Implementation impact assessment of Uber System on mortality from traffic injuries in Brazilian capitals.

The rapid expansion of Uber System and e-hailing apps has been transforming the logistics network and urban mobility around the world. The present work aims at evaluating the impact of Uber System on the traffic injury mortality (TI) in implementation in Brazilian capitals. A quasi-experimental design of interrupted time series was used. The monthly mortality rates for TI standardized by age were analised. The date of availability of Uber app, specific to each capital, was considered as the start date. Data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics were used. For the data analysis from interrupted time series design, ARIMA with transfer function were fitted. In 95,6% (n=25) of Brazilian capitals, there was no impact of Uber System implementation, twelve months after the start of its activities, on mortality from traffic injuries. A reduction in mortality from this cause was observed after the System was implemented in Belo Horizonte e Rio de Janeiro. The impact was progressive and continuous on TI mortality in both. More studies are needed to establish the factors associated with the inequalities observed in the impact of the Uber System implementation between different locations and the heterogeneity of effects.

Road traffic injuries and deaths and the achievement of UN Sustainable Development Goals in Brazil: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 to 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Brazil ranks 5th in the number of deaths due to road injuries. This study aimed to analyze mortality and disabilities resulting from road injuries in Brazil, and to assess the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of reducing deaths due to road injuries by 50% by 2030. METHODS: This descriptive and exploratory study used the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019: indicators of mortality, premature deaths, and disabilities according to sex, age group, and type of transport for 1990, 2015, and 2019. Time trends in mortality rates from 1990 to 2019 were assessed, and a projection for 2030 was calculated, applying a linear regression model. RESULTS: Deaths due to road injuries were 44,236 in 1990, and 44,529 in 2019, representing a 43% reduction in mortality rates. The highest rates were in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions of Brazil, in males and young adults. A 77% reduction was observed in mortality rates for pedestrians and an increase of 53% for motorcyclists and of 54% for cyclists during the period. In terms of motorcycle road injuries, the mortality rate for men increased from 7.3/100,000 (1990) to 11.7/100,000 inhabitants (2019). The rates of premature deaths and disabilities were also higher for men when compared to women. Amputations, fractures, spinal cord injuries, and head trauma were the main types of road injuries. The projections for 2030 show that Brazil might not reach the SDG target. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the decline in mortality rates, the 2030 Agenda's target might not be achieved.

Performance of family health teams for tackling chronic diseases in a state of the Amazon.

The most common cause of death worldwide is noncommunicable diseases. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the adequacy of the work process among family health teams and compare differences in regional adequacy in the state of Tocantins, in the Amazonian Region, Brazil. Categorical principal components analysis was used, and scores of each principal component extracted in the analysis were compared among health regions in Tocantins. A post hoc analysis was performed to compare the heath region pairs. The adequacy of family health teams' work process was evaluated with respect to the Strategic Action Plan to Tackle NCDs. The results showed that the family health teams performed actions according to the Strategic Action Plan to Tackle NCDs. However, overall, the adequacy percentages of these actions according to the axes of the Plan are very uneven in Tocantins, with large variations among health regions. The family health teams in the Bico do Papagaio (Region 1), Médio Norte Araguaia (Region 2), Cantão (Region 4) and Capim Dourado (Region 5) regions have adequacy percentages ≥ 50% with the Strategic Action Plan to Tackle NCDs, whereas all other regions have percentages <50%. Health teams perform surveillance actions, health promotion, and comprehensive care for NCDs in accordance with the guidelines of the Strategic Action Plan to Tackle NCDs. The challenge of NCDs in primary care requires a care model that is tailored to users' needs and has the power to reduce premature mortality and its determinants.

Magnitude e determinantes da mortalidade neonatal e pós-neonatal em Goiânia, Goiás: um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, 2012 / Magnitud y determinantes de la mortalidad neonatal y posneonatal en Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, 2012 / Magnitude and determinants of neonatal and postneonatal mortality in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil: a retrospective cohort study, 2012

Objetivo: Estimar a magnitude e determinantes da mortalidade infantil neonatal e pós-neonatal em Goiânia, Brasil, em 2012. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva, utilizando relacionamento entre o Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos e o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Aplicou-se regressão logística para avaliar os fatores associados ao óbito neonatal e pós-neonatal. Resultados: A mortalidade neonatal (0-27 dias de vida) foi de 9,4; e a pós-neonatal (28-364 dias de vida), de 3,0 óbitos/1 mil nascidos vivos. Os fatores associados à mortalidade neonatal foram: 0-3 consultas de pré-natal (OR=13,10 - IC95% 7,48;22,96); gestações de 19-34 semanas (OR=6,25 - IC95% 2,26;17,29); peso ao nascer <1.500g (OR=62,42 - IC95%22,72;171,48); e parto cesáreo (OR=0,54 - IC95% 0,37;0,79). Associaram-se à mortalidade no período pós-neonatal: 0-3 consultas de pré-natal (OR=4,16 - IC95% 1,51;11,43); e peso ao nascer <1.500g (OR=18,74 - IC95% 4,04;87,00). Conclusão: Baixo número de consultas, prematuridade e baixo peso foram os principais fatores de risco da mortalidade neonatal e pós-neonatal.

