Preparación y respuesta ante emergencias sensibles a poblaciones migrantes en Chile: perspectivas postpandémicas / Emergency preparedness and response sensitive of migrant populations in Chile: post-pandemic perspectives

El 31 de agosto de 2023, el Gobierno de Chile puso fin a la alerta sanitaria por COVID-19. Este hito invita a reflexionar sobre lecciones aprendidas respecto a la preparación y respuesta ante emergencias, que sean sensibles e informadas sobre la experiencia de la población migrante de nuestro país. En este marco, se presentan tres perspectivas. La primera se centra en evitar la responsabilización individual en el incumplimiento de las medidas de prevención del contagio, ya que este enfoque ignora las inequidades estructurales e históricas. Las recomendaciones de emergencia se deben construir bajo un abordaje colectivo y con la consideración de los diversos contextos socioculturales y políticos. La segunda perspectiva llama a tomar en cuenta y abordar la migración como determinante social de la salud de la población en la preparación y respuesta ante emergencias. Durante la pandemia, los cambios en la gobernanza de la migración en todo el mundo precarizaron los procesos migratorios, con riesgos para la salud física y mental de las personas que migran. Esto requiere una mejor planificación y decisiones informadas en evidencia científica para futuras pandemias. La tercera perspectiva se enfoca en promover la interculturalidad, dado que la comunicación de los riesgos de contagio y de las medidas preventivas se vio dificultada entre poblaciones migrantes con diversas cosmovisiones e interpretaciones de los procesos de salud y enfermedad. Asimismo, el responder a las necesidades de aquellas comunidades históricamente marginadas, requiere establecer modos de vida que respeten la diversidad en las narrativas y las prácticas cotidianas. Los gobiernos y sistemas sanitarios deben incorporar la migración a sus estrategias de preparación y respuesta ante emergencias, con la construcción de las condiciones para su cumplimiento óptimo.

On August 31, 2023, the Chilean government ended the health alert for COVID-19. This milestone invites us to reflect on lessons learned in emergency preparedness and response regarding migrant populations in the country. In this context, three perspectives are presented. The first focuses on avoiding pointing to individual responsibility for non-compliance with prevention measures, as this approach ignores structural and historical inequities. Emergency recommendations should be constructed considering a collective approach and diverse sociocultural and political contexts. The second perspective calls for considering and addressing migration as a social determinant of health. During the pandemic, changes in the governance of migration around the world made migration processes more precarious, with risks to the physical and mental health of migrants, which needs better planning and evidence-based decision-making in future pandemics. The third perspective focuses on promoting intercultural health, as effective communication of contagion risks and preventive measures were hampered among migrant populations with diverse worldviews and interpretations of health and disease processes. Responding to the needs of historically marginalized communities requires establishing ways of life that respect diversity in narratives and everyday practices. Governments and health systems must incorporate migration into their emergency preparedness and response strategies, creating the conditions for optimal compliance.

The social and health protection of migrants in Chile: qualitative analysis of civil society proposals for constitutional change.

BACKGROUND: A sustained period of social, economic, and political unrest took place during October of 2019 in Chile. As an institutional solution, the "Agreement for Social Peace and the New Constitution" was signed. In this document, most political parties committed to reestablishing peace and public order in Chile, agreeing on the initiation of a constitutional process. To promote participation of civil society actors, the "Popular Initiative for Norms" was enabled. This was a platform where civilians could submit proposals for constitutional norms to be discussed by the Constitutional Convention. We aimed to analyze proposals related to migrants and migrant health. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of the proposals. Sixteen of them were related to migrants, and we analyzed their association to health. We also evaluated their link to the Health Goals 2030 set out by the Chilean Ministry of Health and the Global Action Plan 2019-2023 for Promoting the Health of Refugees and Migrants by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: Four main thematic categories were identified: 1) Humans rights of migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers; 2) Nationality and regularization of migrants and refugees; 3) Political participation and cultural integration of migrants and refugees; and 4) Specific regulations on slavery and human trafficking. These resonated with broader frameworks established in the Health Goals 2030 (Chile) and the Global Action Plan 2019-2023 for Promoting the Health of Refugees and Migrants by the World Health Organization. CONCLUSIONS: The 'Popular Initiative for Norms' was a non-binding participatory mechanism. Although the proposals sent through were not guaranteed to be included in the constitutional draft-and despite the final draft being rejected last September 2022-the platform allowed to gain insights into civilian opinions. Our findings showed that there is an incipient yet weak recognition of the rights and situation of migrants in Chile. There was no direct mention of health nor an explicit contemplation of social determinants of health. Despite there being an urgent need to define strategies for migrants' health in Chile, this study demonstrated that civil awareness and interest are still insufficient.

