A stochastic model for NFL games and point spread assessment.

Statistical modelling of sports data is indispensable to analyse the sports behaviour and apprehend significant inferences that are helpful to adopt decisive strategies before or during the sports events. This paper introduces a stochastic model as the distribution of difference derived from the Bivariate Affine-Linear Exponential distribution. The distribution of difference is first ever used to model the margin of victory that provides an adequate fitting on the observed data. A simulation study is carried out to observe the stability of the model parameters through their average estimated values, biases, standard errors, root mean square errors and confidence intervals. The performance of the proposed model is examined by applying it on the real data of the National Football League and comparing the results with those of the existing models. Finally, the quantile function of the proposed distribution is used to assess the possible range of point spreads for winning the bet in a particular game.

Energizing sustainable development: renewable energy's impact on South Asian environmental quality.

This study examines the impact of CO2 emissions, globalization, economic growth, and renewable and non-renewable energies consumption in South Asian countries between 1985 and 2019. We employ a fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) method to achieve the purpose of this study. The empirical results of this study indicate that globalization positively impacts CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the study indicates that the consumption of non-renewable energy contributes to environmental pollution. Moreover, the findings support the existence of the EKC hypothesis in these countries. As economic growth increases, environmental degradation will also increase, and vice versa. Environmental degradation, however, decreases as economic growth increases after a certain threshold. For countries to cope with the problem of environmental degradation, the pragmatic results recommend that they promote and subsidize all green energy sources.

Assessing green financing with emission reduction and green economic recovery in emerging economies.

The aim of the study is to assess the role of green financing on carbon emission reduction and green economic recovery in emerging economies context. The BCC DEA technique of data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to examine the nexus among variables by applying small input-output estimation parameters. Researchers found that green financing strategies like government subsidies and tax refunds for green financing are effective in cutting carbon emissions in developing nations. As a result, a panel of data from 2016 to 2020 is employed. Green financing measures assist reduces carbon emissions and prolong the green economic rebound, according to our research. Renewable energy companies had better ranges of total investment efficiency and size efficiency, and their levels of green economic recovery promotion were more than 0.457% percent, with a reduction in carbon emissions of 29.7 percent in developing countries backed by present government subsidies of 16 percent and taxes rebates of 11 percent. Green financing policies have a favorable impact on the green economy's revival. The study's policy implications include that green financing policies be implemented successfully to reduce carbon emissions more efficiently and to make climate change beneficial to countries in order to promote economic recovery over time.

Assessing the nexus between COVID-19 pandemic-driven economic crisis and economic policy: lesson learned and challenges.

This study examines China's budgetary policy during the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of China's insufficient ability to deal with a new crisis when the epidemic struck in March 2020 and as a result of the economic crisis that began in China in March 2020. In order to better comprehend China's economic status during COVID-19, the study relies on secondary data. The fiscal response of emerging market economies like India is less than in advanced economies. However, it is generally considered to be in line with the average for emerging market economies. As a result of the Disaster Management authority imposing a rigorous lockdown, unemployment rose, the trade cycle was interrupted, and manufacturing and service activities were affected. According to the study's findings, China's economic policies, namely its fiscal policy, responded in the years leading up to 2019 by increasing health expenditure, income transfer, welfare payments, subsidies, and reducing short-term unemployment. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, China's government has adopted a number of measures to minimize the damage to the economy. This article also focuses on China's numerous budgetary actions with COVID-19.

Role of climate fund raising under fiscal balance on climate change mitigation: an analysis from Pareto optimality.

Since there is little progress being made in multinational climate discussions, climate finance is at a crossroads as lenders must come up with new plans for the "Future of Environment Funds." The mission of effectively and efficiently distributing money to support the shift to low-carbon, climate-resilient economies has been given to climate finance organizations. Due to its purpose to contribute to a paradigm shift, the Green Climate Fund (GCF) is anticipated to help the most vulnerable populations adapt to and mitigate climate change. This research alters the premise of the Baumol and Oates public externality model to make it more appropriate for global climate governance analysis. This research then deduces the special pricing conditions to persuade the market to comply with Pareto optimality criteria by contrasting the Pareto optimality model of global climate governance and the market equilibrium model. The rules and potential approaches that must be followed for raising capital and allocating GCFs are then determined by taking into account global Pareto optimality and fiscal balance. The study finds that when each country assumes that the GCF aims to achieve Pareto optimality in climate governance globally and its own fiscal balance, the equilibrium results of the international climate game will not achieve both the financial balance of the GCF and global Pareto optimality simultaneously. The GCF may successfully finance non-bankable components of bigger "almost bankable projects," according to our empirical analysis of the GCF portfolio structure and strategy in this research. This lends credence to an alternative interpretation of the GCF.

