Assessment of Spanish Food Consumption Patterns during COVID-19 Home Confinement.

People's eating habits and lifestyle can have a negative impact on health. In situations of difficulty or socioeconomic crisis, these habits tend to be modified, leading to unhealthy dietary patterns that result in an increase of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Previous studies have indicated that, due to the state of alarm imposed in Spain to combat the spread of COVID-19, an increase in the purchase of non-core products occurred, along with a decrease in the daily physical activity of the population. This could be a risk factor for COVID-19 infection. The objective of this observational study was to analyze the dietary pattern of the Spanish population during home confinement and to compare it with the pattern of habitual consumption collected in the last National Health Survey, analyzing the possible changes. More than half of the respondents in the sample increased their consumption of sweets and snacks during confinement, while the consumption of fresh products decreased. Most claimed to be emotionally hungry, leading to an increase in their daily energy intake. The stress and anxiety generated by confinement could be the cause of the increased consumption of products rich in sugars and saturated fats, which are associated with greater stress and anxiety.

Caffeine Health Claims on Sports Supplement Labeling. Analytical Assessment According to EFSA Scientific Opinion and International Evidence and Criteria.

Caffeine is a food supplement widely consumed by athletes, but it has not been established. So far, the veracity of their labeling in terms of the dosage and cause/effect relationship aimed at the consumer. The aim is to analyze the health claims and the dosage presented on the labeling of caffeine supplements and to evaluate if they follow the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and international criteria. A descriptive cross-sectional study of a sample of caffeine supplements was carried out. The search was done through the Amazon and Google Shopping web portals. In order to assess the adequacy of the health claims, the guidelines of reference established by European Food Safety Authority were compared to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, International Olympic Committee, and Australian Institute of Sport guidelines; in addition, recent systematic reviews were addressed. A review of labels of 42 caffeine supplements showed that, in less than 3% of the products were the health claims supported by the recommendations and by the labeled quantity of caffeine. The claims that fully complied the recommendations were, "improves or increases endurance performance", "improves strength performance", or "improves short-term performance". In most cases, the recommended dosage was 200 mg/day for these products, which is the minimum for the caffeine effects to be declared. The rest of the health claims were not adequate or need to be modified. Most of the health claims identified indicated an unproven cause and effect, which constitutes consumer fraud, and so must be modified or eliminated.

[Assessment of nutritional-dietary status, body composition, eating behavior, and perceived image in rhythmic gymnastics athletes]. / Valoración del estado dietético-nutricional, la composición corporal, el comportamiento alimentario y la percepción de la imagen en deportistas de gimnasia rítmica.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: among adolescent gymnasts some concern for body weight has been observed, with diets inadequate in energy and some nutrients in the search for maximum performance. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary-nutritional status, body composition, eating behavior, and perceived body image concerns of female gymnasts at sub-national competition levels. In addition, to study the relationship between the prevalence of the risk of eating disorders and variables such as substance use, irregular menstruation, fatigue, and hours of sleep. Materials and method: a total of 33 female subelite gymnasts participated (age: M = 14.52, SD = 1.85), with age ranging from 11 to 18 years. Anthropometric evaluations (restricted profile) were made, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) were administered, and the subjects were then interviewed for collecting sociodemographic, socio-sports, health, and food intake data. Results: the results showed that their diet was deficient, among other micro- and macro-nutrients, in water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins D and E, fiber, iron and calcium, whereas they ingested an excess of vitamin A and sodium. These athletes had normal weight, high muscle mass values, low fat mass levels, and intermediate somatotype components (balanced endomorph with a tendency to central). Two cases at risk for an eating disorder, and concerns related to perceived body image in a quarter of the sample were identified. Conclusion: the risk of having an eating disorder is related to the consumption of prohibited drugs or addictive substances, irregular menstruation, tiredness, and fewer hours of sleep.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: entre las gimnastas adolescentes se ha observado cierta preocupación por el peso, con dietas insuficientes en energía y algunos nutrientes en búsqueda del máximo rendimiento. Esta preocupación puede estar relacionada con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, menstruación irregular, cansancio y descanso insuficiente. Objetivos: evaluar el estado diétético-nutricional, la composición corporal, el comportamiento alimentario y la preocupación por la imagen corporal de las gimnastas de competición. Métodos: estudio observacional y transveral en el que participaron 33 gimnastas femeninas (edad: M = 14,52, DT = 1,85), subélite, de entre 11 y 18 años de edad. Se realizaron valoraciones antropométricas, se les aplicó un test de actitudes alimentarias (EAT-26) y un cuestionario sobre la figura corporal (BSQ), y se las entrevistó, recogiéndose datos sociodemográficos, sociodeportivos, de salud y sobre la ingesta. Resultados: la dieta de las deportistas es principalmente deficitaria en agua, carbohidratos, proteínas, vitaminas D y E, fibra, hierro y calcio, con sobreingesta de vitamina A y sodio. Las deportistas presentan normopeso y valores altos de masa muscular, bajos de masa grasa y medios de los componentes del somatotipo (endomorfo equilibrado con tendencia a central). Se detectaron dos casos de riesgo de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) y preocupación por la imagen corporal percibida en un cuarto de la muestra. Conclusiones: el riesgo de padecer un TCA se relaciona con el consumo de fármacos prohibidos o sustancias adictivas, la menstruación irregular, el cansancio y dormir menos horas.

