[Current status of tuberculosis burden in China].

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs. China is still among the high-burden tuberculosis countries in the world. Although the estimated incidence of tuberculosis in China has declined in recent years, the declining rate is slow. It still faces major issues such as a slower rate of decline, a widening gap between estimated and notified incidence, higher risk among middle-aged and older adults, a high number of cases among agriculture and related workers, and a heavier disease burden in the country's western regions. In addition, latent tuberculosis infection, drug-resistant tuberculosis, tuberculosis coinfection with HIV, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis have also exacerbated the disease burden of tuberculosis to some extent. This paper reviewed the epidemic characteristics of tuberculosis, the epidemiological triad, three links and two factors in the transmission process, the disease burden, and other aspects to provide a reference for formulating prevention and control strategies on tuberculosis.

[Radiological assessment of interstitial lung disease: what can lung ultrasound do?]

The use of lung ultrasound in the screening, diagnosis, and evaluation of interstitial lung disease has been relatively well studied, but has not been widely accepted and applied in clinical practice. There are also some differences in the examination methods applied in these studies. This paper summarized the application, advantages, and disadvantages of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of interstitial lung disease by comprehensively reviewing the examination methods, research results and progress of new technologies of lung ultrasound in interstitial lung disease.

[Socioeconomic status and cecal adenocarcinoma mortality risk: an American population-based analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and disease mortality in patients with cecal adenocarcinoma in America through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End results (SEER) database. METHODS: The SEER database was queried for patients with cecal adenocarcinoma in America diagnosed from 2011 to 2015. Factor analysis, cluster analysis, and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used for data analysis. Five social security factors were identified: factor 1, economic and educational disadvantage; factor 2, characteristics related to immigration (language isolation and foreign birth); factor 3, high relocation rate in the county; factor 4, high intra-state relocation rate; and factor 5, high domestic relocation rate. Five clusters defined by SES were identified. RESULTS: The number of all-cause deaths among 17 185 patients was 5948, and the number of survivors was 11, 237. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, with cluster 1 (low poverty rate and high education level) as the reference, the hazard ratio (HR) of cluster 3 (high intra-county mobility rate) was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04-1.21, P < 0.05), and the risk was 13% higher than that of cluster 1. The HR of cluster 4 (low language isolation, foreign birth, housing overcrowding, and intra-country mobility rates) was 1.15 (95% CI: 1.07- 1.24, P < 0.001) with a 15% higher risk than cluster 1. The HR of cluster 5 (economic and educational disadvantages, immigration-related characteristics, and low intra-country mobility) was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.03-1.20, P < 0.01) with a 11% higher risk. The factors related to SES indicators were based on the mortality of patients with cecal adenocarcinoma, indicating that low economic and education levels are risk factors for cecal adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: Low socioeconomic status is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with cecal adenocarcinoma in the United States and show different distribution patterns based on population. Improving health insurance policies and strengthening psychotherapy can provide guidance for improving prognosis f cecal adenocarcinoma patients.

[Assessment of pathological biopsy and safety margin of specimens from breast cancer patients with breast conversing surgery].

Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) has now become one of the optimal surgical choices for early invasive breast cancer. The pathological diagnosis of margin in breast-conserving specimen is very important. There is no acknowledge on the approaches of pathological biopsy and safety margin diagnosis of breast conserving surgery. This paper will compare the biopsy and diagnosis methods of breast-conserving surgery specimens between Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital in China and MD Anderson Cancer Center in the United States. We summarize our biopsy method and diagnostic criteria to explore how to accurately evaluate the margin of breast-conserving surgery specimen from a pathological point of view, and to escort a successful breast-conserving surgery.

[Epidemic related laws and regulations and their characteristics in the period of the National Government].

From 1927 to 1949, the National Government promulgated at least 74 epidemic-related acts and regulations, including 38 national acts and regulations issued by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of the Interior, the National Economic Commission and other central agencies, 5 industrial acts and regulations, and 31 acts and regulations issued by local governments. These acts and regulations make the epidemic prevention and control of the Republic of China gradually transition from socialization to legalization, thus laying the foundation of the legal system of modern epidemic prevention in China, and playing a positive role in promoting the modernization of epidemic prevention in China. At the same time, the epidemic-related acts and regulations of the Republic of China also show that they attach importance to quarantine of traffic ports, seasonal epidemic prevention, strengthen health and epidemic prevention in remote areas, and pay attention to health care, health and epidemic prevention personnel qualification assessment and guarantee, increase health and epidemic prevention technology application and research and development of the overall characteristics. However, due to the constraints of economic development, medical level, frequent wars and natural disasters, the epidemic-related acts and regulations promulgated during the period of the National Government have not been well implemented, but some of the characteristics of the epidemic-related acts and regulations have still played an important historical role in the humanistic principles, legislative adaptability, professionalism and scientific aspects under the background of the new era.