Inequalities in infant vaccination coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based study in Peru.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the associated factors and assess the inequalities of full vaccination coverage (FVC) among Peruvian infants aged 12-23 months during the COVID-19 pandemic in a nationally representative sample. METHODS: We carried out a population-based cross-sectional study based on a secondary data analysis using the 2021 Peruvian Demographic Health Survey (DHS) in infants aged 12 to 23 months. The sampling design was probabilistic, multistage, stratified, and independent at both departmental and area of residence levels. FVC was defined according to the WHO definition. We performed generalized linear models (GLM) Poisson family log link function to estimate crude (aPR) and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). Also, for inequality assessment, we calculated the concentration curve (CC), concentration index (CI), and Erreygers normalized concentration index (ECI). RESULTS: We included 4,189 infants in our analysis. Nationwide, the prevalence of FVC was 66.19% (95% CI: 64.33-68). Being younger, having a mother with no education or primary education, belonging to a large family, having no access to mass media, having had six or fewer ANC visits, and having a mother whose age was under 20 at first delivery were inversely associated with FVC. Meanwhile, living in the Highlands or on the rest of the coast, and living in rural areas were directly associated with FVC. We found a pro-rich inequality in FVC based on wealth-ranked households (CI: 0.0066; ECI: 0.0175). CONCLUSION: FVC has dropped among Peruvian infants aged between 12 and 23 months. There were several factors associated with FVC. It was more concentrated among the better-off infants, although in low magnitude.

Health in Chile's Recent Constitutional Process: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of Civil Proposals.

(1) Background: In response to the recent political crisis in Chile, the "Agreement for Social Peace and the New Constitution'' was approved. We aimed to analyze the health-related civil proposals uploaded to the official website for popular participation in the new constitution in Chile. (2) Methods: We carried out a qualitative thematic analysis of 126 health-related valid proposals. Moreover, we analyzed their link to the Health Goals 2030, established by the Ministry of Health of Chile and to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). (3) Results: Sixteen main categories were reached. In all, they were organized into four main areas: (i) the right to health and the establishment of a universal health system; (ii) effective access to selected healthcare services; (iii) improving health outcomes for all and for the relevant subgroups; and (iv) the social determinants of health, health in all the policies, and community health. We found that these four areas were strongly linked to the Health Goals 2030 for Chile and to the SDGs. (4) Conclusions: Despite the fact that the new constitutional proposal was rejected in September 2022, the civil health-related proposals and the areas of health and healthcare were of interest to the citizens as the request showed a strong demand from the population for participation in matters of health, healthcare, and public health.

Disparities in scientific research activity between doctors and nurses working in the Peruvian health care system: Analysis of a nationally representative sample.

AIM: To evaluate disparities in the frequency of scientific activity between medical doctors and nurses in Peru. METHODS: We carried out a secondary data analysis of the National Health Services Users' Satisfaction Survey (ENSUSALUD), 2016. This nationally representative survey evaluates doctors and nurses working in clinical settings. We defined scientific activity as i) having published an original article (journal indexed in Web of Science, Scopus or Medline); and ii) having authored an abstract in a national or international conference. We estimated crude and adjusted disparities prevalence ratios (aDPR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: We included 2025 doctors and 2877 nurses in the analysis; 71% of doctors doctor were male, and 93% of nurses were female (p<0.001). Among doctors, 13.9% had published an article, and 8.4% presented an abstract at a conference in the last two years, while these proportions were 0.6% and 2.5% for nurses, respectively. The adjusted models showed that doctors, when compared to nurses, were approximately 27 times likely to have published a paper (aDPR = 27.86; 95% CI 10.46 to 74.19) and twice as likely to have authored a conference abstract (aDPR = 2.51; 95% CI 1.39 to 4.53). CONCLUSIONS: There are important disparities in scientific activity between doctors and nurses working in clinical settings in Peru. Disparities are more significant for article publication than for authoring in conference abstracts. We suggest public policies that promote research dissemination between health professionals, with emphasis on nurses.

Unequal Access and Use of Health Care Services among Settled Immigrants, Recent Immigrants, and Locals: A Comparative Analysis of a Nationally Representative Survey in Chile.

Globally, and particularly in the Latin American region, international migration continues to grow. Access and use of health care services by migrants vary according to their country of origin and residence time. We aimed to compare the access and use of health care services between international migrants (including settled migrants from Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador; Emerging migrants from Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Haiti; and migrants from other countries) and the Chilean population. After performing a secondary data analysis of population-based nationally representative surveys (CASEN 2011-2017), access and use patterns (insurance, complementary insurance, non-consultation, and non-treatment coverage) were described and compared among settled immigrants, recent emerging immigrants, others, and locals. Immigrants had a significantly higher uninsured population compared to locals. Specifically, in CASEN 2017, 19.27% of emerging (95% CI: 15.3-24.1%), 11.79% of settled (95% CI: 10.1-13.7%), and 2.25% of locals (95% CI: 2.1-2.4%) were uninsured. After 2013, settled and recent emerging migrants showed higher percentages of non-consultation. Collaborative and interculturally relevant strategies from human rights and equity perspectives are needed. Initiatives with a particular focus on recent immigrants can contribute to reducing the existing disparities in health care access and use with locals due to lack of insurance and treatment coverage.

Development of the set of scales to assess the job satisfaction among physicians in Peru: validity and reliability assessment.

