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1.
Nanomaterials (Basel) ; 13(21)2023 Oct 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37947697

RESUMO

The tribological performance of novel bio-based lubricating greases thickened with electrospun lignin nanostructures was investigated in a nanotribometer using a steel-steel ball-on-disc configuration. The impact of electrospun nanofibrous network morphology on friction and wear is explored in this work. Different lignin nanostructures were obtained with electrospinning using ethylcellulose or PVP as co-spinning polymers and subsequently used as thickeners in castor oil at concentrations of 10-30% wt. Friction and wear generally increased with thickener concentration. However, friction and wear decreased when using homogeneous bead-free nanofiber mats (with higher fiber diameter and lower porosity) rather than nanostructures dominated by the presence of particles or beaded fibers, which was favored by reducing the lignin:co-spinning polymer ratio.

2.
Rev. cuba. salud pública ; 47(1): e2266, ene.-mar. 2021. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1289577

RESUMO

Introducción: El envejecimiento poblacional, problema de relevancia mundial, requiere acción de parte de los organismos políticos y gobiernos. Objetivo: Exponer las principales políticas dirigidas a la atención del envejecimiento poblacional promulgadas en el contexto internacional, el europeo y en las comunidades autónomas españolas entre 1982 y 2017. Métodos: Se realizó un trabajo de revisión y análisis de documentos, que incluyó la búsqueda de fuentes primarias tales como: planes y estrategias oficiales, informes, bases de datos y legislaciones en relación con el tema del envejecimiento poblacional y el envejecimiento activo. La recogida de información se ejecutó de mayo a julio de 2017. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido para identificar las políticas en el contexto internacional. La ficha diagnóstica para el análisis de las estrategias, se confeccionó a partir de una adaptación de la ficha propuesta en la Estrategia Vasca de Envejecimiento Activo. Conclusiones: El paradigma de la Organización Mundial de la Salud sobre Envejecimiento Activo promulga la perspectiva de la salud, la participación y seguridad de las personas mayores. Marca un hito en la formulación de políticas y estrategias de trabajo a nivel internacional. Las comunidades autónomas españolas han proyectado diversas estrategias, pero se requiere lograr coordinación integrada de sus actuaciones(AU)


Introduction: Population ageing, a problem of global importance, requires actions by political bodies and governments. Objective: Present the main policies aimed to the care of the population aging enacted in the international, European and Spanish autonomous communities' contexts in the period from 1982 to 2017. Methods: A review and analysis of documents was carried out, which included the search for primary sources such as: official plans and strategies, reports, databases and legislation related to the issue of population ageing and active ageing. The information collection was carried out from May to July 2017. The content analysis technique was used to identify policies in the international context; the diagnostic sheet for the analysis of strategies was prepared on the basis of an adaptation of the card proposed in the Basque Active Ageing Strategy. Conclusions: The World Health Organization paradigm on Active Ageing promulgates the perspective of the health, participation and safety of the elderly. It marks a milestone in the formulation of policies and strategies for work at the international level. The Spanish Autonomous Communities have planned various strategies, but it is necessary to achieve integrated coordination of their actions(AU)


Assuntos
Política Pública , Dinâmica Populacional/tendências , Características de Residência , Espanha
3.
Emergencias ; 32(5): 320-331, 2020 09.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33006832

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the organization of Spanish hospital emergency departments (EDs). To explore differences between Spanish autonomous communities or according to hospital size and disease incidence in the area. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Survey of the heads of 283 EDs in hospitals belonging to or affiliated with Spain's public health service. Respondents evaluated the pandemic's impact on organization, resources, and staff absence from work in March and April 2020. Assessments were for 15-day periods. Results were analyzed overall and by autonomous community, hospital size, and local population incidence rates. RESULTS: A total of 246 (87%) responses were received. The majority of the EDs organized a triage system, first aid, and observation wards; areas specifically for patients suspected of having COVID-19 were newly set apart. The nursing staff was increased in 83% of the EDs (with no subgroup differences), and 59% increased the number of physicians (especially in large hospitals and locations where the COVID-19 incidence was high). Diagnostic tests for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were the resource the EDs missed most: 55% reported that tests were scarce often or very often. Other resources reported to be scarce were FPP2 and FPP3 masks (38% of the EDs), waterproof protective gowns (34%), and space (32%). More than 5% of the physicians, nurses, or other emergency staff were on sick leave 20%, 19%, and 16% of the time. These deficiencies were greatest during the last half of March, except for tests, which were most scarce in the first 15 days. Large hospital EDs less often reported that diagnostic tests were unavailable. In areas where the COVID-19 incidence was higher, the EDs reported higher rates of staff on sick leave. Resource scarcity differed markedly by autonomous community and was not always associated with the incidence of COVID-19 in the population. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic led to organizational changes in EDs. Certain resources became scarce, and marked differences between autonomous communities were detected.