Renewable energy, industrial upgradation, and import-export quality: green finance and CO2 emission reduction nexus.

There has been a steady decline in carbon dioxide emissions in the world's 19 most industrialized nations even as GDP has increased. These nations' efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, therefore, to reduction of CO2 and development of renewable energy are the objective of this research. With the years 1995-2019 as a point of reference, we have selected gross domestic product, GDP, RE, industrial upgrading, and import and export as our independent variables. A panel nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) method is utilized to investigate the links between carbon dioxide emission and these independent variables. For the purpose of determining the direction of causation, the panel heterogeneous causality test is used. RE and standards of export and import were shown to be contributing variables in the decrease of carbon dioxide emissions. The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis was validated by the estimated findings. Increased carbon dioxide emissions are countered by the positive impulses of technological progress, such as R&D development spending and standards of import and export index. Industrial upgrading and emissions of carbon dioxide, gross domestic product and RE, and industrial upgrading and emissions of carbon dioxide, all have a bidirectional causal link. In particular, a one-way causality between gross domestic product and emissions of carbon dioxide, standards of imports and exports, and industrial upgrading, and industrial upgrading and standards of imports and exports is demonstrated. Following the results, policy suggestions are put out.

Studying corporate liquidity and regulatory responses for economic recovery in COVID-19 crises.

Many enterprises across the European Union (EU) have been hampered by the massive spread of COVID-19. It has severely impacted revenues and financial flows, potentially leading to an increase in corporate insolvency. This study investigates the influence of this new coronavirus on the solvency status of businesses in EU Member States. Several stress scenarios were constructed for non-financial listed enterprises. The results reveal a gradual surge in the possibility of default, a rise in loan repayment, and coverage being refused. According to our findings, the solvency profiles of all firms are deteriorating. Industries, such as mining, mass production, and retail, are the most susceptible to a drop in sales income and market capitalization. Before COVID-19, previous research had looked at policy options for maintaining solvency. Our data imply that a tax delay is adequate if there is a slight deterioration in the economic outlook. There should be hybrid assistance through loans and equity for even a slight deterioration in the state of an economy. This research will benefit policymakers, corporate executives, and creditors.

Evaluation of Occupational Health Risk Management and Performance in China: A Case Study of Gas Station Workers.

China has a large number of gas stations, with which thousands of workers are associated. There is abundant online literature documenting the various occupational health risks these workers face. However, this literature has many flaws to address, and it falls short of suggesting measures to manage these risks. This study strives to fill that gap, and aims to improve the occupational health of gas station workers through comprehensive risk management and performance analysis. To this end, a reasonable volume of reliable data, i.e., 208 completed questionnaires, were analyzed through current statistical routines, viz., fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). These methods were employed to hierarchically organize the main factors and sub-factors of physical risk management, chemical risk management, biological risk management, physiological risk management and psychological risk management according to their appraised importance, and screen out the risk management stratagem for priority improvement. Research findings reveal that chemical risk and biological risk response schemes have the lowest performance, and need to be prioritized for improvement. Furthermore, this study argues that we can safeguard the occupational health of gas station workers through appropriate risk management strategies. It also elaborates on implications, limitations and future research directions.

Does energy use and economic growth allow for environmental sustainability? An empirical analysis of Pakistan.

The rapid growth of environmental pollution and the destruction of eco-systems force every individual economy to focus on environmentally friendly economic development. This research explores economic growth, energy use, foreign direct investment, agriculture, industrialization, and urban population growth with environmental sustainability proxied as CO2 emissions from 1971 to 2018. Econometric methods are employed for different purposes as the unit root for the stationary check. ARDL determines the long-run relationship, while the Decoupling Index examines the growing speed of variables and CO2 emissions, and VECM has been used for short- and long-run causalities. The study's findings confirm the long-run impact of all environmental pollution variables as ECM-1 is negatively significant. The short-run causality test shows CO2 emissions because of economic growth (GDP = > CO2 ≠ GDP), energy use (ENU = > CO2 ≠ ENU), and foreign direct investment (FDI = > CO2 ≠ FDI) at a 1% level. In contrast, CO2 emissions are not the Granger cause of GDP, ENU, and FDI. Economic growth, energy use, and foreign direct investment will increase CO2 emission, not vice versa. The study findings suggest that governments should move toward adopting green technology by implementation of green fiscal policies.