BACKGROUND: To assess the validity and reliability of the set of scales (general professional activity, health services management, and working conditions) on the different areas of job satisfaction in Peruvian physicians based on the data from the National Survey of Satisfaction of Users in Health (ENSUSALUD). METHOD: We carried out a psychometric study based on the secondary data analysis of Questionnaire 2 of ENSUSALUD-2016. Participants were selected from a two-stage stratified national probability representative sampling by political region. Validity was assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and measurement invariance analysis. We assessed the reliability using internal consistency coefficients (alpha and omega). The set of scales were composed of items related to three different areas of job satisfaction: 1) satisfaction with general professional activity, 2) satisfaction with the health services management, and 3) satisfaction with the working conditions of the health center. RESULTS: We included 2137 participants in the analysis. The general professional activity scale with six items (Comparative Fit Index, CFI = 0.946; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, RMSEA = 0.071; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, SRMR = 0.035), the health services management scale with eight items (CFI) = 0.972; RMSEA = 0.081; SRMR = 0.028), showed good measurement properties for the one-dimensional model. The working conditions scale with eight items for individual conditions and three items for infrastructural conditions (CFI = 0.914; RMSEA = 0.080; SRMR = 0.055) presented adequate measurement properties with a two-dimensional model. The invariance analysis showed that comparisons between sex, age, civil status, medical speciality, working in other institutions, work-related illness, chronic disease, and time working in the healthcare center. All scales had adequate internal consistency (ω and α between 0.70 and 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: The set of scales has a solid factorial structure and measurement invariance, making it possible for group comparison. The study achieved stability in the scores as they showed adequate internal consistency coefficients. Based on our findings, these instruments are suitable for measuring job satisfaction among outpatient physicians throughout Peru, as our data is representative of the country level.

Factores asociados a la calidad de la atención en población adulta afiliada a la Seguridad Social: El caso peruano / Factors associated with the quality of care in the adult population affiliated to Social Security: the Peruvian case

Objetivo: Identificar factores asociados a calidad percibida de atención en la población adulta afiliada al Seguro Social en Salud (EsSalud). Material y métodos: Analizamos la Encuesta Nacional Socioeconómica de Acceso a la Salud de los Asegurados de EsSalud. La calidad percibida fue evaluada en consultorio externo, hospitalización y emergencias. Reportamos razones de medias ajustadas (RMa) estimadas mediante regresión de Poisson múltiple. Resultados: Estar empleado (RMa=0,98; IC95% 0,96-0,99), no conocer los servicios que brinda EsSalud (RMa=0,97; IC95% 0,95-1,00), no recibir información sobre los derechos como usuarios (RMa=0,95; IC95% 0,93-0,98), valorar como bajo el nivel de accesibilidad al EESS (RMa=0,97; IC95% 0,95-0,99) y no sentirse cómodo en el EESS al que acude (RM=0,92; IC95% 0,91-0,94) fueron factores asociados a menor puntaje de calidad percibida en consultorio externo. En hospitalización, tener entre 40-59 años (RMa=0,93; IC95% 0,88-0,97), contar con un índice de riqueza bajo (RMa=0,92; IC95% 0,87-0,97), no haber recibido información sobre los derechos como usuarios (RMa=0,90; IC95% 0,84-0,95) y no sentirse cómodos en el EESS (RMa=0,92; IC95% 0,89-0,96) se asociaron a menor puntuación de calidad. En emergencia, no sentirse cómodo en el EESS (RMa=0,89; IC95% 0,93-1,00) fue el único factor asociado a una menor puntuación de calidad percibida. Conclusiones: Identificamos factores relativos a los usuarios y a la oferta de servicios independientemente asociados a calidad percibida de atención, los cuales pueden ser considerados por los tomadores de decisiones para la mejor gestión de EsSalud.

Objetive: To identify factors associated with perceived quality of care in the adult population affiliated with Social Security Health (EsSalud) Material and methods: We analyzed the National Socioeconomic Survey of Access to Health of the EsSalud Insured. Perceived quality of health care was evaluated in ambulatory care, hospitalization and emergency medical services. We reported adjusted ratios of means (RMa) estimated by multiple Poisson regression. Results: Being employed (RMa=0.98; IC95% 0.96-0.99), not knowing the services provided by EsSalud (RMa=0.97; IC95% 0.95-1.00), not receiving information about right to health (RMa=0.95; IC95% 0.93-0.98), perceiving as low the level of accessibility to the health facility (RMa=0.97; IC95% 0.95-0.99) and not feeling comfortable in the health facility of EsSalud (RM=0.92;IC95% 0.91-0.94) were factors associated with lower scores of perceived quality in ambulatory care. In hospitalization, being between 40-59 years old (RMa=0.93; IC95% 0.88-0.97), having a low wealth index (RMa=0.92; IC95% 0.87-0.97), not having received information about right to health (RMa=0.90; IC95%0.84-0.95) and not feeling comfortable in the health facility of EsSalud (RMa=0.92; IC95% 0.89-0.96) were associated with lower quality score. In emergency, not feeling comfortable in the health facility of EsSalud (RMa=0.89; IC95% 0.93-1.00) was the only factor associated with a lower perceived quality score. Conclusions: We identified factors related to users and service offerings independently associated with perceived quality of care, which can be considered by decision makers for better management of EsSalud.