Objetivo: Estimar la magnitud y determinantes de mortalidad neonatal y posneonatal en Goiânia, Brasil, en 2012. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva, utilizando enlace entre el Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos y el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Se aplicó la regresión logística para evaluar los factores asociados al desenlace de óbito neonatal y posneonatal. Resultados: La mortalidad neonatal (0-27 días de vida) fue de 9,4; y la posneonatal (28-364 días de vida) fue de 3,0 óbitos/1000 nacidos vivos. Los factores asociados a la mortalidad neonatal fueron: 0-3 consultas prenatales (OR=13,10 - IC95% 7,48; 22,96), gestación de 19-34 semanas (OR=6,25 - IC95% 2,26;17,29), peso al nacimiento <1.500g (OR=62,42 - IC95% 22,72;171,48), parto por cesárea (OR=0,54; IC95% 0,37;0,79). En el período posneonatal se asociaron a la mortalidad: 0-3 visitas prenatales (OR=4,16 - IC95% 1,51;11,43), peso al nacer <1.500g (OR=18,74 - IC95% 4,04;87,00). Conclusión: Bajo número de consultas, prematuridad y bajo peso fueron los principales factores associados a la mortalidad neonatal y posneonatal.

Objective: To estimate magnitude and determinants of neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates in Goiânia, Brazil, 2012. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study based on data linkage of the Live Birth Information System and the Mortality Information System. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with neonatal and postneonatal death. Results: Neonatal mortality (0-27 days of life) was 9.4 deaths per 1,000 live births; while postneonatal mortality (28-364 days of life) was 3.0 deaths per 1,000 live births. Neonatal mortality associated factors were: 0-3 prenatal care visits (OR=13.10 - 95%CI 7.48;22.96), 19-34-week pregnancy (OR=6.25 - 95%CI 2.26;17.29), birth weight <1,500g (OR=62.42 - 95%CI 22.72;171.48) and cesarean delivery (OR=0.54 - 95%CI 0.37;0.79). Postneonatal mortality associated factors were: 0-3 prenatal care visits (OR=4.16 - 95%CI 1.51;11.43) and birth weight <1.500g (OR=18.74 - 95%CI 4.04;87.00). Conclusion: A low number of prenatal care visits, premature childbirth and low birth weight were the main risk factors for neonatal and postneonatal mortality.

Evaluation of the primary care for chronic diseases in the high coverage context of the Family Health Strategy.

BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional study evaluated the adequacy of the Family Health Strategy for the primary care model for chronic noncommunicable diseases and the changes that occurred between the two cycles of external evaluations of the National Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care, which took place in 2012 and 2014, in the higher coverage context of the Family Health Strategy of Brazil, in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. METHODS: The data source contained information on the infrastructure of the 233 Primary Health Units and on the work process of 266 health teams. The Principal Component Analysis for Categorical Data technique and the McNemar chi-squared statistical test for comparing paired samples were used, and a significance level of 5% with a 95% Confidence Interval was used. RESULTS: The analysis identified a low proportion of dispensing of medications for the treatment of chronic disease in both cycles. There was a significant increase in seasonal influenza vaccination, in the number of sterilization, procedure, dressings and inhalation rooms. There was a small but significant reduction in the materials for cervical cancer screening, although they are available in almost 90.0% of the PHUs. More than 70.0% of the health teams carried out additional health education activities, encouraged physical activity, registered schoolchildren with health needs for monitoring, evaluated user satisfaction and user referral. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study highlighted the improvement of the structure of the Primary Health Units, but identified a low provision of medicines to treat chronic diseases. The health promotion was performed as the main work process tool of family health teams, but it was little focused on intersectoral actions and on actions with the population in the area or on the empowerment of users through self-management support for chronic diseases. Furthermore, it is critical that the Family Health Strategy in Tocantins be organized and focused on the care of chronic diseases to improve and adapt itself to a primary chronic care model.

Trend analysis of leprosy indicators in a hyperendemic Brazilian state, 2001-2015.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of leprosy indicators in a hyperendemic state of Brazil, from 2001-2015. METHODS: This is a time-series study of leprosy indicators in the state of Maranhão, Northeastern region of Brazil. The study used data from the Brazilian National System of Reportable Diseases, for the period between 2001 and 2015. The following indicators were evaluated: (i) detection coefficient in the general population; (ii) detection coefficient in people under 15 years old; (iii) rate of cases with grade 2 physical disability in the diagnosis; (iv) rate of examined contacts, and (v) proportion of healing . The Prais-Winsten regression model was used for trend analysis. Analyses were performed for the state and by each health region. RESULTS: 77,697 leprosy cases were analyzed in the general population and 7,599 in individuals under 15 years old. The detection coefficient in the general population ranged from 80.7/100 thousand inhabitants in 2001 to 51.2/100 thousand inhabitants in 2015. The coefficient in the general population presented a downward trend (annual percentage variation [APV] = -2.98; 95%CI -4.15- -1.79). For the population under 15 years old, the rate was 24.9/100 thousand inhabitants in 2001, and 19.9/100 thousand inhabitants in 2015, with downward trend (APV = -3.07; 95%CI -4.95- -1.15). It was observed upward trend in rate of contacts examined (APV = 2.35; 95%CI 0.58-4.15) and rate of cases with grade 2 disability (APV = 2.19; 95%CI 0.23-4.19). Stationary trend was observed in the proportion of healing (APV = -0.10; 95%CI -0.50-0.30). Regional differences were found in the performance of the indicators. CONCLUSIONS: A downward trend for the detection coefficients in the general population and in individuals under 15 years old was found in Maranhão. Despite this result, the rates are still very high, demanding efforts from all spheres of public administration and health professionals to reduce the burden of the disease in the state.

