Burden of syphilis in Brazil and federated units, 1990-2016: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

BACKGROUND: Syphilis is a chronic infectious disease that has created challenging situations for humanity for centuries. Transmission can occur sexually or vertically, with great repercussions on populations, particularly among women and children. The present study presents information on the main burden imposed by syphilis generated by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 for Brazil and its 27 federated units. METHODS: We described the metrics of incidence, deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), standardized by age and per 100,000 inhabitants, from 1990 to 2019, and we compared the disease burden between the years 1990 and 2019. RESULTS: In Brazil, the disease burden increased between 2005 and 2019 for all metrics. Although a higher incidence of syphilis was found among women in 2019, DALYs [YLLs (males: 15.9%; females: 21.8%), YLDs (males: 25.0%; females: 50.0%), and DALYs (males: 16.2%; females: 22.4%)] were higher among men. In 2019, the highest DALY rate per 100,000 inhabitants was observed in individuals aged above 50 years. The State of Maranhão presented the highest values of DALYs {1990: 165.2 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 96.2-264.4]; 2005: 43.8 [95% UI 30.3-62.4]; 2019: 29.1 [95% UI 19.8-41.1]} per 100,000 inhabitants in the three years analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of syphilis has increased in recent years. Men presented higher DALYs, although the incidence of the disease was higher in women. Syphilis affects a large number of people across all age groups, causing different degrees of disability and premature death (DALYs).

Identificação da qualidade da anticoagulação em pacientes que utilizam varfarina e fatores associados / Identification of anticoagulation quality in patients using warfarin and associated factors

A varfarina é um anticoagulante oral amplamente utilizado na prevenção de eventos tromboembólicos, sendo disponibilizado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil. Entretanto, a manutenção da qualidade da anticoagulação oral é um desafio na prática clínica, sendo a identificação de fatores que interferem nesse processo de importância para o contexto clínico e científico. Este é um estudo transversal, conduzido em um hospital universitário de Minas Gerais, com o objetivo de identificar a qualidade da anticoagulação oral de pacientes em uso de varfarina e fatores associados. A qualidade da anticoagulação foi avaliada por meio do time in therapeutic range (TTR), que permite identificar a proporção de tempo em que o paciente apresentou valores de razão normatizada internacional (RNI) dentro da faixa terapêutica desejada. Os valores de TTR foram associados a características clínicas e demográficas utilizando-se regressão logística uni e multivariada. O TTR médio foi 61,8% (DP + 1,00), sendo que 204 (46,3) pacientes apresentaram controle inadequado da anticoagulaçã . As variáveis sexo (OD: 1,82; P: 0,005; IC: 1,204335 -2,761345), uso da varfarina diferente do prescrito (OD:2,81; P< 0,005; IC: 1,700-4,632352) e ocorrência de sangramento (OD:1,70; P< 0,005; IC: 1,013157-4,632352) foram preditoras de TTR inadequado. Indicações de uso, tromboembolismo e valvulopatia foram preditoras de TTR adequado. Os achados contribuem para melhor conhecimento do perfil dos pacientes com controle inadequado da anticoagulação oral e estabelecimento de estratégias que promovam qualidade na anticoagulação.(AU)

Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant widely used in the prevention of thromboembolic events and is made available by the Brazilian Unified Health System. However, maintaining the quality of oral anticoagulation is a challenge in clinical practice, other than the identification of factors that interfere in this important process for the clinical and scientific context. This was a cross-sectional study, conducted at a university hospital in Minas Gerais, with the objective of identifying the quality of oral anticoagulation in patients using warfarin and associated factors. The quality of anticoagulation was assessed using the time in therapeutic range (TTR), which allows the identification of the proportion of time in which the patient presented international normalized ratio (INR) values within the desired therapeutic range. TTR values were associated with clinical and demographic characteristics using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The mean TTR was 61.8% (SD + 1.00), with 204 (46.3%) patients demonstrating inadequate anticoagulation control. The variables gender (OD: 1.82; P: 0.005; CI: 1.204335-2.761345), use of warfarin other than prescribed (OD: 2.81; P <0.005; CI: 1.700-4.632352) and bleeding occurrence (OD: 1.70; P <0.005; CI: 1.013157-4.632352) were predictors of inadequate TTR. Indications for use, thromboembolism and valvulopathy were predictors of adequate TTR. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the profile of patients with inadequate control of oral anticoagulation and the establishment of strategies that promote anticoagulation quality.(AU)