Efficacy and Safety in the Continued Treatment With a Biosimilar Drug in Patients Receiving Infliximab: A Systematic Review in the Context of Decision-Making From a Latin-American Country.

Introduction: Biological products, including infliximab (INF), are a therapeutic option for various medical conditions. In the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud), infliximab is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthropathy, ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (in cases refractory to conventional treatment). Biosimilars are a safe and effective alternative approved for these diseases in patients who start treatment with infliximab. Nevertheless, there are people in treatment with the biological reference product (BRP), in whom the continuing therapy with a biosimilar biological product (BBP) must be evaluated. Objectives: To synthesize the best available evidence, calculate a preliminary financial impact and conduct technical discussions about the interchangeability into biosimilar in patients receiving treatment with original infliximab for medical conditions approved in EsSalud. Methodology: We carried out a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Primary search was performed in Pubmed- MEDLINE, SCOPUS, WOS, EMBASE, TRIPDATABASE, DARE, Cochrane Library, NICE, AHRQ, SMC, McMaster-PLUS, CADTH, and HSE until June-2018. We used the Cochrane Collaboration tool to assess the risk of bias. Also, we implemented a preliminary financial analysis about the impact of biosimilar introduction on institutional purchasing budget. Moreover, technical meetings with medical doctors specialized in rheumatology, gastroenterology and dermatology were held for discussing findings. Results: In primary search, 1136 records were identified, and 357 duplicates were removed. From 799 records, we excluded 765 after title and abstract evaluation. From 14 full-text appraised documents, we included five clinical trials in the risk of bias assessment: four studies evaluated CTP-13 and one tested SB2. Two double-blind clinical trials reported no differences in efficacy and safety profiles between maintenance group (INF/INF) and interchangeability group in all diseases included (INF/CTP-13) and rheumatoid arthritis (CTP13 and SB2). In the other three studies, open-label extension of primary clinical trials, no differences were founded in efficacy and safety profiles between CTP-13/CTP-13 and INF/CTP-13 groups. In financial analysis, the inclusion of biosimilars implied savings around S/7´642,780.00 (1USD=S/3.30) on purchasing budget of EsSalud. In technical meetings, beyond certain concerns, specialists agreed with the findings. Conclusions: Evidence from clinical trials support that there are no differences in efficacy or safety of continuing the treatment with Infliximab BRP or exchanging into its biosimilar in patients with medical conditions approved in EsSalud. Financial analysis shows that the biosimilar introduction produce savings in purchasing institutional budget. Therefore, based on cost-opportunity principle, exchanging into biosimilar in patients receiving the original Infliximab, is a valid therapeutic alternative in the Peruvian Social Security.

[Health insurance coverage: the peruvian case since the universal insurance act]. / Cobertura de aseguramiento en salud: el caso peruano desde la Ley de Aseguramiento Universal.

OBJECTIVE.: To describe the trends in health insurance coverage (HIC) in Peru during the period 2009-2017 and evaluate associations with demographic, social and economic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: We carried out a secondary data-analysis from the Peruvian National Household Survey. For each year, we estimated the global HIC, for the Integral Health Insurance (SIS) and the Social Security system (EsSalud). In addition, we performed a trend analysis. For 2009 (Universal Health Insurance Act), 2013 (health care reform act) and 2017, we used a polytomous variable for the insurance type (SIS/EsSalud/Non-affiliated). We performed logistic multinomial regressions to estimate relative prevalence ratios (RPR) and their 95% CI with correction for complex sampling. RESULTS.: We observed an increasing trend in the global HIC (2009:60.5%; 2013:65.5%; 2017:76.4%), SIS coverage (2009:34%; 2013:35.4%; 2017:47%) and EsSalud coverage (2009:22.8%; 2013:26.4%; 2017:26.3%). Multinomial logistic regressions showed that being a woman increased the likelihood to be affiliated to the SIS (RPR= 2009:1.64 and 2017:1.53), while people between 18 and 39 years old, living in Lima Metropolitan area under non-poverty conditions reduced the likelihood to be affiliated to the SIS (RPR= 2009:0.16 and 2017:0.31; 2009:0.17 and 2017:0.37; 2009:0.51 and 2017:0.53; respectively). Furthermore, being a woman, 65 years old or over, living in urban Lima, and under non-poverty conditions increased the likelihood of being affiliated with the EsSalud (RPR= 2013:1.12 and 2017:1.24; 2013:1.32 and 2017:1.34; 2009:2.18 and 2017:2.08; 2009:2.14 and 2017:2.54; 2009:3.57 and 2017:2.53; respectively). CONCLUSIONS.: HIC has increased during the period 2009-2017. However, the characteristics of those affiliated are different between the various types of health insurance.