Trend analysis of leprosy indicators in a hyperendemic Brazilian state, 2001-2015 / Análise da tendência dos indicadores da hanseníase em estado brasileiro hiperendêmico, 2001-2015

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the temporal trend of leprosy indicators in a hyperendemic state of Brazil, from 2001-2015. METHODS This is a time-series study of leprosy indicators in the state of Maranhão, Northeastern region of Brazil. The study used data from the Brazilian National System of Reportable Diseases, for the period between 2001 and 2015. The following indicators were evaluated: (i) detection coefficient in the general population; (ii) detection coefficient in people under 15 years old; (iii) rate of cases with grade 2 physical disability in the diagnosis; (iv) rate of examined contacts, and (v) proportion of healing . The Prais-Winsten regression model was used for trend analysis. Analyses were performed for the state and by each health region. RESULTS 77,697 leprosy cases were analyzed in the general population and 7,599 in individuals under 15 years old. The detection coefficient in the general population ranged from 80.7/100 thousand inhabitants in 2001 to 51.2/100 thousand inhabitants in 2015. The coefficient in the general population presented a downward trend (annual percentage variation [APV] = -2.98; 95%CI -4.15- -1.79). For the population under 15 years old, the rate was 24.9/100 thousand inhabitants in 2001, and 19.9/100 thousand inhabitants in 2015, with downward trend (APV = -3.07; 95%CI -4.95- -1.15). It was observed upward trend in rate of contacts examined (APV = 2.35; 95%CI 0.58-4.15) and rate of cases with grade 2 disability (APV = 2.19; 95%CI 0.23-4.19). Stationary trend was observed in the proportion of healing (APV = -0.10; 95%CI -0.50-0.30). Regional differences were found in the performance of the indicators. CONCLUSIONS A downward trend for the detection coefficients in the general population and in individuals under 15 years old was found in Maranhão. Despite this result, the rates are still very high, demanding efforts from all spheres of public administration and health professionals to reduce the burden of the disease in the state.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a tendência temporal dos indicadores da hanseníase em estado brasileiro hiperendêmico, no período de 2011 a 2015. MÉTODOS Trata-se de um estudo de série temporal dos indicadores de hanseníase no estado do Maranhão, região Nordeste, que utilizou dados do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação, no período de 2001 a 2015. Foram avaliados os seguintes indicadores: (i) coeficiente de detecção na população em geral; (ii) coeficiente de detecção em menores de 15 anos; (iii) proporção de casos com grau 2 de incapacidade física no diagnóstico; (iv) proporção de contatos examinados e (v) proporção de cura. Para análise da tendência foi utilizado o modelo de regressão de Prais Winsten . As análises foram realizadas para o Estado e por região de saúde. RESULTADOS Foram analisados 77.697 casos de hanseníase na população geral e 7.599 em menores de 15 anos. O coeficiente de detecção na população geral variou de 80,7/100 mil habitantes em 2001 para 51,2/100 mil habitantes em 2015. Verificou-se tendência decrescente do coeficiente na população geral (variação percentual anual [VPA] = -2,98; IC95% -4,15- -1,79). Na população menor de 15 anos, o coeficiente foi de 24,9/100 mil habitantes em 2001 para 19,9/100 mil habitantes em 2015, com tendência decrescente (VPA = -3,07; IC95% -4,95- -1,15). Observou-se tendência crescente na proporção de contatos examinados (VPA = 2,35; IC95%: 0,58-4,15) e na proporção de casos com grau 2 de incapacidade (VPA = 2,19; IC95% 0,23-4,19). Verificou-se tendência estacionária na proporção de cura de hanseníase (VPA = -0,10; IC95% -0,50-0,30). Observaram-se diferenças regionais no desempenho dos indicadores. CONCLUSÕES A tendência dos coeficientes de detecção na população geral e em menores de 15 anos mostrou-se decrescente no Maranhão. Apesar disso, as taxas ainda são muito elevadas, o que exige esforços de todas as esferas de gestão e profissionais da saúde para redução da carga da doença no estado.

Brazil's Unified Health System and the National Health Promotion Policy: prospects, results, progress and challenges in times of crisis. / O SUS e a Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde: perspectiva resultados, avanços e desafios em tempos de crise.

This article examines progress made towards the implementation of the core priorities laid out in the National Health Promotion Policy (PNPS, acronym in Portuguese) and current challenges, highlighting aspects that are essential to ensuring the sustainability of this policy in times of crisis. It consists of a narrative review drawing on published research and official government documents. The PNPS was approved in 2006 and revised in 2014 and emphasizes the importance of social determinants of health and the adoption of an intersectoral approach to health promotion based on shared responsibility networks aimed at improving quality of life. Progress has been made across all core priorities: tackling the use of tobacco and its derivatives; tackling alcohol and other drug abuse; promoting safe and sustainable mobility; adequate and healthy food; physical activity; promoting a culture of peace and human rights; and promoting sustainable development. However, this progress is seriously threatened by the grave political, economic and institutional crisis that plagues the country, notably budget cuts and a spending cap that limits public spending for the next 20 years imposed by Constitutional Amendment Nº 95, painting a future full of uncertainties.

