Economic burden of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in adults admitted to Spanish hospitals. A multicentre retrospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is associated with increased hospital stays and mortality and a high likelihood of rehospitalization, leading to increased health resource use and costs. The objective was to estimate the economic burden of recurrent CDI (rCDI). METHODS: Observational, retrospective study carried out in six hospitals. Adults aged ≥18 years with ≥1 confirmed diagnosis (primary or secondary) of rCDI between January 2010 and May 2018 were included. rCDI-related resource use included days of hospital stay (emergency room, ward, isolation and ICU), tests and treatments. For patients with primary diagnosis of rCDI, the complete hospital stay was attributed to rCDI. When diagnosis of rCDI was secondary, hospital stay attributed to rCDI was estimated using 1:1 propensity score matching as the difference in hospital stay compared to controls. Controls were hospitalizations without CDI recorded in the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. The cost was calculated by multiplying the natural resource units by the unit cost. Costs (euros) were updated to 2019. RESULTS: We included 282 rCDI episodes (188 as primary diagnosis): 66.31% of patients were aged ≥65 years and 57.80% were female. The mean hospital stay (SD) was 17.18 (23.27) days: 86.17% of rCDI episodes were isolated for a mean (SD) of 10.30 (9.97) days. The total mean cost (95%-CI) per episode was €10,877 (9,499-12,777), of which the hospital stay accounted for 92.56. CONCLUSIONS: There is high cost and resource use associated with rCDI, highlighting the importance of preventing rCDI to the Spanish National Health System.

Staining system: a cheap and simple way for staining ultrathin sections.

A staining device for sectioned material supported on grids for viewing at the Transmission Electron Microscope is described. The method based in a double side sticky tape is inexpensive, rapid and clean. By using only pipettes and a double side sticky tape the best solution to the tedious problems of sections staining is obtained. The tape is discarded and the staining solution too. Precipitates have not been observed.