Discordance between the patient's and physician's global assessment in rheumatoid arthritis: Data from the REAL study-Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Discordance between patient's global assessment (PtGA) and physician's global assessment (PhGA) has been described in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Understanding the reasons for this discrepancy is important in the context of treat-to-target treatment strategy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the determinants of PtGA and PhGA and factors associated with discordance between them. METHODS: The REAL study included RA patients from Brazilian public health centers. Clinical, laboratory and outcomes measures were collected. PtGA and the PhGA were rated on a visual analog scale and analyzed. Three groups were defined: no discordance (difference between PtGA and PhGA within 3 cm), positive discordance (PtGA exceeding PhGA by >3 cm), and negative discordance (PtGA less than PhGA by >3 cm). Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify determinants of PtGA and PhGA and their discordance. RESULTS: 1115 patients (89,4% female, mean age 56.7y and median disease duration of 12.7y) were enrolled. Two factors were associated with PtGA in the final multivariate model: one point increase in the pain scale leads to an increase of 0.62 in PtGA; one point increase in HAQ increases by 9,25 points the PtGA. The factors associated with PhGA were pain scale, number of tender and swollen joints (NTJ and NSJ), positive RF, ESR, HAQ-DI and use of corticosteroids. Discordance between patient and physician was found in 30.52%: positive discordance in 24.6% and negative discordance in 5.92%. An increase of one point in the NSJ was associated with a 12% increase in the chance of negative discordance. The chance of positive discordance increased by 90% and 2% for each unit increased in HAQ-DI and pain scale respectively. Finally, the chance of positive discordance decreased by 3% for each point increased in NTJ and by 15% for each point increased in NSJ. CONCLUSION: In one-third of the assessments, there was disagreement between PtGA and PhGA (a positive discordance was found in 80% of them). Pain and function were determinants for patients to estimate disease activity, while swollen joints was the main factor related to a worse physician's evaluation. These data show how different can be the perspectives of patients and assistants.

Development and validation of the Skills Assessment in Microsurgery for Brain Aneurysms (SAMBA) instrument for predicting proficiency in aneurysm surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical performance evaluation was first described with the OSATS (Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills) and modified for aneurysm microsurgery simulation with the OSAACS (Objective Structured Assessment of Aneurysm Clipping Skills). These methods rely on the subjective opinions of evaluators, however, and there is a lack of objective evaluation for proficiency in the microsurgical treatment of brain aneurysms. The authors present a new instrument, the Skill Assessment in Microsurgery for Brain Aneurysms (SAMBA) scale, which can be used similarly in a simulation model and in the treatment of unruptured middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms to predict surgical performance; the authors also report on its validation. METHODS: The SAMBA scale was created by consensus among 5 vascular neurosurgeons from 2 different neurosurgical departments. SAMBA results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha indexes, and multivariate ANOVA analyses (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Expert, intermediate-level, and novice surgeons scored, respectively, an average of 33.9, 27.1, and 16.4 points in the real surgery and 33.3, 27.3, and 19.4 points in the simulation. The SAMBA interrater reliability index was 0.995 for the real surgery and 0.996 for the simulated surgery; the intrarater reliability was 0.983 (Cronbach's alpha). In both the simulation and the real surgery settings, the average scores achieved by members of each group (expert, intermediate level, and novice) were significantly different (p < 0.001). Scores among novice surgeons were more diverse (coefficient of variation = 12.4). CONCLUSIONS: Predictive validation of the placenta brain aneurysm model has been previously reported, but the SAMBA scale adds an objective scoring system to verify microsurgical ability in this complex operation, stratifying proficiency by points. The SAMBA scale can be used as an interface between learning and practicing, as it can be applied in a safe and controlled environment, such as is provided by a placenta model, with similar results obtained in real surgery, predicting real surgical performance.

Socio-economic and cultural factors associated with smoking prevalence among workers in the National Health System in Belo Horizonte.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors related to smoking among health workers of the National Health System in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study based on a survey conducted between September 2008 and January 2009 with a stratified sample. Data on sociodemographic, health, employment, and work characteristics were analyzed. Poisson regression models with robust variance and estimation of unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios were used to establish associations at a 5% significance level for inclusion in the final model. RESULTS: In 1,759 questionnaires analyzed, in which the question related to smoking was answered, the overall prevalence of smoking was 15.7%. Reasonable relationship between requirements and available resources remained negatively correlated to smoking in the final model (PR = 0.75; 95%CI 0.58 - 0.96). The variables that remained positively associated with smoking were being male (PR = 1.75; 95%CI 1.36 - 2.25) and the following positions: community health workers (PR = 2.98; 95%CI 1.76 - 5.05), professionals involved in monitoring (PR = 3.86; 95%CI 1.63 - 5.01), administrative and other general services workers (PR = 2.47; 95%CI 1.51 - 4.05); technical mid-level workers (PR = 2.23; 95%CI 1.31 - 3.78), including nurses and practical nurses (PR = 2.07; 95%CI 1.18 - 3.64). CONCLUSION: Specific occupational subgroups were identified and should be prioritized in smoking cessation and prevention programs.