O estudo analisa os avanços e desafios da implementação da Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde (PNPS) quanto às suas agendas prioritárias e aponta aspectos críticos para sua sustentabilidade em tempos de crises. Estudo de revisão narrativa, abrangendo estudos publicados e documentação institucional. A PNPS foi aprovada em 2006 e revisada em 2014 e destaca a importância dos condicionantes e determinantes sociais da saúde no processo saúde-doença e tem como pressupostos a intersetorialidade e a criação de redes de corresponsabilidade que buscam a melhoria da qualidade de vida. Foram descritos avanços nas prioridades destacadas na PNPS, em programas e ações de enfrentamento ao uso do tabaco e seus derivados; alimentação adequada e saudável; práticas corporais e atividades físicas; promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável; o enfrentamento do uso abusivo de álcool e outras drogas; a promoção da mobilidade segura e sustentável; e a promoção da cultura da paz e de direitos humanos. Entretanto, os avanços da PNPS apresentados podem estar seriamente ameaçados frente à grave crise política, econômica e institucional que abateu o país, em especial os cortes orçamentários para os próximos 20 anos, com a Emenda Constitucional 95, desenhando um cenário futuro de muitas incertezas.

O SUS e a Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde: perspectiva resultados, avanços e desafios em tempos de crise / Brazil's Unified Health System and the National Health Promotion Policy: prospects, results, progress and challenges in times of crisis

Resumo O estudo analisa os avanços e desafios da implementação da Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde (PNPS) quanto às suas agendas prioritárias e aponta aspectos críticos para sua sustentabilidade em tempos de crises. Estudo de revisão narrativa, abrangendo estudos publicados e documentação institucional. A PNPS foi aprovada em 2006 e revisada em 2014 e destaca a importância dos condicionantes e determinantes sociais da saúde no processo saúde-doença e tem como pressupostos a intersetorialidade e a criação de redes de corresponsabilidade que buscam a melhoria da qualidade de vida. Foram descritos avanços nas prioridades destacadas na PNPS, em programas e ações de enfrentamento ao uso do tabaco e seus derivados; alimentação adequada e saudável; práticas corporais e atividades físicas; promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável; o enfrentamento do uso abusivo de álcool e outras drogas; a promoção da mobilidade segura e sustentável; e a promoção da cultura da paz e de direitos humanos. Entretanto, os avanços da PNPS apresentados podem estar seriamente ameaçados frente à grave crise política, econômica e institucional que abateu o país, em especial os cortes orçamentários para os próximos 20 anos, com a Emenda Constitucional 95, desenhando um cenário futuro de muitas incertezas.

Abstract This article examines progress made towards the implementation of the core priorities laid out in the National Health Promotion Policy (PNPS, acronym in Portuguese) and current challenges, highlighting aspects that are essential to ensuring the sustainability of this policy in times of crisis. It consists of a narrative review drawing on published research and official government documents. The PNPS was approved in 2006 and revised in 2014 and emphasizes the importance of social determinants of health and the adoption of an intersectoral approach to health promotion based on shared responsibility networks aimed at improving quality of life. Progress has been made across all core priorities: tackling the use of tobacco and its derivatives; tackling alcohol and other drug abuse; promoting safe and sustainable mobility; adequate and healthy food; physical activity; promoting a culture of peace and human rights; and promoting sustainable development. However, this progress is seriously threatened by the grave political, economic and institutional crisis that plagues the country, notably budget cuts and a spending cap that limits public spending for the next 20 years imposed by Constitutional Amendment Nº 95, painting a future full of uncertainties.

Desigualdades intraurbanas de taxas de internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária na região central do Brasil / Intra-urban differences in rates of admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions in Brazil´s Center-West region

Resumo Internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária (ICSAP) é um indicador útil para avaliar efetividade da atenção primária (APS). Este artigo avaliou as taxas de ICSAP e as causas nas áreas intraurbanas do município de Goiânia-Goiás. Estudo ecológico das taxas de ICSAP nos Distritos Sanitários (DS) de Goiânia, de 2008 a 2013. Utilizou-se dados das Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar (AIH) do SIH municipal, georreferenciadas nos 07 DS. Calculou-se taxas padronizadas de ICSAP por DS, e grupos de causas e faixa etária com respectivos Intervalos de Confiança de 95%. A taxa média de ICSAP foi de 155,5 por 10.000 habitantes. O Distrito Sul teve a maior taxa e o Sudoeste a menor. O grupo de Gastroenterites apresentou a maior taxa e o grupo Anemia a menor. As faixas etárias de 0 a 9 anos e idosos tiveram as taxas mais elevadas. No Distrito Noroeste houve maiores taxas em 09 grupos de causas, destaque para as Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis na faixa etária adulta. Os resultados possibilitaram identificar as desigualdades nas taxas de ICSAP entre os DS, apontou deficiências de cobertura de APS, problemas de qualidade e insuficiência do modelo assistencial em regiões com alta cobertura.