OBJETIVO.: Describir la evolución de la cobertura de aseguramiento en salud (CAS) en Perú para el periodo 2009-2017 y evaluar los principales factores demográficos, sociales y económicos asociados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Realizamos un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares. Para cada año estimamos la CAS global, del Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS) y del Seguro Social en Salud (EsSalud), y realizamos pruebas de tendencias anuales. Para los años 2009 (Ley de Aseguramiento Universal en Salud), 2013 (reforma del sector salud) y 2017, construimos una variable politómica del tipo de aseguramiento (SIS/EsSalud/No asegurado) y estimamos razones relativas de prevalencia (RRP) con intervalos de confianza (IC) al 95% mediante modelos logísticos multinomiales para muestras complejas. RESULTADOS.: Observamos un incremento en la CAS global (2009: 60,5%; 2013: 65,5%; 2017: 76,4%), en el SIS (2009: 34%; 2013: 35,4%; 2017: 47%) y en EsSalud (2009: 22,8%; 2013: 26,4%; 2017: 26,3%). Observamos que ser mujer aumentó la posibilidad de afiliación al SIS (RRP=2009: 1,64 y 2017: 1,53), mientras que tener entre 18 y 39 años, residir Lima Metropolitana y ser no pobre redujeron esa posibilidad (RRP=2009: 0,16 y 2017: 0,31; 2009: 0,17 y 2017: 0,37; 2009: 0,51 y 2017: 0,53; respectivamente). Por su parte, ser mujer, tener más de 65 años, ser del ámbito urbano, residir en Lima Metropolitana y ser no pobre aumentó la probabilidad de estar afiliados a EsSalud (RRP=2013: 1,12 y 2017: 1,24; 2013: 1,32 y 2017: 1,34; 2009: 2,18 y 2017: 2,08; 2009: 2,14 y 2017: 2,54; 2009: 3,57 y 2017: 2,53; respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES.: La CAS ha incrementado durante el periodo 2009-2017. No obstante, las características de la población asegurada difieren de acuerdo con el tipo de seguro.

Cobertura de aseguramiento en salud: el caso peruano desde la Ley de Aseguramiento Universal / Health insurance coverage: the peruvian case since the universal insurance act

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir la evolución de la cobertura de aseguramiento en salud (CAS) en Perú para el periodo 2009-2017 y evaluar los principales factores demográficos, sociales y económicos asociados. Materiales y métodos. Realizamos un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares. Para cada año estimamos la CAS global, del Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS) y del Seguro Social en Salud (EsSalud), y realizamos pruebas de tendencias anuales. Para los años 2009 (Ley de Aseguramiento Universal en Salud), 2013 (reforma del sector salud) y 2017, construimos una variable politómica del tipo de aseguramiento (SIS/EsSalud/No asegurado) y estimamos razones relativas de prevalencia (RRP) con intervalos de confianza (IC) al 95% mediante modelos logísticos multinomiales para muestras complejas. Resultados. Observamos un incremento en la CAS global (2009: 60,5%; 2013: 65,5%; 2017: 76,4%), en el SIS (2009: 34%; 2013: 35,4%; 2017: 47%) y en EsSalud (2009: 22,8%; 2013: 26,4%; 2017: 26,3%). Observamos que ser mujer aumentó la posibilidad de afiliación al SIS (RRP=2009: 1,64 y 2017: 1,53), mientras que tener entre 18 y 39 años, residir Lima Metropolitana y ser no pobre redujeron esa posibilidad (RRP=2009: 0,16 y 2017: 0,31; 2009: 0,17 y 2017: 0,37; 2009: 0,51 y 2017: 0,53; respectivamente). Por su parte, ser mujer, tener más de 65 años, ser del ámbito urbano, residir en Lima Metropolitana y ser no pobre aumentó la probabilidad de estar afiliados a EsSalud (RRP=2013: 1,12 y 2017: 1,24; 2013: 1,32 y 2017: 1,34; 2009: 2,18 y 2017: 2,08; 2009: 2,14 y 2017: 2,54; 2009: 3,57 y 2017: 2,53; respectivamente). Conclusiones. La CAS ha incrementado durante el periodo 2009-2017. No obstante, las características de la población asegurada difieren de acuerdo con el tipo de seguro.

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the trends in health insurance coverage (HIC) in Peru during the period 2009-2017 and evaluate associations with demographic, social and economic factors. Materials and Methods. We carried out a secondary data-analysis from the Peruvian National Household Survey. For each year, we estimated the global HIC, for the Integral Health Insurance (SIS) and the Social Security system (EsSalud). In addition, we performed a trend analysis. For 2009 (Universal Health Insurance Act), 2013 (health care reform act) and 2017, we used a polytomous variable for the insurance type (SIS/EsSalud/Non-affiliated). We performed logistic multinomial regressions to estimate relative prevalence ratios (RPR) and their 95% CI with correction for complex sampling. Results. We observed an increasing trend in the global HIC (2009:60.5%; 2013:65.5%; 2017:76.4%), SIS coverage (2009:34%; 2013:35.4%; 2017:47%) and EsSalud coverage (2009:22.8%; 2013:26.4%; 2017:26.3%). Multinomial logistic regressions showed that being a woman increased the likelihood to be affiliated to the SIS (RPR= 2009:1.64 and 2017:1.53), while people between 18 and 39 years old, living in Lima Metropolitan area under non-poverty conditions reduced the likelihood to be affiliated to the SIS (RPR= 2009:0.16 and 2017:0.31; 2009:0.17 and 2017:0.37; 2009:0.51 and 2017:0.53; respectively). Furthermore, being a woman, 65 years old or over, living in urban Lima, and under non-poverty conditions increased the likelihood of being affiliated with the EsSalud (RPR= 2013:1.12 and 2017:1.24; 2013:1.32 and 2017:1.34; 2009:2.18 and 2017:2.08; 2009:2.14 and 2017:2.54; 2009:3.57 and 2017:2.53; respectively). Conclusions. HIC has increased during the period 2009-2017. However, the characteristics of those affiliated are different between the various types of health insurance.