[Analysis of the promoting actions of physical activity developed by Valencian public universities]. / Análisis de las acciones de promoción de la actividad física desarrolladas por las universidades públicas valencianas.

BACKGROUND: the Valencian Network of Healthy Public Universities (RVUPS) is part of the healthy environments of the World Health Organization (WHO). The aim of the network is to achieve healthier universities through different lines of action, emphasizing the promotion of physical activity and sports. AIM: the purpose of this study was to analyze and review the activities developed by the RVUPS on the promotion of FA and to assess, through key informants, the need to implement an AF service within the university context. METHODS: on the one hand, an analysis and review of the activities and services developed to promote FA and sports that are included in the "Healthy University" section of each of the universities that make up the RVUPS (n = 5) was carried out. In addition, a qualitative study was developed interviewing key informants from the University of Alicante (n = 16), with the aim to know their perception about the utility of implementing a physical activity service within the university context. RESULTS: currently, Valencian universities do not cover all the needs to achieve an adequate well-being state. In response, some universities from RVUPS offer individualized activities to prevent and treat some of the chronic pathologies that currently have a highest incidence in population. In addition, new services are being implemented, which integrate all health professionals in order to achieve a more comprehensive service to their population. The qualitative study revealed that interviewees also perceive such needs and, therefore, support these initiatives, considering that a physical activity and nutrition service would be an interesting option for implementation into universities. CONCLUSION: it is necessary to strengthen the promotion of the practice of physical activity within university population, through healthy breaks, and also with the implementation of a back pain prevention and rehabilitation service. The integration of physical activity and nutrition services could affect the improvement of the health of the university population, and would increase the physical practice, carrying out an assessment of physical fitness and a proper prescription of exercise, according to the personal health conditions of each member of the university population.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la Red Valenciana de Universidades Públicas Saludables (RVUPS) se enmarca en los entornos saludables de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Su objetivo es conseguir universidades más saludables a través de diferentes líneas de actuación, destacando entre ellas la de la promoción de la actividad física (AF) y el deporte. OBJETIVO: este estudio tiene por objeto analizar y revisar las actividades desarrolladas por la RVUPS sobre promoción de la AF y valorar mediante informadores clave la necesidad de implantar un servicio de AF dentro del ámbito universitario. MÉTODOS: por una parte, se realizó un análisis y estudio de las actividades y servicios que se desarrollan para promocionar la AF y el deporte y que están incluidos en la sección de "Universidad Saludable" de cada una de las universidades que conforman la RVUPS (n = 5). Además, se realizó por otra parte un estudio cualitativo a informadores clave de la Universidad de Alicante (n = 16) para conocer la percepción de cada uno de ellos sobre la utilidad de implantar un servicio de actividad física dentro del ámbito universitario. RESULTADOS: actualmente, las universidades valencianas no cubren todas las necesidades para alcanzar un adecuado estado de bienestar. Como respuesta, algunas universidades ofrecen actividades individualizadas para prevenir y tratar alguna de las patologías que mayor incidencia tienen en la actualidad. Además, se están implantando nuevos servicios que integran a todos los profesionales de la salud a fin de conseguir un servicio más completo e integral a su comunidad. El estudio cualitativo reveló que entrevistados también perciben tales necesidades y, por tanto, apoyan estas iniciativas, considerando que un servicio de AF y nutrición sería una interesante opción de implantación en las universidades. CONCLUSIONES: es necesario reforzar el fomento de la práctica de AF dentro de la comunidad universitaria, a través de pautas saludables y con la implantación de un servicio de prevención del dolor de espalda. La integración de servicios de AF y nutrición podría incidir en la mejora de la salud de la comunidad universitaria, a la vez que aumentaría la práctica de AF, realizando una valoración de la condición física y una prescripción de ejercicio físico acorde a las condiciones de salud de cada persona.

Assessment of oxidative stress biomarkers - neuroprostanes and dihomo-isoprostanes - in the urine of elite triathletes after two weeks of moderate-altitude training.