Abstract Admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) represent a useful indicator of assess to and the effectiveness of primary health care. This article examined rates of admissions for ACSCs and the main causes of admissions in intra-urban areas of the municipality of Goiânia, capital of the State of Goiás. An ecological study was conducted to determine rates of admissions in Goiânia’s seven health districts between 2008 and 2013 using data from Hospital Admission Authorization forms obtained from the municipality’s Hospital Information System. Admissions were georeferenced throughout the seven health districts. Age-adjusted rates of admissions for ACSCs were calculated and the most common causes of admissions were identified for each age group. A 95% confidence interval was calculated as a measure of precision of the rates. The average overall rate of admissions for ACSCs was 155.5 per 10,000 population. Rates were highest in the Southern District and lowest in the Southwest District. Rates were highest in the youngest and oldest age groups. The Northwest District showed the highest rates in nine groups of causes, notably chronic non-communicable diseases among adults. Our findings showed that there are major differences in rates across health districts, pointing to shortfalls in primary health coverage, quality problems and an inadequate care model in districts with high coverage.

Mortalidade e anos de vida perdidos por violências interpessoais e autoprovocadas no Brasil e Estados: análise das estimativas do Estudo Carga Global de Doença, 1990 e 2015 / Mortality and years of life lost by interpersonal violence and self-harm: in Brazil and Brazilian states: analysis of the estimates of the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 and 2015

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a mortalidade e os anos de vida perdidos por morte ou incapacidade (Disability-Adjusted Life Years - DALYs) por violências interpessoais e autoprovocadas, comparando 1990 e 2015, no Brasil e nas Unidades Federadas, utilizando estimativas produzidas pelo estudo Carga Global de Doença 2015 (GBD 2015). Métodos: Análise de dados secundários das estimativas do GBD 2015, com produção de taxas padronizadas de mortes e DALYs. A principal fonte de dados de óbitos foi o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, submetido à correção do sub-registro de óbitos e redistribuição de códigos garbage. Resultados: De 1990 a 2015, observou-se estabilidade das taxas de mortalidade por homicídios, com variação percentual de -0,9%, passando de 28,3/100 mil habitantes (II 95% 26,9-32,1), em 1990, para 27,8/100 mil (II 95% 24,3-29,8), em 2015. As taxas de homicídio foram mais altas em Alagoas e Pernambuco, e ocorreu redução em São Paulo (-40,9%). As taxas de suicídio variaram em -19%, saindo de 8,1/100 mil (II 95% 7,5-8,6), em 1990, para 6,6/100 mil (II 95% 6,1-7,9), em 2015. Taxas mais elevadas ocorreram no Rio Grande do Sul. No ranking de causas externas por Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), predominaram as agressões por arma de fogo, seguidas de acidentes de transporte e em sexto lugar lesões autoprovocadas. Conclusões: O estudo aponta a importância das causas externas entre jovens e homens na morte prematura e em incapacidades, constituindo um problema prioritário no país. O estudo Carga Global de Doença poderá apoiar políticas públicas de prevenção de violência.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze mortality and years of life lost due to death or disability (disability-adjusted life years - DALYs) for interpersonal violence and self-harm, comparing 1990 and 2015, in Brazil and Federated Units, using estimates produced by the Global Burden of Disease 2015 (GBD 2015). Methods: Secondary data analysis of estimates from the GBD 2015, producing standardized death rates and years of life lost due to death or disability. The main source of death data was the Mortality Information System, submitted to correction of underreporting of deaths and redistribution of garbage codes. Results: From 1990 to 2015, homicide mortality rates were stable, with a percentage variation of -0.9%, from 28.3/100 thousand inhabitants (95% UI 26.9-32.1) in 1990 to 27.8/100,000 (95% UI 24.3-29.8) in 2015. Homicide rates were higher in Alagoas and Pernambuco, and there was a reduction in São Paulo (-40.9%). Suicide rates decreased by 19%, from 8.1/100,000 (95% UI 7.5-8.6) in 1990 to 6.6/100,000 (95% UI 6.1-7,9) in 2015. Higher rates were found in Rio Grande do Sul. In the ranking of external causes for years of life lost due to death or disability (DALYs), firearm aggression predominated, followed by transportation accidents; self-inflicted injuries were in sixth place. Conclusions: The study shows the importance of external causes among young people and men as a cause of premature death and disabilities, which is a priority problem in the country. The Global Burden of Disease study may support public policies for violence prevention.

