Out-Of-Pocket Expenditures on Dental Care for Schoolchildren Aged 6 to 12 Years: A Cross-Sectional Estimate in a Less-Developed Country Setting.

Aim: The objective of this study was to estimate the Out-Of-Pocket Expenditures (OOPEs) incurred by households on dental care, as well as to analyze the sociodemographic, economic, and oral health factors associated with such expenditures. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 763 schoolchildren in Mexico. A questionnaire was distributed to parents to determine the variables related to OOPEs on dental care. The amounts were updated in 2017 in Mexican pesos and later converted to 2017 international dollars (purchasing power parities-PPP US $). Multivariate models were created: a linear regression model (which modeled the amount of OOPEs), and a logistic regression model (which modeled the likelihood of incurring OOPEs). Results: The OOPEs on dental care for the 763 schoolchildren were PPP US $53,578, averaging a PPP of US $70.2 ± 123.7 per child. Disbursements for treatment were the principal item within the OOPEs. The factors associated with OOPEs were the child's age, number of dental visits, previous dental pain, main reason for dental visit, educational level of mother, type of health insurance, household car ownership, and socioeconomic position. Conclusions: The average cost of dental care was PPP US $70.2 ± 123.7. Our study shows that households with higher school-aged children exhibiting the highest report of dental morbidity-as well as those without insurance-face the highest OOPEs. An array of variables were associated with higher expenditures. In general, higher-income households spent more on dental care. However, the present study did not estimate unmet needs across the socioeconomic gradient, and thus, future research is needed to fully ascertain disease burden.

[Associated costs with dental studies in a public Mexican university]. / Estudiar para cirujano dentista en una universidad pública. Los costos relacionados.

OBJECTIVE: To calculate associated costs with dental studies (ACDS) in a public university. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study using a costing system on a random sample of 376 dental students enrolled at any semester in a public university. To calculate ACDS (Mexican pesos of 2009-1), we used a questionnaire divided into eight sections. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables, housing costs, food, transportation, instruments and equipment, as well as remunerations associated with patient care along 16 weeks of classes in each semester were included. We used linear regression. RESULTS: The average of ACDS was of 18,357.54 ± 12,746.81 Mexican pesos. The largest percentage of ACDS (30.2 %) was for clinical instruments (5,537.66 ± 6,260.50). Students also spent funds in paying to patients for their time during care delivered (2,402.11 ± 4,796.50). Associated variables (p 〈 0.001) with the ACDS were having completed at least one clinical course or one theoretical-practical course, living within the state or out of state (compared to students who live in the city where dental studies take place), and being enrolled in the more advanced dental studies. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that a significant percentage of the cost to students (13.1 %) is related with clinical care delivery.

OBJETIVO: calcular los costos relacionados con el estudio de la carrera de cirujano dentista (CRELCD) en una universidad pública del estado de Hidalgo, México. MÉTODOS: se empleó un sistema de costeo en una muestra aleatoria de alumnos de la carrera de cirujano dentista. Se incluyeron 376 estudiantes de segundo a décimo semestre. Para realizar el cálculo de los costos (pesos mexicanos para 2009) se utilizó un cuestionario. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, socioeconómicas, sobre costos en vivienda, alimentación, transporte, instrumental y material, así como en atención a pacientes; para ello se consideraron 16 semanas de clases. Para el modelo final se empleó regresión lineal. RESULTADOS: el promedio del CRELCD fue 18 357.54 ± 12 746.81 pesos; 30.2 % consistió en el costo del instrumental (5537.66 ± 6260.50). Los alumnos gastaron en la remuneración a sus pacientes 2402.11 ± 4796.50 pesos. Las variables relacionadas fueron haber cursado al menos una asignatura clínica y una teórico-práctica, vivir en el interior o fuera del estado (en comparación quienes vivían en la ciudad donde cursaban la carrera) y ser alumno de semestres más avanzados. CONCLUSIONES: un porcentaje importante (13.1 %) de alumnos gasta en el tratamiento de sus pacientes. Es necesario identificar si estos costos representan barreras inequitativas en la decisión de emprender, continuar o finalizar estudios de odontología.