Socio-economic and cultural factors associated with smoking prevalence among workers in the National Health System in Belo Horizonte / Fatores socioeconômicos e culturais associados à prevalência de tabagismo entre trabalhadores do Sistema Único de Saúde em Belo Horizonte

To identify factors related to smoking among health workers of the National Health System in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Analisar os fatores associados ao tabagismo em trabalhadores da saúde vinculados ao Sistema Único de Saúde de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.

BEFORE-AND-AFTER STUDY: DOES BARIATRIC SURGERY REDUCE HEALTHCARE UTILIZATION AND RELATED COSTS AMONG OPERATED PATIENTS?

BACKGROUND: Healthcare use and costs are about 81% higher for morbidly obese individuals compared to non-obese persons, and 47% higher compared to the non-morbidly obese population. The benefits of bariatric surgery for health are well established, but its mid-term impact on healthcare use and costs remains controversial. METHODS: This study examines the trends in healthcare use and costs in a Brazilian cohort during a 4-year period before and after surgery. Healthcare use and direct costs related to inpatients and outpatients were retrieved from a healthcare insurance company database from which all cohort members were selected. RESULTS: Between 2004 and 2010, 4,006 individuals underwent bariatric surgery. Most patients were female (80%) with a mean age of 36.2 years and a mean body mass index of 42.8 kg/m2. Elevated blood pressure was present in 38% of cases and diabetes was found in 12.5% of subjects. Hospital admissions increased consistently after surgery, even after excluding hospitalizations for esthetic surgery and pregnancy-related care. The most prevalent conditions in this group were gastrointestinal diseases. Emergency department visits increased after bariatric procedures, in particular for genitourinary and hematologic problems. Adjusted costs were higher after surgery as assessed during a 4-year follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that costs and hospital admissions after bariatric surgery increase following this procedure, even when elective interventions are excluded. Healthcare providers and policy makers need to be aware that a decrease in obesity-related diseases following bariatric surgery does not reduce healthcare use and costs.

Ten-years of bariatric surgery in Brazil: in-hospital mortality rates for patients assisted by universal health system or a health maintenance organization / Dez anos de cirurgia bariátrica no Brasil: mortalidade intra-hopitalar em pacientes atendidos pelo sistema único de saúde ou por operadora da saúde suplementar

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is an option for sustained weight loss for the morbidly obese patient. In Brazil coexists the Unified Health System (SUS) with universal coverage and from which depend 150 million Brazilians and supplemental health security, predominantly private, with 50 million beneficiaries. AIM: To compare access, in-hospital mortality, length of stay and costs for patients undergoing bariatric surgery, assisted in one or another system. METHODS: Data from DATASUS and IBGE were used for SUS patients' and database from one health plan of southeastern Brazil for the health insurance patients. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2010 there were 24,342 and 4,356 surgeries performed in SUS and in the health insurance company, respectively. The coverage rates for surgeries performed in 2010 were 5.3 and 91/100.000 individuals in SUS and health insurance respectively. The rate of in-hospital mortality in SUS, considering the entire country, was 0.55 %, 0.44 % considering SUS Southeast, and 0.30 % for the health insurance. The costs of surgery in the SUS and in the health insurance trend to equalization over the years. CONCLUSION: Despite differences in access and characteristics that may compromise the outcome of bariatric surgery, patients treated at the Southeast SUS had similar rate of in-hospital mortality compared to the health insurance patients. .

RACIONAL: A cirurgia bariátrica é uma opção de perda de peso sustentada para o indivíduo obeso mórbido. No Brasil coexistem o Sistema Único de Saúde, de cobertura universal do qual dependem 150 milhões de brasileiros e a saúde suplementar, de caráter predominantemente privado, com 50 milhões de beneficiários. OBJETIVO: Comparar acesso, mortalidade intra-hospitalar, tempo de permanência e custos para pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, assistidos por um ou outro sistema. MÉTODOS: Foi utilizado o sistema TabNet do DATASUS e IBGE para pacientes SUS e banco de dados de uma operadora da região sudeste do Brasil para a saúde suplementar. RESULTADOS: Entre 2001 e 2010 foram 24.342 e 4.356 operações pelo SUS e operadora, respectivamente. Taxas operatórias realizadas em 2010 foram de 5,3 e 91/100.000 indivíduos no SUS e na operadora na saúde suplementar respectivamente. A taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar no SUS, considerando todo o Brasil, foi de 0,55%, na região sudeste 0,44%, e na operadora 0,30%. Os custos das operações no SUS e na saúde suplementar tendem à equiparação ao longo dos anos. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da diferença no acesso e de características que podem comprometer o resultado da cirurgia bariátrica, os pacientes atendidos no SUS da região sudeste tiveram taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar semelhante aos da saúde suplementar. .