Acidentes de transporte terrestre: estudo Carga Global de Doenças, Brasil e unidades federadas, 1990 e 2015 / Road traffic accidents: Global Burden of Disease study, Brazil and federated units, 1990 and 2015

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever a carga global dos acidentes de transporte terrestres no Brasil e Unidades Federadas, em 1990 e 2015. Métodos: Análise dos dados secundários das estimativas do estudo Carga Global de Doenças 2015. Utilizam-se as estimativas de taxas padronizadas de mortalidade e anos de vida perdidos por morte ou incapacidade, anos potenciais de vida perdidos por morte prematura, e anos de vida não saudáveis. O Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade foi a principal fonte de dados de óbitos. Houve a correção do sub-registro e ajustes por códigos garbage. Resultados: No ano de 2015 foram estimados 52.326 óbitos por acidentes de transportes terrestres no Brasil. De 1990 a 2015, as taxas de mortalidade diminuíram de 36,9 para 24,8/100 mil habitantes, redução de 32,8%. Tocantins e Piauí têm os maiores riscos de mortalidade entre as unidades federadas (UF), com 41,7 e 33,1/100 mil, respectivamente. Ambos também têm as maiores taxas de anos potenciais de vida perdidos por morte prematura. Conclusão: Os acidentes de transportes terrestres constituem um problema de saúde pública. Utilizar anos de vida perdidos ajustados por morte ou incapacidade nos estudos dessas causas é importante, pois não existem fontes para conhecer a magnitude da incapacidade nem o peso das mortes precoces. O estudo Carga Global de Doenças, ao atualizar os dados anualmente, poderá fornecer evidências para a formulação de políticas de segurança no trânsito e de atenção à saúde, orientadas para as necessidades das UF e de diferentes grupos de usuários do trânsito.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the global burden of disease due to road traffic accidents in Brazil and federated units in 1990 and 2015. Methods: This is an analysis of secondary data from the 2015 Global Burden of Disease study estimates. The following estimates were used: standardized mortality rates and years of life lost by death or disability, potential years of life lost due to premature death, and years of unhealthy living conditions. The Mortality Information System was the main source of death data. Underreporting and redistribution of ill-defined causes and nonspecific codes were corrected. Results: Around 52,326 deaths due to road traffic accidents were estimated in Brazil in 2015. From 1990 to 2015, mortality rates decreased from 36.9 to 24.8/100 thousand people, a reduction of 32.8%. Tocantins and Piauí have the highest mortality risks among the federated units (FU), with 41.7/100 and 33.1/100 thousand people, respectively. They both present the highest rates of potential years of life lost due to premature deaths. Conclusion: Road traffic accidents are a public health problem. Using death- or disability-adjusted life years in studies of these causes is important because there are still no sources to know the magnitude of sequelae, as well as the weight of early deaths. Since its data are updated every year, the Global Burden of Disease study may provide evidence to formulate traffic security and health attention policies, which are guided to the needs of the federated units and of different groups of traffic users.

A priority health index identifies the top six priority risk and related factors for non-communicable diseases in Brazilian cities.

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, 72% of all deaths in 2007 were attributable to non-communicable diseases (NCD). We used a risk and related factor based index to prioritize NCD prevention programs in the combined 26 capital cities and the federal district (i.e., Brasilia) of Brazil. METHODS: We used 2006-2011 data (adults) from census and Brazil's surveillance of 12 NCD risk factors and 74 disease group mortality. The risk and related factors were: smoking, physical inactivity, overweight-obesity, low fruits and vegetables intake, binge drinking, insufficient Pap smear screening (women aged 25 to 59 years), insufficient mammography screening (women aged 50 to 69 years), insufficient blood pressure screening, insufficient blood glucose screening, diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia, diagnosis of hypertension and diagnosis of diabetes. We generated six indicators: intervention reduction of the risk factor prevalence, intervention cost per person, prevalence of risk factor, deaths attributable to risk factor, risk factor prevalence trend and ratio of risk factor prevalence between people with and without a high school education. We transformed risk and related factor indicators into priority scores to compute a priority health index (PHI). We implemented sensitivity analysis of PHI by computing it with slightly altered formulas and altering values of indicators under the assumption of bias in their estimation. We ranked risk factors based on PHI values. RESULTS: We found one intermediate (i.e., overweight-obesity) and six top risk and related factors priorities for NCD prevention in Brazil's large urban areas: diagnosed hypertension, physical inactivity, blood pressure screening, diagnosed hypercholesterolemia, smoking and binge drinking. CONCLUSION: Brazil has already prioritized the six top priorities (i.e., hypertension, physical inactivity, blood pressure screening, hypercholesterolemia, smoking and binge drinking) and one intermediate priority (i.e., overweight-obesity) for NCD prevention identified in this report. Because effective interventions to reduce disease burden associated with each of the six priority risk factors are available, strategies based on these interventions need to be sustained in order to reduce NCD burden in Brazil. PHI can be used to track NCD prevention and health promotion actions at the local and national level in Brazil and in countries with similar public health surveillance systems.

Investigation of ill-defined causes of death: assessment of a program's performance in a state from the Northeastern region of Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The proportion of ill-defined causes of death (IDCD) was persistently high in some regions of Brazil in 2004. In 2005, the Brazilian government implemented a project in order to decrease this proportion, especially in higher priority states and municipalities. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of this project in Alagoas - a state from the Northeast region of Brazil. METHOD: We selected a probabilistic sample of 18 municipalities. For all IDCD identified in 2010, we collected the verbal autopsy (VA) questionnaires used for home investigation, and the Ministry of Health (MoH) form, which contains information about the final disease and cause of death taken from hospital records, autopsies, family health teams, and civil registry office records. The completion rate of the MoH form and VA was calculated using the number of deaths with specific causes assigned among investigated deaths. RESULTS: A total of 681 IDCD were recorded in 2010 in the sample, of which 26% had a MoH and/or VA3 forms completed. Although the majority of cases were attended by health professionals during the terminal disease, the completion rate was 45% using the MoH form and 80% when VA was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence that the training of the epidemiological surveillance teams in the investigation and certification of causes of death could contribute to improve the quality of mortality data.

