RESUMO
To evaluate nasal cavity (NC) dimensions of individuals with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and primary snoring, by tomographic image analysis, compared to individuals with OSA without CL/P (N-CL/P).Cross-sectional and retrospective.Tertiary referral center.Patients were divided into 2 groups: (G1) CL/P + OSA or primary snoring, n = 11; (G2) N-CL/P + OSA, n = 13.NC tomographic images were reconstructed using ITK-SNAP software, and measurements were obtained from these three-dimensional models using SpaceClaim software.Total NC volumes, right and left NC volumes, and volumes of the nostril to the nasal valve (V1) and from the nasal valve to the superior limit of the nasopharynx (V2), cross-sectional areas, and perimeters.NC volumes (total, right, and left sides), V1, and V2, though smaller in the CL/P + OSA, did not differ significantly from the N-CL/P + OSA. Cross-sectional areas and perimeters of the superior limit of the nasopharynx, in the CL/P + OSA, presented significantly higher values compared to the N-CL/P + OSA (P ≤ .05).The internal nasal dimensions of patients with CL/P do not seem to be part of the etiopathogenesis, nor constitute a risk factor for OSA with greater severity, in this special group of patients.
RESUMO
OBJETIVO: Revisar a estrutura e o funcionamento do sistema colinérgico central ressaltando seu papel na fisiologia e na fisiopatologia das doenças de Alzheimer e Parkinson, esquizofrenia, epilepsia e tabagismo. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica no MedLine, LILACS, PubMed e ISI, e na Biblioteca da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, RJ, selecionando-se o período de 1914 a 2009, utilizando os descritores: "receptors", "cholinergic", "Alzheimer disease", "schizophrenia", "epilepsy" e "smoking", além de referências cruzadas dos artigos selecionados e análise adicional de referências na literatura específica do tema. RESULTADOS: Efeitos importantes da ativação de receptores colinérgicos nicotínicos e muscarínicos sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC) têm sido descritos. A dessensibilização e a internalização dos receptores acoplados à proteína G mediadas pela ativação de proteínas cinases têm sido descritas em proliferação, diferenciação e morte celular, além de síndromes neuropsiquiátricas. CONCLUSÃO: As informações produzidas a partir de estudos do sistema de neurotransmissão colinérgica podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de medicamentos mais específicos para o tratamento da doença de Alzheimer, esquizofrenia, epilepsia e tabagismo.
OBJECTIVES: To review articles regarding important topics about cholinergic system and its ionotropic and G-protein coupled receptors as well as their regulation, also enlightening its importance in central nervous system (CNS) development and in several neuropsychiatric conditions such as Alzheimer disease, schizophrenia, epilepsy and smoking. METHOD: Bibliographical research was completed through MedLine, LILACS, PubMed, ISI and the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Library, RJ, specifically for 1914 to 2009, using the descritors: "receptors", "cholinergic", Alzheimer "disease", "schizophrenia", "epilepsy" and "smoking", in addition to the cross-reference of the articles selected and further analyses of bibliographical references on the theme. RESULTS: Currently literature describes important effects of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors activation on development of central nervous system (CNS). The protein G coupled receptors dessensibilization and internalization mediated by kinases have been described in proliferation, differentiation and cell death, and also in neurologic disorders. DISCUSSION: The importance of the cholinergic system and its relationship with pathologies such as Alzheimer disease, schizophrenia, epilepsy is evident. The data produced so far may help on planning medicaments more specific for these pathologies treatment.