Depression among physicians working in public healthcare in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

PURPOSE: Prevalence of depressive disorders has been reported among physicians in a number of different settings. The aim of the present study is to assess the prevalence of self-reported depression and its associated factors among physicians working in the public healthcare system of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2009 to investigate individual and occupational dimensions of depressive disorders in a group of physicians working at several municipal healthcare units. The percentage of physicians that self-reported a confirmed diagnosis of depression by another physician was used as the prevalence proportion; the Poisson regression univariate and multivariate models were applied to study factors associated with depression. RESULTS: The response rate was 81.2 %, of which 12.0 % reported depression confirmed by another physician. Reports of RSI/WMSD (p < 0.001) and passive work (p < 0.05) were positively and independently associated with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Our data bring valuable information that may help guide interventions and health-promoting activities for physicians by indicating concrete measures to change working conditions that affect mental health.

Ten-years of bariatric surgery in Brazil: in-hospital mortality rates for patients assisted by universal health system or a health maintenance organization.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is an option for sustained weight loss for the morbidly obese patient. In Brazil coexists the Unified Health System (SUS) with universal coverage and from which depend 150 million Brazilians and supplemental health security, predominantly private, with 50 million beneficiaries. AIM: To compare access, in-hospital mortality, length of stay and costs for patients undergoing bariatric surgery, assisted in one or another system. METHODS: Data from DATASUS and IBGE were used for SUS patients' and database from one health plan of southeastern Brazil for the health insurance patients. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2010 there were 24,342 and 4,356 surgeries performed in SUS and in the health insurance company, respectively. The coverage rates for surgeries performed in 2010 were 5.3 and 91/100.000 individuals in SUS and health insurance respectively. The rate of in-hospital mortality in SUS, considering the entire country, was 0.55 %, 0.44 % considering SUS Southeast, and 0.30 % for the health insurance. The costs of surgery in the SUS and in the health insurance trend to equalization over the years. CONCLUSION: Despite differences in access and characteristics that may compromise the outcome of bariatric surgery, patients treated at the Southeast SUS had similar rate of in-hospital mortality compared to the health insurance patients.

Fatores associados aos óbitos neonatais e pós-neonatais em Moçambique / Factores asociados a los óbitos neonatales e postneonatales en Mozambique / Factors related to neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in Mozambique

Este trabalho procura descrever e analisar os fatores associados aos óbitos neonatais e pós-neonatais em Moçambique, entre 1998 e 2003, com base nas informações da Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Foram utilizadas as distribuições de frequência das características selecionadas, segundo os segmentos neonatal e pós-neonatal. Empregou-se, também, a regressão logística de resposta binária, múltipla, com entrada sequencial das variáveis, de forma a verificar a mudança na magnitude e a significância dos coeficientes. Entre alguns resultados obtidos, destacam-se os fatores que se relacionaram de forma inequívoca ao aumento da chance de mortalidade neonatal e pós-neonatal: ser o primeiro filho; tamanho pequeno ao nascimento; e residência na região Norte. A idade da mãe entre 30 e 34 anos revelou-se elemento protetor do óbito infantil nos dois segmentos, enquanto a faixa de 10 a 19 anos apresentou-se como fator de aumento da chance do óbito pós-neonatal. O tamanho grande ao nascimento mostrou-se protetor no caso do segmento pós-neonatal, assim como a residência na região Sul. Finalmente, o parto domiciliar revelou-se deletério ao óbito pósneonatal.

Este trabajo procura describir y analizar los factores asociados a los óbitos neonatales y postneonatales en Mozambique, entre 1998 y 2003, en base a la información de Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Se utilizaron las distribuciones de frecuencia de las características seleccionadas, conforme el segmento neonatal y postneonatal. Se empleó, también, la regresión logística de respuesta binaria, múltiple, con entrada secuencial de las variables, de forma que se pudiese verificar el cambio en la magnitud y la relevancia de los coeficientes. Entre algunos de los resultados obtenidos, se destacan los factores que se relacionaron de forma inequívoca con el aumento de la probabilidad de mortalidad neonatal y postneonatal: ser el primer hijo; tamaño pequeño al nacer; y residir en la región Norte. La edad de la madre entre 30 y 34 años se reveló como un elemento protector del óbito infantil en los dos segmentos, mientras que para la franja de los 10 a 19 años se presentó como un factor de aumento de la probabilidad de óbito postneonatal. El tamaño grande en el nacimiento se mostró como protector en el caso del segmento postneonatal, así como residir en la región Sur. Finalmente, el parto en el domicilio se reveló deletéreo para el óbito postneonatal.

This article describes and analyzes factors related to neonatal and post-neonatal deaths in Mozambique between 1998 and 2003, based on information from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Distributions in the frequency of the selected characteristics for the neonatal and post-neonatal segments were studied. Multiple logistic regression with binary responses, and sequential entrance of the variables were used in order to verify changes in the levels and significance of the coefficients. The most important findings are related to the unequivocal associated factors in the odds of neonatal and post-neonatal deaths, such as being the first child, small size at birth, and residence in the northern region of the country. Mothers' being between the ages of 30 and 34 was seen as a protective element against infant mortality in both segments. In contrast, mothers being in the age group between 10 and 19 was shown to be a factor that increased odds of post-neonatal death. Size at birth was also seen as a factor of protection for the post-neonatal segment, as was residence in the southern region of Mozambique. Finally, the death rate was lower among post-neonatal newborns who were given birth at home.

