Psychosocial interventions for people with a first episode psychosis: between tradition and innovation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Assessing recent evidence on psychosocial interventions for people with first episode psychosis (FEP). RECENT FINDINGS: Family interventions (FI) reduce relapse rates, whilst cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) shows a moderate effect in improving positive psychotic symptoms. Vocational interventions (VI) appear to be worthy of implementation within early intervention for psychosis (EIP) teams, but it is still unclear what is the most cost-effective strategy for their delivery. Promising interventions, which need more careful evaluation, focus on substance misuse, physical health comorbidities, improvement of social participation, peer support and the potential of new technologies. SUMMARY: The first five years after the onset of psychotic symptoms are a 'critical period' in which psychosocial interventions can be particularly influential in determining prognosis. Traditional EIP interventions have different effectiveness profiles, i.e., FI reduce relapse rates, CBT has a moderate effectiveness on overall and positive symptoms and VI can improve educational and employment-related functioning. Newer interventions show promise on important targets for FEP treatment but require higher-quality evaluations. Decisions on which interventions to implement within EIP teams should be informed by high-quality evidence, but difficult choices will have to be made based on costs, professionals and technologies available, and local priorities.

Characterizing patients with chronic heart failure in community care after hospitalization: a potential role for ivabradine.

AIMS: To identify the prevalence and characteristics of recently hospitalized chronic heart failure (CHF) patients in community care who meet the indication for ivabradine. METHODS: A retrospective clinical audit of CHF patients recently hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and subsequently referred to the Tayside Heart Failure Nurse Liaison Service (THFNLS), a Scottish nurse-led community heart failure liaison service. Inclusion criteria were previous hospitalization with ADHF, subsequent referral to the THFNLS, data for ≥ 2 nurse visits, and a recorded pulse. The main outcome measure was the proportion of patients who meet the indicated criteria for ivabradine. RESULTS: In the UK, ivabradine is indicated for CHF with systolic dysfunction in patients in sinus rhythm, with a heart rate ≥ 75 bpm, and NYHA class II-class IV. After up-titration of a beta-blocker, 19.0% of patients in the full dataset (158 of 830) met the indication for ivabradine at the last visit. Of these "ivabradine-suitable" patients, 101 of 158 (63.9%) received bisoprolol "at any time" during the study period; 20 of 158 (12.7%) achieved the target dose (10 mg daily); 52 of 158 (32.9%) received 5 mg or 7.5 mg daily; and 93 of 158 (58.9%) received <5 mg daily. CONCLUSIONS: In this group of Scottish patients previously hospitalized with ADHF and under the care of a protocol-driven clinic, 19% met the indication for ivabradine and may benefit from the increased control of CHF that ivabradine can provide. Among these "ivabradine-suitable" patients, <15% achieved the target dose of beta-blockers, illustrating the substantial clinical need for a well-tolerated and effective therapy such as ivabradine.