adverse pregnancy outcomes, including a large fetal head circumference and macrosomia, and women with below-normal GWG were more likely to deliver low-birthweight fetuses preterm than women with normal GWG. Only 16.8% of women reported sexual activity during pregnancy. There were not significant differences in sexual activity and satisfaction, or QoL among the three GWG groups. Child-bearing expenses were higher for women with above-normal GWG than for women with normal GWG. Although the child-bearing expenses were higher for the above-normal GWG, the proportion of women with expenses above the median increased according to pre-pregnancy BMI. CONCLUSION: Our results show that inappropriate GWG is associated with a greater risk of adverse perinatal outcomes and increased medical expenses for delivery. Healthcare providers are advised to counsel women to maintain their GWG following the 2020 IOM recommendations throughout pregnancy.

Ultrasound assessment of mid-urethra tape at three-year follow-up after tension-free vaginal tape procedure.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the anatomic changes in the polypropylene mesh sling after a tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure using introital ultrasonography in a prospective study. METHODS: Eighty women with genuine stress incontinence but without pelvic relaxation syndrome underwent surgery. Introital ultrasound evaluation of the mid-urethra TVTs was performed after surgery. RESULTS: Of the 70 women available for evaluation at postoperative year 3, 62 (88.5%) were objectively cured and 6 had improvement; in 2 patients, the procedure had failed. The measurement of the tape position from the bladder neck at the first and third year compared with the tape position at 1 month revealed no statistically significant differences. The tapes were located at the mid-urethra in 60 patients (85.7%) and at the proximal urethra in 10. The measurement of the tape from the lower margin of the symphysis pubis using the rectangular coordinate system showed the tape had a downward descent of 1.7 mm at 3 years of follow-up. The rate of descent decreased during the study period. The mean thickness and width of the tape increased with time. A urethral knee angulation during maximal straining was found in 60 patients (92%), with the tape positioned at the mid-urethra for the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: The observations of the tape position and characteristics suggest that shrinkage and compromise of the TVT sling does not occur. The TVT sling fixes to its original implanted site along the urethra and appears to slowly descend with the surrounding tissue with time. The urethra dynamic kinking contributes to the postoperative urinary continence when the TVT sling is placed at the mid-urethra.