[Associated Factors to non-use of Formal Health Services in the Peruvian Population: Analysis of the National Household Survey (ENAHO) 2015]. / Factores asociados a la no utilización de los servicios formales de prestación en salud en la población peruana: análisis de la encuesta nacional de hogares (ENAHO) 2015.

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of non-use of health services (NUHS) and its associated factors using the National Household Survey (ENAHO 2015). The participants were defined as NUHS if they have presented any symptoms, discomfort, illness, relapse of chronic illness or accident during the last month and did not go to the health services. 35036 participants were analyzed; the prevalence of NUHS was 53,9%. NUHS was higher in the coastal region (adjusted Prevalence Ratio [aPR]=1.24;95%CI:1.17-1.31), highlands (aPR=1.38; 95%CI: 1.31-1.46) and jungle (aPR=1.25,95%CI:1.18-1.33) compared to Lima. Likewise, there were a higher prevalence of NUHS in participants without health insurance (aPR=1.59;95%CI:1.52-1.66) and those affiliated to Ministry of Health insurance (aPR=1.16;95%CI:1.11-1.22) compared to those affiliated to Social Security. More than half of the participants suffered from NUHS, which was associated with geographical and health system conditions. It is required evidenced-informed public policies to improve this situation.

El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de la no utilización de los servicios formales de prestación de salud (NUSFPS) y sus factores asociados en Perú. Se realizó un análisis secundario de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) del año 2015. Se definió como NUSFPS a aquellos participantes que, pese a haber presentado algún síntoma, malestar, enfermedad, recaída de enfermedad crónica o accidente durante el último mes, no acudieron a los servicios de salud. Se analizaron 35 036 participantes; la prevalencia de NUSFPS fue de 53,9% (IC95%:52,9-54,8). La NUSFPS fue superior en la costa (razón de prevalencia ajustada [RPa] = 1,24;IC95%:1,17-1,31), sierra (RPa =1,38;IC95%:1,31-1,46) y selva (RP = 1,25;IC95%:1,181,33) en comparación a Lima Metropolitana. Hubo mayor prevalencia de NUSFPS en los participantes sinseguro (RPa = 1,59; IC95%: 1,52-1,66) y afiliados al seguro integral de salud (RPa = 1,16; IC95%: 1,11-1,22) comparados con los afiliados a la Seguridad Social. En conclusión, más de la mitad de los participantes padecieron NUSFPS, lo cual se asoció con condiciones geográficas y de aseguramiento. Se sugieren políticas públicas informadas en la evidencia para mejorar esta situación.

Factores asociados a la no utilización de los servicios formales de prestación en salud en la población peruana: análisis de la encuesta nacional de hogares (ENAHO) 2015 / Associated Factors to non-use of Formal Health Services in the Peruvian Population: Analysis of the National Household Survey (ENAHO) 2015

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de la no utilización de los servicios formales de prestación de salud (NUSFPS) y sus factores asociados en Perú. Se realizó un análisis secundario de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) del año 2015. Se definió como NUSFPS a aquellos participantes que, pese a haber presentado algún síntoma, malestar, enfermedad, recaída de enfermedad crónica o accidente durante el último mes, no acudieron a los servicios de salud. Se analizaron 35 036 participantes; la prevalencia de NUSFPS fue de 53,9% (IC95%:52,9-54,8). La NUSFPS fue superior en la costa (razón de prevalencia ajustada [RPa] = 1,24;IC95%:1,17-1,31), sierra (RPa =1,38;IC95%:1,31-1,46) y selva (RP = 1,25;IC95%:1,181,33) en comparación a Lima Metropolitana. Hubo mayor prevalencia de NUSFPS en los participantes sinseguro (RPa = 1,59; IC95%: 1,52-1,66) y afiliados al seguro integral de salud (RPa = 1,16; IC95%: 1,11-1,22) comparados con los afiliados a la Seguridad Social. En conclusión, más de la mitad de los participantes padecieron NUSFPS, lo cual se asoció con condiciones geográficas y de aseguramiento. Se sugieren políticas públicas informadas en la evidencia para mejorar esta situación.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of non-use of health services (NUHS) and its associated factors using the National Household Survey (ENAHO 2015). The participants were defined as NUHS if they have presented any symptoms, discomfort, illness, relapse of chronic illness or accident during the last month and did not go to the health services. 35036 participants were analyzed; the prevalence of NUHS was 53,9%. NUHS was higher in the coastal region (adjusted Prevalence Ratio [aPR]=1.24;95%CI:1.17-1.31), highlands (aPR=1.38; 95%CI: 1.31-1.46) and jungle (aPR=1.25,95%CI:1.18-1.33) compared to Lima. Likewise, there were a higher prevalence of NUHS in participants without health insurance (aPR=1.59;95%CI:1.52-1.66) and those affiliated to Ministry of Health insurance (aPR=1.16;95%CI:1.11-1.22) compared to those affiliated to Social Security. More than half of the participants suffered from NUHS, which was associated with geographical and health system conditions. It is required evidenced-informed public policies to improve this situation.