Investigation of ill-defined causes of death: assessment of a program's performance in a State from the Northeastern region of Brazil / Avaliação da implantação do programa "Redução do percentual de óbitos por causas mal definidas" em um estado do Nordeste do Brasil

OBJECTIVE: The proportion of ill-defined causes of death (IDCD) was persistently high in some regions of Brazil in 2004. In 2005, the Brazilian government implemented a project in order to decrease this proportion, especially in higher priority states and municipalities. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of this project in Alagoas - a state from the Northeast region of Brazil. METHOD: We selected a probabilistic sample of 18 municipalities. For all IDCD identified in 2010, we collected the verbal autopsy (VA) questionnaires used for home investigation, and the Ministry of Health (MoH) form, which contains information about the final disease and cause of death taken from hospital records, autopsies, family health teams, and civil registry office records. The completion rate of the MoH form and VA was calculated using the number of deaths with specific causes assigned among investigated deaths. RESULTS: A total of 681 IDCD were recorded in 2010 in the sample, of which 26% had a MoH and/or VA3 forms completed. Although the majority of cases were attended by health professionals during the terminal disease, the completion rate was 45% using the MoH form and 80% when VA was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence that the training of the epidemiological surveillance teams in the investigation and certification of causes of death could contribute to improve the quality of mortality data. .

INTRODUÇÃO: Em 2004, a proporção de óbitos por causas mal definidas (CMD) mantinha-se persistentemente elevada em algumas regiões do Brasil. Em 2005, o Ministério da Saúde implementou o programa Redução do percentual de óbitos por causas mal definidas para diminuir essa proporção, especialmente em estados e municípios considerados prioritários. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho desse programa em Alagoas - estado da região Nordeste. MÉTODO: Foi selecionada amostra probabilística de 18 municípios e identificadas todas as CMD em 2010. Foram analisados os formulários de autópsia verbal (AV) utilizados para investigação domiciliar e o denominado Investigação do Óbito com Causa Mal Definida (IOCMD), que contém informações sobre a doença final e a causa de morte, obtidas de registros hospitalares, autópsias, equipes de saúde da família e cartórios. Analisou-se também a completude de preenchimento dos formulários e a proporção de óbitos por CMD com causas básicas reclassificadas após investigação. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 681 óbitos por CMD, dos quais 26% tinham sido investigados com uso do IOCMD e/ou AV3. Embora a maioria dos casos tenha sido atendida por profissionais de saúde durante a doença terminal, a proporção de reclassificação de CMD para causa definida foi de 45% com utilização do formulário IOCMD e de 80% quando a AV3 foi realizada. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados fornecem evidências de que o treinamento da equipe de vigilância epidemiológica na investigação e certificação de causas de morte poderia contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade dos dados de mortalidade. .

Effect of 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine on pneumonia among children, Brazil.

Pneumonia is most problematic for children in developing countries. In 2010, Brazil introduced a 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) to its National Immunization Program. To assess the vaccine's effectiveness for preventing pneumonia, we analyzed rates of hospitalization among children 2-24 months of age who had pneumonia from all causes from January 2005 through August 2011. We used data from the National Hospitalization Information System to conduct an interrupted time-series analysis for 5 cities in Brazil that had good data quality and high PCV10 vaccination coverage. Of the 197,975 hospitalizations analyzed, 30% were for pneumonia. Significant declines in hospitalizations for pneumonia were noted in Belo Horizonte (28.7%), Curitiba (23.3%), and Recife (27.4%) but not in São Paulo and Porto Alegre. However, in the latter 2 cities, vaccination coverage was less than that in the former 3. Overall, 1 year after introduction of PCV10, hospitalizations of children for pneumonia were reduced.

Gender and schooling inequalities in risk and protective factors for chronic diseases among Brazilian adults, through telephone survey.

OBJECTIVES: To assess risk and protective factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCD) and to identify social inequalities in their distribution among Brazilian adults. METHODS: The data used were collected in 2007 through VIGITEL, an ongoing population-based telephone survey. This surveillance system was implemented in all of the Brazilian State capitals, over 54,000 interviews were analyzed. Age-adjusted prevalence ratios for trends at different schooling levels were calculated using Poisson regression with linear models. RESULTS: These analyses have shown differences in the prevalence of risk and protective factors for CNCD by gender and schooling. Among men, the prevalence ratios of overweight, consumption of meat with visible fat, and dyslipidemia were higher among men with more schooling, while tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, and high-blood pressure were lower. Among women, tobacco use, overweight, obesity, high-blood pressure and diabetes were lower among men with more schooling, and consumption of meat with visible fat and sedentary lifestyles were higher. As for protective factors, fruit and vegetables intake and physical activity were higher in both men and women with more schooling. CONCLUSION: Gender and schooling influence on risk and protective factors for CNCD, being the values less favorable for men. VIGITEL is a useful tool for monitoring these factors amongst the Brazilian population.

