Assessment of drinking water quality and health risk using water quality index and multiple computational models: a case study of Yangtze River in suburban areas of Wuhan, central China, from 2016 to 2021.

Water quality, increasingly recognized for its significant impact on health, is garnering heightened attention. Previous studies were limited by the number of water quality indicators and the duration of analysis. This study assessed the drinking water quality and its associated health risk in suburban areas of Wuhan, a city in central China, from 2016 to 2021. We collected 368 finished water samples and 1090 tap water samples and tested these for 37 different indicators. The water quality was evaluated using the water quality index, with trends over time analyzed via the Mann-Kendall test. Furthermore, an artificial neural network model was employed for future water quality prediction. Our findings indicated that the water quality in rural Wuhan was generally good and had an improvement from 2016 to 2021. The qualification and excellent rates were 98.91% and 86.81% for finished water, and 97.89% and 78.07% for tap water, respectively. The drinking water quality was predicted to maintain satisfactory in 2022 and 2023. Additionally, principal component analysis revealed that the primary sanitary issues in the water were poor sensory properties, elevated metal contents, high levels of dissolved solids, and microbial contamination. These issues were likely attributable to domestic and industrial waste discharge and aging water pipelines. The health risks associated with the long-term consumption of this water have been steadily decreasing over the years, underscoring the effectiveness of Wuhan's ongoing water management efforts.

Stratified assessment and warning regimen for prevention of acute adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media: results of 150,343 cases in a tertiary hospital.

For contrast-enhanced CT examinations, there is a lack of comprehensive optimal management strategies of risk factors to reduce the risk of iodinated contrast media (ICM)-induced acute adverse reactions (AAR). Here, we determine the relationship between the rate of ICM-AAR and a stratified assessment and warning (SAW) regimen, which integrated risk identification, stratification, early warning, and prevention. A total of 120,822 cases in the conventional assessment period (58 years ± 15, 55.25% men) and 150,343 cases (58 years ± 14, 55.83% men) in the SAW period were enrolled. The results showed that the total AAR incidence in the SAW period (414/150,343, 0.28%) was lower than that in the conventional assessment period (506/120,822, 0.42%, P < 0.001), in which the proportion of AAR patients decreased by one-third. It mainly presented as decreases in mild and moderate reactions (P < 0.001), and a decrease in the proportion of moderate AAR patients (P = 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed lower mild and moderate AAR incidence in patients with different risk levels and with different ICM injection parameters following SAW regimen. We concluded that SAW regimen was associated with lower incidence of mild and moderate AAR, and decreased proportion of moderate AAR patients, which held potential for improved ICM safety.

Quality assessment and prediction of municipal drinking water using water quality index and artificial neural network: A case study of Wuhan, central China, from 2013 to 2019.

The sanitary security of drinking water is closely related to human health, but its quality assessment mainly focused on limited types of indicators and relatively restricted time span. The current study was aimed to evaluate the long-term spatial-temporal distribution of municipal drinking water quality and explore the origin of water contamination based on multiple water indicators of 137 finished water samples and 863 tap water samples from Wuhan city, China. Water quality indexes (WQIs) were calculated to integrate the measured indicators. WQIs of the finished water samples ranged from 0.24 to 0.92, with the qualification rate and excellent rate of 100 % and 96.4 %, respectively, while those of the tap water samples ranged from 0.09 to 3.20, with the qualification rate of 99.9 %, and excellent rate of 95.5 %. Artificial neural network model was constructed based on the time series of WQIs from 2013 to 2019 to predict the water quality thereafter. The predicted WQIs of finished and tap water in 2020 and 2021 qualified on the whole, with the excellent rate of 87.5 % and 92.9 %, respectively. Except for three samples exceeding the limits of free chlorine residual, chloroform and fluoride, respectively, the majority of indicators reached the threshold values for drinking. Our study suggested that municipal drinking water quality in Wuhan was generally stable and in line with the national hygiene standards. Moreover, principal component analysis illustrated that the main potential sources of drinking water contamination were inorganic salts and organic matters, followed by pollution from distribution systems, the use of aluminum-containing coagulants and turbidity involved in water treatment, which need more attention.

Bentazone in water and human urine in Wuhan, central China: exposure assessment.

Bentazone is a widely used post-emergence herbicide, while no data was available on its concentrations in tap water from China and in urine among the general population. It was determined in the source (Wuhan section of the Yangtze River watershed), treated, and tap water (n = 20, 20, and 170, respectively) in different seasons (2019) in Wuhan, central China. Also, urine samples (n = 38) collected from healthy adults in Wuhan (September 2020) were analyzed to characterize its urinary concentration. Bentazone was detected in all the source and treated water samples. Its concentrations in the source water in July were higher than those in February (median: 17.9 ng/L vs. 2.86 ng/L) (p < 0.05). It cannot be removed efficiently (27.8-27.9%) by conventional drinking water treatment using NaClO, but it can be efficiently removed by using chlorine dioxide or ozone combined with activated carbon. Bentazone was frequently detected (detection frequency: 96.3%) in 160 tap water samples (underwent conventional treatment) (median: 1.95 ng/L, range: <0.02-47.0 ng/L), while it was not detectable in tap water samples that underwent ozone combined with activated carbon. Seasonal variations were found, with the lowest median concentration (ng/L) in April (0.46) and the highest in July (17.6). In addition, bentazone was frequently (92.1%) detected in human urine samples (median: 0.02 ng/mL; range: < 0.01-0.11 ng/mL). The estimated daily intake of bentazone based on its median concentration in tap water (0.04 ng/kg-body weight [bw]/day) accounted for approximately 8% of that based on the median urinary concentration (0.48 ng/kg-bw/day). This is the first time to characterize its occurrence in drinking water from China and its occurrence in the urine of the general population.

[The cost-effectiveness analysis of gefitinib or erlotinib in the treatment of advanced EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer patients].

BACKGROUND: Targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) had become a research hotspot. Both of gefitinib and erlotinib had already been recommended as first line treatment in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant advanced NSCLC patients. The study aimed to compare the effectiveness and prognosis of advanced NSCLC with gefitinib or erlotinib, as well as the cost-effectiveness ratio of the two drugs. METHODS: Data of 66 EGFR mutant NSCLC patients who were included in Guangzhou medical insurance were analyzed. The efficacy and adverse reactions were evaluated. All the patients were followed-up regularly and the cost of the treatment was recorded. RESULTS: The median progression free survival (PFS) of all patients was 15.0 months. 49 patients received gefintib and 17 patients had erlotinib. The PFS for the two groups of patients was 17.5 month and 13 months, respectively (P=0.459). 31 (62.3%) patients had rash in gefitinib group, 16 (94.1%) in erlotinib group. Cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) in gefitinib group was 3,027 RMB per month, while 6,800 RMB in erlotinib group. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICEA) of erlotinib was 2.25 times of gefitinib. CONCLUSIONS: For EGFR mutant advanced NSCLC patients, equal efficacy and survival benefit were observed in patients with gefitinib and erlotinib. The adverse reaction was milder in gefitinib group than that of erlotinib group. And with Guangzhou medical insurance, gefitinib had a superior cost-effectiveness ratio.