Idoso, família e domicílio: uma revisão narrativa sobre a decisão de morar sozinho / Anciano, familia y domicilio: una revisión narrativa sobre la decisión de vivir solo / Elderly persons, family and household: a narrative review of the decision to live alone

Neste artigo procura-se estabelecer bases de argumentação para melhor entender as razões que levam um idoso a morar sozinho e como se processam as transferências (fluxo de recursos, ações e informações que se trocam e circulam) quando vive sozinho. Para tanto, são revisados e discutidos fatores determinantes dos arranjos domiciliares dos idosos, incluindo aspectos demográficos, socioeconômicos e de saúde, com ênfase nos domicílios unipessoais. Destacam-se pontos que permeiam as transferências entre idosos e seus familiares, tais como características das transferências intergeracionais, diferenças entre os diversos apoios recebidos, sexo do idoso. O estudo consistiu de uma revisão narrativa, cujos resultados apontaram que melhores condições socioeconômicas e de saúde, idade mais avançada e ausência de filhos parecem contribuir para que o idoso more sozinho. Contudo, houve divergências nos resultados dos estudos analisados quanto aos fatores associados à formação de domicílios unipessoais de idosos. Embora as transferências possam se dar independentemente do arranjo domiciliar do idoso, as que ocorrem entre os membros de um mesmo domicílio parecem ser mais frequentes e, talvez por isso, mais discutidas. Os idosos que moram sozinhos, apesar de participarem das transferências, estão mais propensos a receber cuidado formal, comparativamente àqueles que residem com outras pessoas.

En este artículo se intentan establecer una bases de argumentación para entender mejor las razones que llevan a un anciano a vivir solo y cómo se procesan las transferencias (flujo de recursos, acciones e información que se intercambia y circula) cuando vive solo. Para ello, se revisan y discuten factores determinantes del manejo de los domicilios de los ancianos, incluyendo aspectos demográficos, socioeconómicos y de salud, con énfasis en los domicilios unipersonales. Se destacan puntos que van más allá de las transferencias entre ancianos y sus familiares, tales como características de las transferencias intergeneracionales, diferencias entre los diversos apoyos recibidos, sexo del anciano. El estudio consistió en una revisión narrativa, cuyos resultados apuntaron que unas mejores condiciones socioeconómicas y de salud, edad más avanzada y ausencia de hijos parecen contribuir a que el anciano viva solo. Sin embargo, hubo divergencias en los resultados de los estudios analizados, en cuanto a los factores asociados a la formación de domicilios unipersonales de enfermos. Pese a que las transferencias puedan producirse independientemente del manejo del domicilio del anciano, las que se producen entre los miembros de un mismo domicilio parecen ser más frecuentes y, tal vez por esto, más discutidas. Los ancianos que viven solos, a pesar de que participan en las transferencias, son más propensos a recibir cuidado formal, en comparación con aquellos que residen con otras personas.

The authors seek to establish bases of argumentation in order to better understand the reasons that lead elderly citizens to live alone and how transfers take place (flow of resources, actions and information that is exchanged and circulated) when such persons do live alone. Determining factors are reviewed and discussed regarding the household arrangements of elderly citizens, including demographic, socioeconomic and health factors, with emphasis on single-person households. Factors that permeate transfers between elderly citizens and their families are underscored, such as the characteristics of intergenerational transfers, differences among the various types of support provided, and the gender of the elderly persons. The study consists of a narrative review and the results indicate that comfortable socioeconomic and health conditions, more advanced age and lack of children seem to contribute to an elderly person's decision to live alone. However, there were differences in the results of the studies analyzed in terms of the factors associated with the formation of single-person households among elderly persons. Although transfers generally take place regardless of the elderly person's household arrangements, those that take place among members of a single household seem to be more frequent and, perhaps for this reason, are discussed at greater length. Even when elderly persons who live alone participate in transfers, they are more likely to receive formal care than those who live with other persons.

[Use of the Grade of Membership method to identify consumption patterns and eating behaviors among adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. / Uso do método Grade of Membership na identificação de perfis de consumo e comportamento alimentar de adolescentes do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

To identify food patterns and eating behaviors among adolescents and to describe the prevalence rates, this study applied the Grade of Membership method to data from a survey on health risk factors among adolescent students in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (N = 1,632). The four profiles generated were: "A" (12.1%) more frequent consumption of all foods labeled as healthy, less frequent consumption of unhealthy foods, and healthy eating behaviors; "B" (45.8%) breakfast and three meals a day as a habit, less frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables and of five markers of unhealthy diet; "C" (22.8%) lack of healthy eating behaviors, less frequent consumption of vegetables, fruit, milk, cold cuts, cookies, and soft drinks; and "D" (19.3%) more frequent consumption of all unhealthy foods and less frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables. The results indicate the need for interventions to promote healthy eating in this age group.