OBJETIVO: Estimar el impacto del brote pandémico de COVID-19 en diversos aspectos organizativos de los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) españoles e investigar si difirió en función de la comunidad autónoma, tamaño del hospital e incidencia local de la pandemia. METODO: Encuesta a los responsables de los 283 SUH españoles de uso público, quienes valoraron el impacto de la pandemia en aspectos organizativos, disponibilidad de recursos, y bajas del personal durante marzo-abril de 2020, diferenciando dicho impacto por quincenas. Los resultados se analizaron en conjunto, por comunidad autónoma, según tamaño del hospital y según incidencia local de la pandemia. RESULTADOS: Se recibieron 246 encuestas (87% de los SUH españoles). La mayoría de SUH reorganizaron el triaje, primera asistencia y observación y habilitó nuevos espacios específicos para pacientes con sospecha de COVID-19. Un 83% aumentó dotación enfermera (sin diferencias entre grupos) y un 59% la dotación de médicos (más frecuente en hospitales grandes y zonas de alta incidencia). El recurso que más escaseó fue el test diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2 (55% del tiempo insuficiente con cierta o mucha frecuencia), seguido de mascarillas FPP2-FPP3 (38%), batas impermeables (34%) y espacio asistencial (32%). Hubo más del 5% de médicos/enfermería/otro personal de baja el 20%/19%/16% del tiempo. Estos déficits fueron máximos la segunda quincena de marzo, excepto para los test diagnósticos (primera quincena de marzo). Los SUH de grandes centros tuvieron menos escasez de tests diagnósticos, y los de zonas de alta incidencia pandémica más profesionales de baja. Existieron marcadas diferencias en todas estos déficits entre comunidades autónomas, no siempre concordantes con el grado de afectación pandémica en cada comunidad. CONCLUSIONES: La pandemia COVID-19 generó cambios estructurales en los SUH, que sufrieron una escasez considerable en ciertos recursos, con diferencias marcadas entre comunidades autónomas.


Assuntos
Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Absenteísmo , Adulto , COVID-19 , Teste para COVID-19 , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Surtos de Doenças , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/organização & administração , Recursos em Saúde/provisão & distribuição , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Mão de Obra em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Número de Leitos em Hospital , Hospitais Públicos/organização & administração , Hospitais Públicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Incidência , Recursos Humanos em Hospital/estatística & dados numéricos , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , Alocação de Recursos , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/diagnóstico , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/etiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Espanha/epidemiologia , Triagem/organização & administração
4.
Rev. cuba. salud pública ; 38(1): 126-140, enero-marzo 2012.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-625584

RESUMO

El presente trabajo presenta un acercamiento desde la perspectiva teórica al análisis del modelo de Determinantes Sociales de la Salud de la OMS (2005) en el que se destacan los determinantes estructurales, y dentro de estos el papel de los procesos de exclusión social como aspectos a tener en cuenta por su repercusión en la salud de grupos vulnerables. Se pretende argumentar la compresión del problema a partir de la presentación de conceptos y modelos de exclusión social y exclusión en salud, lo que contribuirá a la vez al incremento del conocimiento del tema para los interesados


The present paper presented an approach to the analysis of the Social Determinants in Health model of the World Health Organization from a theoretical perspective. It underlined the structural determinants and the role of the social exclusion processes as factors to be taken into consideration because of their impact on the most vulnerable groups' health. It was intended to support the understanding of this problem through the submission of concepts and models of social exclusion and health exclusion, which will contribute to expand the knowledge of those people interested in this topic


Assuntos
Desigualdades de Saúde , Fatores Socioeconômicos
5.
Rev. cuba. salud pública ; 33(3)jul.-set. 2007.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-477816

RESUMO

Los prestadores de servicios de salud, los pacientes, los familiares y la población en general elaboran hipótesis acerca de las causas que influyen en el cumplimiento o no de las prescripciones médicas. La literatura plantea un amplio grupo de factores influyentes en la conducta de cumplimiento o incumplimiento del tratamiento médico, involucrando componentes de naturaleza psicosocial, médica (características de la enfermedad y el tratamiento propiamente dicho) y de la relación médico-paciente. La OMS destacó la influencia de factores socioeconómicos y los relacionados con el sistema o el equipo que presta los servicios de salud. El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad indagar a través de una técnica de investigación de corte cualitativo cuáles son las causas que afectan o que contribuyen al cumplimiento del tratamiento antihipertensivo desde la perspectiva de las personas que padecen la enfermedad. Los resultados apuntan hacia cuestiones que tienen que ver con la organización de los servicios de salud, las configuraciones personológicas individuales del paciente, algunas características del tratamiento, los recursos económicos para realizar el tratamiento dietético y las redes de apoyo familiar necesarias para asumir el rol de enfermo. Para contribuir al control de la hipertensión arterial y lograr una atención médica de calidad, los aspectos relacionados con la organización de los servicios de salud deben ser atendidos de manera prioritaria.