Recent analytical tools to mitigate carbon-based pollution: New insights by using wavelet coherence for a sustainable environment.

Anthropogenic activities are a ubiquitous source of carbon-based pollution. A sustainable environment is endangered due to inefficiently regulated pollution policies, and the rise in world population further enhances the severity of this formidable challenge. This study has investigated the impact of the annual CO2 emissions in Pakistan on electricity production from different sectors, GDP, and the population by focusing on the control of carbon-based pollution. This research study intends to fill the gap in previous studies by providing significant measures to link the control of carbon-based pollution, increased GDP, and Pakistan's population, using data from 1990 to 2020. A set of 15 variables are mainly used to investigate all of these relations. Carbon pollution drastically impacts both the external and internal environment. The graphical analysis undertaken in this study finds an upward trend and significant positive correlation among the variables. It demonstrates that Pakistan shows minimal contribution in CO2 emission compared to other Asian economies, but in recent decades, an increasing growth rate has been noticeable and needs to be controlled. The ECM and ARDL approaches confirm that all the variables positively affect CO2 emission both in the long- and short-term, except for electricity production from gas and hydro in the long term, which shows negative relation. The long-term shifts also indicate that high CO2 emissions can be recovered from by adjusting these variables. The study also suggests that the government should convert high carbon use to low carbon energy use to control CO2 emissions in Pakistan.

A blessing in disguise: new insights on the effect of COVID-19 on the carbon emission, climate change, and sustainable environment.

COVID-19, declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be a pandemic, has affected greenhouse gas emissions and contributed to the uncertainty of environmental activities. This study demonstrates the effect of lockdowns, the number of new confirmed cases, and the number of newly confirmed deaths due to COVID-19 on CO2 emissions. The data series used are for the UK from 23 March 2020 to 31 December 2020 and for Spain from 14 March 2020 to 31 December 2020. This research adopted the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test for a stationarity check of the data series, the Johansen cointegration test for determining cointegration among variables, and the vector error correction model (VEC) Granger causality test for directional cause and effect between exogenous and endogenous variables. The VEC model shows a bidirectional relationship between CO2 emissions and lockdown and a unidirectional relationship with newly confirmed cases and deaths for the UK. The results of Spain confirmed the unidirectional relationship of CO2 emissions, lockdown, new confirmed cases, and deaths. The Granger causality test reconfirms the relationship of variables except for newly confirmed deaths for the UK and newly confirmed cases for Spain. Conclusively, the pandemic breakout reduced the emission of CO2. The directional relation of variables supported the short-run relationship of CO2 emissions with newly confirmed cases and deaths, while a long- and short-run relationship was shown with lockdown. The directional and relational behavior of lockdown potentially linked the CO2 emissions with daily life activities.

The influence of energy consumption and economic growth on environmental degradation in BRICS countries: an application of the ARDL model and decoupling index.

The multi-dimensional pollutions in the earth zone due to the degradation of the environmental levels have been emerging as an urgent issue in the developing economies. The BRICS group of countries holds a unique position in the emerging economies, playing a leading role in reinforcing political power globally and domestically. This study examines the annual time series over the period of 1971-2017 for Brazil, India, China, and South Africa, and 1990-2017 for Russia, to explore the relationship between environmental quality and economic growth in correspondence with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis as well as the Decoupling Index (DI). The presence of an EKC strongly supports any of the individualistic environmental determinants effected in the long run by Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), building linkage with the approach of the co-integration and the DI, which brings about economic growth as well as CO2 emission and environmental degradation simultaneously. A short-run relationship and presence of the EKC hypothesis are observed in Brazil, Russia, and India with 92%, while China's (55%) and South Africa's (79%) have a slower speed of adjustment to long-run equilibrium. This study concludes that economic expansion and environmental degradation are interrelated in the long run. Environment degradation (CO2 emission) can be eradicated by continuous economic growth, management of energy demands and energy crises, implementation of environmentally sustainable policies, application of green technologies for the use of natural resources, and controllability of urban population growth with immediate and effective actions.

Multidimensional perspective of green financial innovation between green intellectual capital on sustainable business: the case of Pakistan.