Uso do método Grade of Membership na identificação de perfis de consumo e comportamento alimentar de adolescentes do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Use of the Grade of Membership method to identify consumption patterns and eating behaviors among adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Com objetivo de identificar perfis de consumo e de comportamentos alimentares e descrever suas prevalências, aplicou-se o método Grade of Membership em dados de um inquérito sobre fatores de risco à saúde de adolescentes do ensino fundamental da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (N = 1.632). Foram gerados quatro perfis: perfil "A" (12,1 por cento), caracterizado pelo consumo frequente de todos os alimentos marcadores de dieta saudável, menos frequente dos alimentos não saudáveis e pela presença de comportamentos alimentares saudáveis; perfil "B" (45,8 por cento), marcado pelo hábito de realizar o desjejum e três refeições/dia, consumo menos frequente de legumes e frutas e de cinco dos marcadores de alimentação não saudável; perfil "C" (22,8 por cento), ausência de comportamentos alimentares saudáveis e pelo consumo menos frequente de legumes, frutas, leite, embutidos, biscoitos e refrigerantes; e perfil "D", caracterizado pelo consumo frequente de todos os alimentos não saudáveis e menos frequente de legumes e frutas. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de promoção da alimentação saudável nesta população.

To identify food patterns and eating behaviors among adolescents and to describe the prevalence rates, this study applied the Grade of Membership method to data from a survey on health risk factors among adolescent students in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (N = 1,632). The four profiles generated were: "A" (12.1 percent) more frequent consumption of all foods labeled as healthy, less frequent consumption of unhealthy foods, and healthy eating behaviors; "B" (45.8 percent) breakfast and three meals a day as a habit, less frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables and of five markers of unhealthy diet; "C" (22.8 percent) lack of healthy eating behaviors, less frequent consumption of vegetables, fruit, milk, cold cuts, cookies, and soft drinks; and "D" (19.3 percent) more frequent consumption of all unhealthy foods and less frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables. The results indicate the need for interventions to promote healthy eating in this age group.

Fatores associados à incapacidade funcional dos idosos no Brasil: análise multinível / Factores asociados a la incapacidad funcional de los ancianos en Brasil: análisis multinivel / Factors associated with functional disability of elderly in Brazil: a multilevel analysis

OBJETIVO: Analisar a influência dos fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, de condições de saúde e do contexto das unidades da federação na incapacidade funcional dos idosos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal que utilizou dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD) de 2003, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea). A amostra foi constituída de 33.515 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais de idade. A variável dependente foi a incapacidade funcional, mensurada pela dificuldade por subir ladeira ou escada. As variáveis independentes foram divididas em dois níveis: individual (características demográficas, socioeconômicas e relativas à saúde) e de contexto (Índice de Gini e Produto Interno Bruto per capita por unidade da federação em 2000). Um modelo de regressão logística multinomial multinível foi utilizado para estimar o efeito das variáveis independentes na incapacidade funcional dos idosos...

OBJETIVO: Analizar la influencia de los factores demográficos, socioeconómicos, de condiciones de salud y del contexto de las unidades de la federación en la incapacidad funcional de los ancianos. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal que utilizó datos de la Pesquisa Nacional por Muestra de Domicilio (PNAD) de 2003, del Instituto Brasilero de Geografía y Estadística y del Instituto de Pesquisa Económica Aplicada. La muestra fue constituida de 33.515 individuos con 60 años o más de edad. La variable dependiente fue la incapacidad funcional, medida por la dificultad para subir ladera o escalera. Las variables independientes fueron divididas en dos niveles: individual (características demográficas, socioeconómicas y relativas a la salud) y de contexto (Índice de Gini y Producto Interno Bruto per capita por unidad federación en 2000). Un modelo de regresión logística multinomial multinivel fue utilizado para estimar el efecto de las variables independientes en la incapacidad funcional de los ancianos. RESULTADOS: La incapacidad funcional fue asociada con factores demográficos, socioeconómicos y de salud. En nivel individual, el sexo, la educación, la renta, la ocupación la autopercepción de salud y las enfermedades crónicas fueron los factores más fuertemente relacionados. En nivel de contexto, la desigualdad de renta exhibió una importante influencia. CONCLUSIONES: La autopercepción de salud es el factor más fuertemente relacionado con la incapacidad funcional de los ancianos en Brasil, seguido por las enfermedades crónicas. Sexo, ocupación, escolaridad y renta también son altamente asociados. Acciones que abordan los principales factores asociados a la incapacidad funcional pueden contribuir significativamente para el bienestar y calidad de vida de los ancianos.