Violencia laboral externa tipo amenaza contra médicos en servicios hospitalarios de Lima Metropolitana, Perú 2014 / External workplace violence against doctors in hospital services in Lima Metropolitana, Peru 2014

RESUMEN Objetivos . Estimar la frecuencia y los factores asociados a la violencia laboral externa tipo amenaza (VLETA) contra médicos en servicios de salud hospitalarios de Lima Metropolitana, Perú. Materiales y Métodos Se desarrolló un estudio transversal analítico que incluyó médicos del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), la Seguridad Social (EsSalud) y el subsector privado. Se midió la frecuencia de VLETA durante toda la práctica profesional, en los últimos doce meses y en el último mes. Se midieron variables relacionadas al médico, al agresor y al servicio de salud. Se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RPs) cruda y ajustada mediante un modelo lineal generalizado familia Poisson con bootstrap no paramétrico. Resultados . Participaron 406 médicos. El 31,5% fueron víctimas de VLETA al menos una vez durante su práctica profesional; 19,9% en los últimos doces meses y 7,6% en el último mes. La probabilidad de ser amenazado en los últimos doce meses aumentó si el médico era varón (RPa:1,7;IC95%:1,1-2,8), egresado de una universidad peruana fuera de Lima Metropolitana (RPa:1,5; IC95%:1,1-2,4), laboraba en MINSA (RPa:7,9;IC95%:2,24-50,73) o en EsSalud (RPa:8,68; IC95%:2,26-56,17), y atendía en emergencia (RPa:1,9;IC95%:1,2-3,6) o en sala de operaciones (RPa:1,6 IC95%:1,1-2,3). La edad, los años de práctica profesional o ser médico residente no se asociaron a VLETA. Conclusiones . En los hospitales estudiados, una alta proporción de médicos ha sido víctima de VLETA. Laborar en servicios públicos aumenta dicha probabilidad. Se sugiere implementar estrategias de prevención primaria, identificación y soporte en los establecimientos hospitalarios.

ABSTRACT Objectives . To calculate the frequency and factors associated with external workplace violence (EWV) against doctors in health inpatient services in the metropolitan area of Lima (Spanish: Lima Metropolitana), Peru. Materials and methods . A cross-sectional analytic study, which included doctors from the Ministry of Health (MINSA), Social Security (EsSalud), and the private subsector, was carried out. The frequency of EWV was measured throughout the entire professional practice during the previous 12 months and during the last month. Variables related to the doctor, assailant, and health service were measured. Raw and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated by means of a Poisson-family generalized linear model with non-parametric bootstrapping. Results . A total of 406 doctors participated; 31.5% were victims of EWV at least once during their professional practice, with 19.9% over the past 12 months and 7.6% during the last month. The chances of being threatened in the last 12 months increased if the doctor was male (adjusted PR [aPR]: 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1- 2.8), had graduated from a Peruvian university outside of the metropolitan area of Lima (aPR: 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1-2.4), worked at MINSA (aPR: 7.9; 95% CI = 2.24-50.73) or EsSalud (RR: 8.68; 95% CI = 2.26-56.17), and worked in the emergency (aPR: 1.9; 95% CI = 1.2-3.6) or operating room (aPR: 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1-2.3). Age, years of professional practice, or being a medical resident were not associated with EWV. Conclusion . In the hospitals studied, a large number of doctors have been victims of EWV. Working in public services increases the possibility of violence. Implementation of support, identification, and primary prevention strategies in hospitals is recommended.

[A risk-based monitoring model for health care service institutions as a tool to protect health rights in Peru]. / Modelo de supervisión basado en el riesgo para instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud como herramienta para la protección de los derechos en salud en Perú.

OBJECTIVES.: To describe the monitoring model of the Health Care Service Institutions (HCSI) of the National Health Authority (NHA) and assess the factors associated with risk-adjusted normative compliance (%RANC) within the Peruvian Health System (PHS). MATERIALS AND METHODS.: We carried out a case study of the experience of the NHA in the development and implementation of a monitoring program based on the ISO 31000-2009. With HCSI as the units of analysis, we calculated the %RANC (a scorein continuous scale ranging from 0 to 100) for comprehensive monitoring (CM) and for specific evaluations made from 2013 to 2015. A higher score in the %RANC means lower operational risk. Also, slope coefficients (ß) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using generalized linear models to estimate the association between %RANC as outcome, and health subsector, region, level of care and year, as explanatory variables. RESULTS.: The NHA made 1444 evaluations. For CM, only the Social Security Administration had higher %RANC than private centers (ß=7.7%; 95% CI 3.5 to 11.9). The HCSI of the coastal region (ß=-5.2, 95% CI -9.4 to -1.0), andean region (ß=-12.5; 95% CI -16.7 to -8.3) and jungle region (ß=-12.6, 95% CI% -17.7 to -7.6) had lower %RANC than those located in Lima Metropolitan area. %RANC was higher in 2015 than 2013 (ß=10.8; 95% CI 6.4 to 15.3). CONCLUSIONS.: The %RANC differs by health subsector, region and year of supervision. For CM, the HCSI in the Social Security Administration and in the Lima Metropolitan area had better scores, and scores improved over time. The implementation of actions aimed at improving %RANC in order to foster the full exercise of health rights in the PHS is suggested.

