RESUMO
Low-cost airborne particle sensors are gaining attention for monitoring human exposure to indoor particulate matter. This study aimed to establish the concentrations at which these commercially available sensors can be expected to report accurate concentrations. We exposed five types of commercial integrated devices and three types of "bare" low-cost particle sensors to a range of concentrations generated by three different sources. We propose definitions of upper and lower bounds of functional range based on the relationship between a given sensor's output and that of a reference instrument during a laboratory experiment. Experiments show that the lower bound can range from approximately 3 to 15 µg/m3 . At greater concentrations, sensor output deviates from linearity at approximately 300-3000 µg/m3 . We also conducted a simulation campaign to analyze the effect of this limitation on functional range on the accuracy of exposure readings given by these devices. We estimate that the upper bound results in minimal inaccuracy in exposure quantification, and the lower bound can result in as much as a 50% error in approximately 10% of US homes.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/instrumentação , Habitação/estatística & dados numéricos , Material Particulado/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/estatística & dados numéricos , Monitoramento Ambiental/economia , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , HumanosRESUMO
This article highlights significant insurance coverage cases from October 1, 2016, to September 30, 2017. This past year, insurance coverage law saw many developments addressing a wide variety of issues. While state and federal courts are frequently divided on their approach to coverage issues, this article attempts to identify regional trends with the aim of assisting practitioners nationwide. The following sections are a review of particularly important decisions in insurance coverage law, including cyber insurance, the efficient proximate cause doctrine, declaratory judgment actions, and recent developments in the application of the pollution exclusion in general liability policies.