Factors associated with functional disability of elderly in Brazil: a multilevel analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of demographic, socioeconomic, health, and contextual factors of the Brazilian federation units on the functional disability of the elderly. METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2003 PNAD (Brazilian National Household Survey), of IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) and Ipea (Institute of Applied Economic Research). The sample was composed of 33,515 individuals aged 60 years and older. The dependent variable was functional disability, measured by difficulty in climbing slopes or stairs. The independent variables were divided into two levels: individual (demographic, socioeconomic and health-related characteristics) and contextual (Gini Index and Gross Domestic Product per capita by Brazilian state in 2000). A multinomial and multilevel logistic regression model was utilized in order to estimate the effect of the independent variables on the functional disability of the elderly. RESULTS: Functional disability was associated with demographic, socioeconomic and health factors. At the individual level, sex, level of schooling, income, occupation, self-perception of health and chronic diseases were the factors that were most strongly related to functional disability. At the contextual level, income inequality proved to exert an important influence. CONCLUSIONS: Self-perception of health is the factor that is most strongly related to the functional disability of the elderly in Brazil, followed by chronic diseases. Sex, occupation, level of schooling and income are also highly associated with it. Actions that approach the main factors associated with functional disability can contribute significantly to the well-being and quality of life of the elderly.

[Pharmacy records as an indicator of non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy by HIV-infected patients]. / Utilização dos registros de dispensação da farmácia como indicador da não-adesão à terapia anti-retroviral em indivíduos infectados pelo HIV.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate anti-retroviral (ARV) prescription pickups during twelve months following the first prescription and to identify factors associated with irregular pickups or permanent dropout in two public HIV/AIDS referral centers in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Participants (n = 323) were antiretroviral naïve and were recruited from May 2001 to May 2002. A total of 98 (30.3%) patients abandoned treatment, and 187 (57.9%) had at least one irregular pickup. Patients with irregular pickups and dropouts were compared to those with regular pickups. Multinomial multivariate analysis showed that living outside Belo Horizonte, CD4+ T-lymphocyte count greater than 200/mm(3), and antiretroviral regimen without protease inhibitors were associated with irregular pickups. In addition to these variables, not being on other medications, and any non-adherence recorded on patient charts were associated with treatment dropout. Pharmacy records are important potential indicators of non-adherence and should be incorporated as such in clinical practice. Strategies should be prioritized to reach out to dropouts or patients with irregular ARV pickups.

Utilização dos registros de dispensação da farmácia como indicador da não-adesão à terapia anti-retroviral em indivíduos infectados pelo HIV / Pharmacy records as an indicator of non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy by HIV-infected patients

Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar os registros de dispensação de anti-retrovirais (ARV) por um período de 12 meses após a primeira prescrição e determinar os fatores associados com a retirada irregular ou abandono em dois serviços públicos de referência para AIDS, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Participaram 323 pacientes infectados pelo HIV, virgens de tratamento, recrutados entre maio de 2001 e maio de 2002. No período, 98 (30,3 por cento) pacientes abandonaram a terapia e 187 (57,9 por cento) tiveram pelo menos uma retirada irregular. Indivíduos com retirada irregular ou que abandonaram a terapia foram comparados àqueles com retirada regular. Análise multivariada multinomial indicou que morar fora de Belo Horizonte, ter contagem de linfócitos TCD4+ maior que 200 células/mm³ e uso de esquema sem inibidor de protease estavam associados com retirada irregular. Além dessas variáveis, o abandono mostrou associação com não fazer uso de outra medicação e ter registro de não-adesão no prontuário médico. Os registros da farmácia destacaram-se como potencial indicador de não-adesão, devendo ser incorporados à prática clínica. Ações que busquem os pacientes ausentes ou com retirada irregular devem ser priorizadas.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate anti-retroviral (ARV) prescription pickups during twelve months following the first prescription and to identify factors associated with irregular pickups or permanent dropout in two public HIV/AIDS referral centers in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Participants (n = 323) were antiretroviral naïve and were recruited from May 2001 to May 2002. A total of 98 (30.3 percent) patients abandoned treatment, and 187 (57.9 percent) had at least one irregular pickup. Patients with irregular pickups and dropouts were compared to those with regular pickups. Multinomial multivariate analysis showed that living outside Belo Horizonte, CD4+ T-lymphocyte count greater than 200/mm³, and antiretroviral regimen without protease inhibitors were associated with irregular pickups. In addition to these variables, not being on other medications, and any non-adherence recorded on patient charts were associated with treatment dropout. Pharmacy records are important potential indicators of non-adherence and should be incorporated as such in clinical practice. Strategies should be prioritized to reach out to dropouts or patients with irregular ARV pickups.