This randomized and controlled trial investigated whether the increase in elite training at different altitudes altered the oxidative stress biomarkers of the nervous system. This is the first study to investigate four F4-neuroprostanes (F4-NeuroPs) and four F2-dihomo-isoprostanes (F2-dihomo-IsoPs) quantified in 24-h urine. The quantification was carried out by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). Sixteen elite triathletes agreed to participate in the project. They were randomized in two groups, a group submitted to altitude training (AT, n = 8) and a group submitted to sea level training (SLT) (n = 8), with a control group (Cg) of non-athletes (n = 8). After the experimental period, the AT group triathletes gave significant data: 17-epi-17-F2t-dihomo-IsoP (from 5.2 ± 1.4 µg/mL 24 h(-1) to 6.6 ± 0.6 µg/mL 24 h(-1)), ent-7(RS)-7-F2t-dihomo-IsoP (from 6.6 ± 1.7 µg/mL 24 h(-1) to 8.6 ± 0.9 µg/mL 24 h(-1)), and ent-7-epi-7-F2t-dihomo-IsoP (from 8.4 ± 2.2 µg/mL 24 h(-1) to 11.3 ± 1.8 µg/mL 24 h(-1)) increased, while, of the neuronal degeneration-related compounds, only 10-epi-10-F4t-NeuroP (8.4 ± 1.7 µg/mL 24 h(-1)) and 10-F4t-NeuroP (5.2 ± 2.9 µg/mL 24 h(-1)) were detected in this group. For the Cg and SLT groups, no significant changes had occurred at the end of the two-week experimental period. Therefore, and as the main conclusion, the training at moderate altitude increased the F4-NeuroPs- and F2-dihomo-isoPs-related oxidative damage of the central nervous system compared to similar training at sea level.

[VARIABLES USED IN QUESTIONNAIRES ABOUT ERGONUTRITIONALS SUPPLEMENTS INTAKE]. / VARIABLES UTILIZADAS EN CUESTIONARIOS DE CONSUMO DE SUPLEMENTOS ERGONUTRICIONALES.

INTRODUCTION: nutritional supplements intake is increasing during the recent years both in Spain and in the rest of the world. Questionnaires that estimate the intake and supplement use have methodological limitations. The purpose of this study is to describe used indicators in questionnaires that estimate nutritional supplements intake among athletes so facilitate understanding of these limitations. METHODOLOGY: a literature review of variables used within questionnaires to estimate consumption of nutritional supplements among athletes. We conducted a structured research in PubMed database and through snow ball strategy. Search equation: "Questionnaire" AND "Supplementation" AND "Athletes". INCLUSION CRITERIA: published in any country in English or Spanish, containing questionnaire or indicators can be deducted from the items, to estimate the intake and use of nutritional supplements and should be targeted to athletes training in order to compete at any level. We performed a descriptive analysis. RESULTS: 21 above the 122 identified studies met the inclusion criteria. Sociodemographic factors, sport and training frequency, athlete population, reasons/motives for use and consumption, sources of information and list of supplements and frequency are the found indicators for estimating intake of supplements. DISCUSSION: there are great heterogeneity in terms of the proposed indicators by the authors at the questionnaires and intake estimation using nutritional supplements, standardization of the methodology for the development questionnaires to be necessary and proposing the classification of the Australian Institute of Sport as a reference.

Introducción: el consumo de suplementos ergonutricionales está aumentando en los últimos años tanto en España como en el resto del mundo. Los cuestionarios que estiman la ingesta y uso de suplementos presentan limitaciones metodológicas. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las variables utilizadas en los cuestionarios de estimación de consumo de suplementos ergonutricionales para población deportista, descritas en el apartado de metodología de los artículos científicos. Metodología: revisión bibliográfica de variables utilizadas para estimar el uso y consumo de suplementos ergonutricionales. Búsqueda estructurada en la base de datos PubMed y mediante la estrategia bola de nieve. Ecuación de búsqueda: "Questionnaire" AND "Supplementation" AND "Athletes". Criterios de inclusión: artículos publicados en cualquier país en idioma inglés o en español, que contengan cuestionario en el anexo o las variables que se describen en el apartado de metodología que puedan inferirse a partir de los artículos, que estimen la ingesta y uso de suplementos ergonutricionales y vayan dirigidos a deportistas que entrenan a nivel competitivo (amateurs, élite, etc.). Se realizó un análisis de contenido y un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: de los 122 estudios identificados, 21 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Las variables descritas fueron factores sociodemográficos y relacionados con el deporte que se practica, así como la frecuencia de entrenamiento, población deportista a la que iba dirigida, razones/ motivos de uso y consumo, fuentes de información, lista de suplementos y frecuencia de uso y consumo. Discusión: existe gran heterogeneidad en cuanto a las variables propuestas por los autores en los cuestionarios de estimación de ingesta y uso de suplementos ergonutricionales. Es necesaria la estandarización de metodologías en el diseño de cuestionarios, así como definir una clasificación de referencia como la propuesta por el Instituto Australiano del Deporte.