[Promotion of health rights in Peru: an approach from the perspective of The Peruvian National Health Authority]. / Promoción de los derechos en salud en Perú: una aproximación desde la perspectiva de acción de la Superintendencia Nacional de Salud.

In Peru, The National Health Authority (SUSALUD) is granted the responsibility to promote, protect and defend the health rights of every citizen. However, in the Peruvian Health System (PHS) there exists an insufficient culture of health rights, a low level of knowledge of health rights by the population, and a limited degree of cooperation between users, providers and funders. In light of this limited popular participation in the health rights of the citizenry, it has been necessary for SUSALUD to pursue various activities in order to promote the exercise of health rights by Peruvians. Among the strategies implemented are the development of Organized Boards of Users (OBU) and a Program of Integrated Actions for the Promotion of Health Rights (PIAPHI). The aim of both interventions is to increase the level of trust between citizens and government, which fosters and strengthens the capacity of citizens to pursue their health rights. In this article we begin with a brief presentation on the state of knowledge, attitudes and practices of users of the health system regarding their rights. Then we explain both programs, their goals and procedures, and a general description of their activities. Also, some indicators of process and some results are presented along with discussion and future prospects. We believe that the gradual implementation of the OBU and PIAPHI programs will enhance the participation of Peruvians in their health system, and will contribute positively to their empowerment and the pursuit of their health rights.

[Alternative mechanisms for conflict resolution in the context of health rights: The Peruvian experience from the center for reconciliation and arbitration of the national health authority]. / Mecanismos alternativos para la solución de controversias en el contexto de los derechos en salud: Experiencia peruana desde el centro de conciliacion y arbitraje de la superintendencia nacional de salud.

In Peru the right to health protection is constitutionally recognized. The right to access health services is legally mandated, as well as access to health information and the protection of rights such as informed consent. However, with the implementation of actions related to these rights and protections, there may be disagreements which need to be resolved. In this context, alternative mechanisms for conflict resolution (AMCR), such as mediation, reconciliation and arbitration, are valid and accessible strategies within the Peruvian Health System. Currently, the Center for Reconciliation and Arbitration (CECONAR) of the National Health Authority (SUSALUD) has the responsibility to lead the implementation of AMCR at the national level. In this article we provide a general overview of CECONAR, starting with its historical and legal foundations, and continuing to its present activities and finally we discuss and outline some future prospects.

[Institutional differences in the ineffective access to prescription medication in health care centers in Peru: analysis of the National Survey on User Satisfaction of Health Services (ENSUSALUD 2014)]. / Diferencias institucionales en el insuficiente acceso efectivo a medicamentos prescritos en instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud en Perú: análisis de la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios de los Servicios de Salud (ENSUSALUD 2014).

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of ineffective access to drugs (IAD) and associated factors in patients receiving a prescription in an outpatient clinic in Peru. Materials and Methods We performed a secondary data-analysis of the National Survey on User Satisfaction of Health Services (ENSUSALUD 2014), a two-stage population-based study carried out in health care centers of the Ministry of Health and Regional Governments (MOHRG), Social Security (EsSalud), Armed Forces and Police (AFP) and the private sector across all 25 regions of Peru. IAD was defined as incomplete or no dispensing of any prescribed medication in the health care center pharmacy. Generalized linear models with Poisson distribution for complex survey sampling were fit to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Out of 13,360 participants, 80.9 % (95% CI: 79.9-81.8) had an active prescription, and of those, 90.8 % (95% CI: 90.1-91.6) sought their medications in a health care center pharmacy, where 30.6 % (95% CI 28.8-32.4) had IAD. In the multiple regression model, receiving medical attention in the MOHRG (PR 4.8; 95%CI: 3.5-6.54) or AFP (PR: 3.2; 95%CI: 2.3-4.5), being over 60 years old (PR: 1.17; 95%CI: 1.04-1.34) and being in the poorest income quintile (PR: 1.05; 95%CI: 1.05-1.41) increased IAD. Furthermore, in contrast to seeking care for pregnancy or other routine control, IAD was also more common for medical consultation for diseases diagnosed in the last 15 days (PR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.05-1.79) or more than 15 days prior (PR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.16-1.97). Conclusions In Peru, IAD is associated with the provider institution, older age, poverty and the reason for medical consultation. We suggest strategies to promote access to medicines, especially in the most disadvantaged segments of the Peruvian population.