[Regional and demographic differences on passive smoking among non-smokers aged 30-79 years in 10 regions of China].

Objective: To describe the regional and demographic differences on passive non-smokers from 10 regions involved in the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study. Methods: Detailed information regarding passive smoking behaviors related to 317 486 non-smokers who were 30-79 years old from the 10 study regions were gathered and analyzed. Results: Following the standardization of the 2010 China national population, the prevalence rate of passive smoking was 56.7%, and the prevalence rate of living with smokers was 66.5% among the Chinese adults. Both of the aforementioned rates were higher in rural than in urban areas. Meanwhile, the regional distribution of weekly passive smoking frequency and cumulative duration of passive smoking per week and cumulative duration of passive smoking per day were significantly different. The cumulative passive smoking duration per week increased along with the weekly frequency in people living in urban areas. Among women, the weekly passive smoking frequency was the highest, and the cumulative durations per week and per day appeared the lowest in Hunan, opposite to the situation in Henan. The prevalence of passive smoking among participants living with smokers was 2.27 times (95%CI: 2.24-2.29) of those who were not and the association appeared stronger in women (OR=2.61, 95%CI: 2.58-2.64) but not in men (OR=1.01, 95%CI: 0.95-1.06). Almost all the indicators seemed higher in women than those in men, except for the cumulative duration per day. Furthermore, these indicators appeared higher among those who were at younger age or with less education. The prevalence rates of passive smoking and living with smokers were lower but the cumulative duration per day was higher among those with lower household income. And the two rates were higher in married women and lower in married men, as compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: Regional and demographic differences in passive smoking were noticed among study population of CKB in the 10 regions.

[Interpretation for the group standards in data management for large population-based cohorts].

Precision medicine became the key strategy in development priority of science and technology in China. The large population-based cohorts become valuable resources in preventing and treating major diseases in the population, which can contribute scientific evidence for personalized treatment and precise prevention. The fundamental question of the achievements above, therefore, is how to construct a large population-based cohort in a standardized way. The Chinese Preventive Medicine Association co-ordinated experienced researchers from Peking University and other well-known institutes to write up two group standards Technical specification of data processing for large population-based cohort study (T/CPMA 001-2018) and Technical specification of data security for large population-based cohort study (T/CPMA 002-2018), on data management. The standards are drafted with principles of emphasizing their scientific, normative, feasible, and generalizable nature. In these two standards, the key principles are proposed, and technical specifications are recommended in data standardization, cleansing, quality control, data integration, data privacy protection, and database security and stability management in large cohort studies. The standards aim to guide the large population-based cohorts that have been or intended to be established in China, including national cohorts, regional population cohorts, and special population cohorts, hence, to improve domestic scientific research level and the international influence, and to support decision-making and practice of disease prevention and control.

[Influences of genetic and environmental factors on smoking related behaviors among male twin adults in China].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influences of genetic and environmental factors on smoking behavior, smoking cessation and onset age of smoking less than 20 years in male twin adults. METHODS: A face-to-face questionnaire was conducted to collect data from 6 458 pair male twins aged ≥25 years registered in 9 provinces(municipality)in China. The heritability of three smoking related behaviors were calculated by using structural equation models. RESULTS: The ACE models were the best models of the three dimensions of smoking, i.e. smoking behavior, smoking cessation and onset age of smoking less than 20 years for male twins, and the corresponding heritability of these behaviors were 0.26(0.19-0.34), 0.27(0.19-0.37)and 0.05(0.00-0.14), respectively. When adjusted for area and age, the heritability of these three behaviors were 0.26(0.19-0.34), 0.31(0.00-0.74)and 0.05(0.00-0.14), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: All the three smoking related behaviors were affected by genetic factors, but environment factors had more effect on them. For smoking cessation, the heritability was highest, but the influence of environmental factors was lowest. Meanwhile, for onset age of smoking, the influence of environmental factors was highest.