Gender and schooling inequalities in risk and protective factors for chronic diseases among Brazilian adults, through telephone survey / Desigualdades de sexo e escolaridade em fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas em adultos Brasileiros, por meio de inquéritos telefônicos

OBJECTIVES: To assess risk and protective factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCD) and to identify social inequalities in their distribution among Brazilian adults. METHODS: The data used were collected in 2007 through VIGITEL, an ongoing population-based telephone survey. This surveillance system was implemented in all of the Brazilian State capitals, over 54,000 interviews were analyzed. Age-adjusted prevalence ratios for trends at different schooling levels were calculated using Poisson regression with linear models. RESULTS: These analyses have shown differences in the prevalence of risk and protective factors for CNCD by gender and schooling. Among men, the prevalence ratios of overweight, consumption of meat with visible fat, and dyslipidemia were higher among men with more schooling, while tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, and high-blood pressure were lower. Among women, tobacco use, overweight, obesity, high-blood pressure and diabetes were lower among men with more schooling, and consumption of meat with visible fat and sedentary lifestyles were higher. As for protective factors, fruit and vegetables intake and physical activity were higher in both men and women with more schooling. CONCLUSION: Gender and schooling influence on risk and protective factors for CNCD, being the values less favorable for men. vigitel is a useful tool for monitoring these factors amongst the Brazilian population.

OBJETIVOS: Analisar os fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis (DCNT) e identificar as desigualdades sociais na sua distribuição entre adultos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Os dados utilizados foram coletados em 2007, por meio do VIGITEL, inquérito telefônico contínuo, em todas as capitais dos estados do Brasil, tendo sido analisadas pouco mais de 54.000 entrevistas. Foi calculada a razão de prevalência ajustada por idade, e as tendências em diversos níveis de escolaridade foram calculadas utilizando a regressão de Poisson com modelos lineares. RESULTADOS: Foram descritas diferenças na prevalência de fatores de risco e proteção para DCNT, por sexo e escolaridade. Entre homens, as prevalências do excesso de peso, consumo de carnes com gordura aparente e dislipidemia foram maiores na faixa de maior escolaridade, enquanto o uso do tabaco, estilo de vida sedentário e hipertensão arterial foram menores. Entre as mulheres, o uso do tabaco, excesso de peso, obesidade, hipertensão e diabetes foram menores na faixa de maior escolaridade. O consumo de carnes com gorduras visíveis e estilos de vida sedentários foram maiores na faixa de maior escolaridade. Quanto aos fatores de proteção, o consumo de frutas e verduras e atividade física aumentaram em homens e mulheres com o aumento da escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: Sexo e escolaridade exercem influência nos fatores de risco e proteção para DCNT, com valores mais desfavoráveis para os homens. O VIGITEL é uma ferramenta importante no monitoramento destes fatores junto à população brasileira.

[Prevalence of risk health behavior among members of private health insurance plans: results from the 2008 national telephone survey Vigitel, Brazil]. / Fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis entre beneficiários da saúde suplementar: resultados do inquérito telefônico Vigitel, Brasil, 2008.

This article aims at estimating the prevalence of adults engaging in protective and risk health behaviors among members of private health insurance plans. It was used a random sample of individuals over the age of 18 living in the Brazilian state capitals collected on 28,640 telephone interviews in 2008. The results showed that among males there was a high prevalence of the following risk factors: tobacco, overweight, low fruit and vegetable consumption, high meat with fat consumption and alcohol drinking. Among females we found a high prevalence of high blood pressure, diabetes, dyslipidemia and osteoporosis. Men were generally more physically active and women consumed more fruit and vegetables. As more educated males were lower was the prevalence of tobacco, high blood pressure, but also a higher prevalence of overweight, consumption of meat with fat, dyslipidemia and lower number of yearly check-ups done. For females, tobacco smoking, overweight, obesity, decreasing with schooling, and consumption of fruit and vegetables, physical activity, mammography and PAP test, increased with schooling. The health insurance user population constitutes about 26% of Brazilian people and the current study aims to accumulate evidence for health promotion actions by this public.

[Risk and protective factors for chronic non-communicable diseases: the VIGITEL telephone disease surveillance system, Brazil, 2007]. / Fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas: vigilância por meio de inquérito telefônico, VIGITEL, Brasil, 2007.

This article describes the prevalence of risk and protective factors for chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil, using data collected in 2007 through the telephone disease surveillance system (VIGITEL). We evaluated 54,252 adults residing in Brazil's State capitals and Federal District. Men showed higher rates of smoking, overweight, consumption of soft drinks and fatty meat, sufficient leisure-time physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, and binge drinking; women showed higher consumption of fruits and vegetables. For men with more schooling, the probability of smoking decreased by 42% and consumption of fatty meat decreased by 31%; overweight increased 86%, sedentary lifestyle 42%, regular consumption of fruits and vegetables 89%, and leisure-time physical activity 78%. For women with more schooling, the probability of smoking decreased 31%, overweight 26%, and consumption of fatty meat 35%; sedentary lifestyle increased 76%, leisure-time physical activity 77%, regular consumption of fruits and vegetables 48%, and recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables 75%.