This study investigates the multifaceted role of green innovation among green intellectual capitals (GICs) on business sustainability in Pakistan's manufacturing sector. A quantitative method based on the SEM model on SmartPLS and Stata analysis was used, which was supplemented by a survey of 800 Pakistani SME sector supply chain-associated participants. The findings revealed a significant effect of green intellectual capital and green innovation on business sustainability, while structural capital was found to have a significant moderating effect on the business sustainability of Pakistani firms. It has been determined that the relationship between GIC and BS has a strong moderation of green innovation. Furthermore, the relationship and impact of GICs on the business sustainability of Pakistani manufacturing companies were statistically significant, and green innovation played a moderating role between GIC and business sustainability. Therefore, it has been suggested that Pakistani manufacturing companies participate in eco-innovation to progress business sustainability.

Assessment of sustainability and uncertainties of oil markets: mediating determinants of energy use and CO2 emissions.

The current paper investigates the sustainability growth problem in the USA and evaluating the co-integration relationship among all variables, including oil, carbon emission, and consumption of energy. We also determine the impacts of energy consumption on the USA economic growth, government spending, and trade openness. We used the co-integration and popular lag model (ARDL) to find the long-term and short-term relationships between all study variables. The empirical results show that (1) the crude oil prices increase and adverse impact on energy demand and government expenditure during the study periods, and CO2 emission negatively affects USA economic growth. In addition, (2) the innovative accounting method (ICA) results, we used further research to research the causality between study variables. The empirical results propose that oil prices affect the country's economy responsible for more energy consumption, and the causal effect between consumption of energy and economic growth is not relevant. Wastage of energy allows the system to produce more CO2 emissions. Model results find that the one-sided causal effects of economic growth and CO2. We see during the analyses that (CO2) emissions will negatively impact the country's economy. Therefore, country policymakers are expected to change fossil fuel energy to non-fossil fuel energy as an essential component of the USA's economic growth policies.

Financial impact of energy efficiency and energy policies aimed at power sector reforms: mediating role of financing in the power sector.

This research examines how financial transformative power sector reforms affect energy efficiency and the economy in a sample of economies from South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. We applied two stages of OLS, Bayesian VAR, and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods to a panel data set from 1995 to 2018. According to empirical findings, institutional deficiency has a negative effect on electricity reforms, implying that the greater the impact of reforms on electricity performance, the higher the institutional efficiency, A collection of reform initiatives involving a variety of reform agencies will boost energy efficiency by up to 13% and per capita electricity access by 62%. Despite recent reforms and regulatory measures, the electricity sector continues to face challenges in terms of private investment and structural flaws such as energy inefficiency, significant technological and financial losses, low power quality, and outdated transmission and network infrastructure. Interestingly 13.2% increases can be found in energy efficiency after electricity reforms. Unlike previous studies, our findings reveal a conflict between the broader economic effects and the welfare impact on electricity consumers.

The Causes of Occupational Accidents and Injuries in Romanian Firms: An Application of the Johansen Cointegration and Granger Causality Test.

Organizational risks are present in any activity, so it is important to manage them properly. The jobs are dynamic and involve a series of processes and activities. The entire human resource is exposed to several risks. If these risks are approached correctly, the organizational capacity to achieve its objectives and vision will increase considerably. This paper aims to investigate the relationships between work accidents (fatal and non-fatal) and the causes that contribute to their occurrence (causes dependent on the executor, causes dependent on the means of production, workload-dependent causes, and work-dependent causes-the work environment). The augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test is employed to check the data stationarity series, while the Johansen test determines the cointegration relation of variables. The data have been collected from Romanian organizations. The vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality test are applied for speed of adjustment, nature, and direction of variables' relationship. This research demonstrated that both data series are free from the unit-root problem at first difference. The lag length criterions select the third lag for model fitness, and Johansen cointegration declares that variables are cointegrated for the long term. The vector error correction model shows the speed of adjustment from the short to the long run is 83.35% and 42.60% for work and fatal accidents. The study results show that fatal accidents have a series relationship with selected cases for the short run and have a long-run relationship with the means of production. Fatal accidents are directly related to means of production. Fatal accidents are not designed by executors, workload-dependent causes, or work environments in the short run. Fatal accidents are directly related to the means of production and sudden incidents happening in the long run. Fatal accidents are considered by executors, workload-dependent causes, or work environments in the short run. In the long run, fatal accidents are directly related to the means of production and sudden incidents happening.