Health service providers, patients, relatives and the general population work out their hypotheses about the causes influencing the compliance and non-compliance of medical prescriptions. The scientific literature presents a wide group of influencing factors in compliance or non-compliance of the medical treatment involving components of psychosocial, medical character and of the physician-patient relationship. The World Health Organization stressed the effect of socioeconomic factors and of those related to the system or equipment rendering health services. The present paper was aimed at ascertaining through a qualitative research technique the causes that affect or contribute to the compliance with the antihypertensive treatment from the perspective of the persons suffering this disease. The results pointed to questions that have to do with the organization of health services, the individual personality configurations of the patient, some characteristics of the treatment, the economic resources to carry out the dietary treatment and the networks of family backup necessary to assume the role of the patient. For contributing to blood hypertension control and to quality medical care, the aspects related to the health service organization should be addressed in a priority way.

6.
Interciencia ; 29(11): 621-625, nov. 2004. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-411847

RESUMO

Se describen y comparan las tendencias en el precio internacional del café, en relación con su producción y demanda en el mercado internacional, analizando su comportamiento por país y tipo de café, desde 1980 hasta 2003. Se utilizó la clasificación de tipos café (suaves colombianos, otros suaves, otros arábicas y robusta) de la Organización Internacional del Café (OIC). Se encontró que la producción y la demanda de otros suaves se ha incrementado mientras que el precio promedio mensual, respecto a 1980, ha tenido a la baja en todos los tipos de café, y no ha superado al máximo de 1980. La tendencia de la producción de otros arábicas, otros suaves y robustas ha sido a la alza, por lo que una recuperación significativa del precio en el corto y mediano plazo es poco factible a pesar de que el ciclo 2003-2004 los otros arábicas disminuyeron su producción en un 41 por ciento respecto al 2002-2003. Por otra parte, sólo en Japón ha ocurrido un incremento en el consumo per cápita


Assuntos
Café , Demanda de Alimentos , Produção de Alimentos , Economia
7.
Rev Esp Salud Publica ; 77(6): 725-33, 2003.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14965064

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Over the past ten years, new drugs and new approaches to treatment have been implemented making it possible to assume changes in the use of antipsychotic drugs in our environment. This study is aimed at characterizing the pattern of use of antipsychotic drugs in Castile and Leon throughout the 1990-2001 period as well as ascertaining the bearing which the marketing of new antipsychotic drugs may have had on the pattern of consumption of these drugs. METHODS: The drug consumption data was obtained from the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs' consumption database ECOM (Especialidades Consumo de Medicamentos). This database contains information on the consumption of medications dispensed charged to the Social Insurance system in community pharmacies nationwide. To estimate the consumption outside of the National Health System, data from the IMS (International Marketing Services) firm for the years 2000 and 2001 was used. The data was given in Defined Daily Doses/1000 inhabitants/day. RESULTS: The use of antipsychotic drugs rose by 146% within the 1990-2001 period. Throughout the period studied, haloperidol was the antipsychotic drug most used in Spain and in Castile and Leon. The atypical antipsychotic drugs totaled 49% of the total consumption for 2001 and 90% of the costs, a strong trend being found toward an increase in the consumption of these atypical antipsychotic drugs in detriment to the typical antipsychotic drugs. It has been estimated that 14% of the antipsychotic drugs used in Castile and Leon were used outside of the National Health System.. Appreciable differences exist among the different provinces. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of antipsychotic drugs in Castile and Leon grew by 146% throughout the twelve months studied. The marketing of new atypical antipsychotic drugs and the legal measures related to the deinstitutionalization of mental patients may have played a major role in this increase. The marketing of the new antipsychotic drugs has led to a change in their pattern of use and has give rise to an rise in the direct costs. The consumption of these medications not charged to the National Health System is minor, but not negligible.


Assuntos
Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Revisão de Uso de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Antipsicóticos/economia , Bases de Dados como Assunto , Revisão de Uso de Medicamentos/economia , Humanos , Transtornos Psicóticos/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Psicóticos/economia , Espanha
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