Fatores associados à prevalência de diabetes auto-referido entre idosos de Minas Gerais / Factores asociados a la prevalencia de diabetes auto-referida entre ancianos de Minas Gerais, 2003 / Factors associated with the prevalence of diabetes as self-reported by elderly persons in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2003

A prevalência de diabetes vem aumentando mundialmente e, neste artigo, foram analisados alguns de seus fatores associados, focalizando o segmento de idosos residentes em Minas Gerais. Foi utilizado o método de estudo seccional, com dados da PNAD-2003, envolvendo amostra de 3.662 pessoas com 60 anos e mais. Os fatores associados foram organizados segundo os níveis individual e domiciliar/comunitário, e analisados por meio de cinco modelos de regressão logística multivariada. O primeiro modelo incluiu apenas variáveis mais distantes; as demais foram incluídas sucessivamente, de acordo com sua proximidade ao diabetes. No modelo final, a chance de ter diabetes foi maior para: os idosos residentes na área urbana em relação à rural; as mulheres versus homens; os hipertensos em relação aos não hipertensos; aqueles com doença do coração em relação aos sem doença do coração; pensionistas versus não pensionistas; sem instrução e com 1 a 3 anos de estudo em comparação aos com cinco anos ou mais de estudo. A chance foi menor entre aqueles em domicílios unipessoais versus os de mais de uma pessoa, com 70 a 74 anos versus 60 a 64 anos, com renda inferior a um salário mínimo e mais de 3 até 5 salários mínimos em relação àqueles com cinco e mais salários mínimos. A relação entre renda individual do idoso e diabetes indica a necessidade de estudos que investiguem o acesso dos idosos aos serviços de saúde e que influenciam a auto-referência à morbidade.

La prevalencia de diabetes viene aumentando mundialmente, y en este artículo, fueron analizados algunos de sus factores asociados, focalizando el segmento de ancianos residentes en Minas Gerais. Fue utilizado el método de estudio seccional, con datos de la PNAD-2003, abarcando una muestra de 3.662 personas con 60 años y más. Los factores asociados fueron organizados según los niveles individuales y domiciliarios / comunitarios, y analizados por medio de cinco modelos de regresión logística multivariada. El primer modelo incluyó solamente variables más distantes; las demás fueron incluidas sucesivamente, de acuerdo con su proximidad a la diabetes. En el modelo final, la probabilidad de tener diabetes fue mayor para: los ancianos residentes en el área urbana en relación a la rural; las mujeres versus los hombres; los hipertensos en relación a los no hipertensos; aquéllos con enfermedades del corazón en relación a los sin enfermedades del corazón; pensionistas versus no pensionistas; sin instrucción y con 1 a 3 años de estudios en comparación a los con cinco años o más de estudios. La probabilidad fue menor entre aquéllos en hogares unipersonales versus los de más de una persona, con 70 a 74 años versus 60 a 64 años, con ingresos inferiores a un salario mínimo y más de 3 hasta 5 salarios mínimos en relación a aquéllos con cinco y más salarios mínimos. La relación entre el ingreso individual del anciano y la diabetes indica la necesidad de estudios que investiguen el acceso de los ancianos a los servicios de salud y que influencian la auto-referencia a la morbilidad.

The prevalence of diabetes has been increasing worldwide. This study has the objective of analyzing the prevalence of self-reported diabetes among the elderly of age 60 or over living in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: The study is based on cross-sectional data derived from PNAD-2003 taken from a sample of 3662 persons aged 60 years or over. Factors associated with diabetes were organized according to individual and community/household levels and analyzed using five multivariate logistic regression models. The first model included only more distant variables while the others were included progressively, according to their proximity to diabetes. In the final model, the chance of acquiring diabetes was greater for elderly residents living in urban areas over rural areas, women over men, those who have high blood pressure over those who do not, those with heart disease over those without, pension receivers over non-receivers, and those without instruction, or from one to three years of schooling over those with five or more years of study. The chances of having diabetes was greater for those in single-person households versus those with more than one person, those between ages 70 and 74 over those between 60 and 64, as well as those with income below one minimum wage and between three and five minimum wages over those with incomes of five times the minimum wage or over. Conclusion: The relationship between individual income and diabetes indicates that more research is needed to investigate the association between the access to health services by the elderly and self-reported diabetes, even when other demographic and socioeconomic factors are controlled.

Distribuição de renda e auto-relato de saúde dos idosos no Brasil. / Income distribution and self-reported health of elderly in Brazil.

There is evidence that greater income inequalities lead to greater health disparities among young people, but it is not known if this applies to older people. This is of even greater concern in Brazil, where social and economic inequalities are among the highest in the world. This study tries to answer this question with data from 22,560 elders who answered a self-reported health assessment. An ecological analysis was undertaken and the relation between Gini coefficient and good self-reported health was obtained. There was statistically significant correlation between good health and less inequalities, which may be explained by the greater prevalence of absolute poverty in high-inequality areas and the greater impact of income on health wherever the social system is less protective.