How energy insecurity leads to energy poverty? Do environmental consideration and climate change concerns matters.

The aim of the study is to estimate the nexus between energy insecurity and energy poverty with the role of climate change and other environmental concerns. We used DEA like WP methods and properties of MCDA, a most common form of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate the nexus between constructs. This paper presents a measurement and analysis of G7 countries' energy, economic, social, and environmental performance associated with energy poverty indexes. The study used the multiple, comprehensive, and relevant set of indicators, including energy economics and environmental consideration of energy poverty. The net energy consumption of al G7 economies is equal to 34 percent of the entire world along with the net estimate GDP score of around 50 percent. Using DEA modelling and estimation technique, our research presented valuable insights for readers, theorists and policy makers on energy, environment, energy poverty and climate change mitigation. For this reasons, all these indicators combined in a mathematical composite indicator to measure energy, economic, social, and environmental performance index (EPI). Results show that Canada has the highest EPII score, which shows that Canada's capacity to deal with energy self-sufficiency, economic development, and environmental performance is greater than the other G7 countries. France and Italy rank second and third. Japan comes next with 0.50 EPI scores, while the USA has the lowest average EPI score environment vulnerable even though have higher economic development among the G7 group countries. We suggest a policy framework to strengthen the subject matter of the study.

Evaluating green innovation and performance of financial development: mediating concerns of environmental regulation.

This research measures the relationship between green innovation and the performance of financial development by using an econometric estimation during the year of 2000 to 2018 in 28 Chinese provinces. It is intended to explore the relative role of green technological innovation in driving green financial development in the west and central China, as well as how it influences economic growth in these regions. Ordinary least square (OLS) framework was utilized in mainland China to perform empirical studies by using an econometric estimation. This study claims that China has adopted research-based education system, while those for economic growth and expenditure in the regions while the innovation parts results shows that the  tertiary education were 12.42% and 13.53% versus the 10.50% and 10.6% in the eastern area. The research-based education increases the patents in green innovation and boosts the environmental policy. The financial development led to green technological development and innovation. Green innovation and financial development decrease the emissions, and it is apparent that as environmental regulations stimulate technical development, the superiority of human resources increases. The findings indicate that green financing reduces short-term lending, thus limiting clean energy overinvestment, while the long-term loans have little impact on renewable energy overinvestment, and the intermediary effect is unmaintainable. Meanwhile, the green financial growth will reduce renewable energy overinvestment and increase renewable energy investment productivity to certain amount.

Assessing the impact of transition from nonrenewable to renewable energy consumption on economic growth-environmental nexus from developing Asian economies.

Greenhouse gasses have adverse effects on global warming and air pollution and need to be optimized by minimizing the contributing factors. This work analyzes the effects of economic growth and energy resources (renewable and nonrenewable) on the emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHG). A 2000-2016 panel data from 25 developing Asian countries is analyzed through a robust Random Effect (RE) approach and Hausman Taylor Regression (HTR). Findings show a positive correlation between economic growth and energy consumption, while a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption results in a 0.193% decrease in carbon emissions. Economic growth and renewable energy are positively correlated in both the short and long term, which implies a valid feedback hypothesis. The findings indicate the significant contribution of nonrenewable energy resources to greenhouse gas emissions and the positive impact of renewable resources on greenhouse gas emissions' control. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of developing Asian economies to preserve the environment through more robust regional environmental policies and renewable energy resources. In light of this study's findings, policymakers in Asian developing economies should develop policies on Renewable Energy infrastructure (RE) to improve GDP and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Does tradeoff between financial and social indicators matters in environmental consideration: evidence from G7 region.

The study tries to discover the impact of financial and social indicators' growth towards environmental considerations to understand the drivers of economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions change in G7 countries. The DEA-like composite index has been used to examine the tradeoff between financial and social indicator matters in environmental consideration by using a multi-objective goal programming approach. The data from 2008 to 2018 is collected from G-7 countries. The results from the DEA-like composite index reveals that there is a mixed condition of environmental sustainability in G-7 countries where the USA is performing better and Japan is performing worse among the set of other countries. The further result shows that the energy and fiscal indicators help to decrease the dangerous gas emissions. Divergent to that, the human and financial index positively contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Fostering sustainable development is essential to successfully reduce emissions, meet established objectives, and ensure steady development. The study provides valuable information for policymakers.