[Expected impact of a quadrivalent HPV vaccine in France]. / Modélisation de l'impact de la vaccination HPV quadrivalente en France.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the expected impact in France of a quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccine on the occurrence of genital HPV-induced lesions in women. METHODS: A Markov model based on a quadrivalent vaccination of 14-year-old girls as recommended in France was performed to assess the number of subjects needed to vaccinate to prevent an HPV-related event during their lifetime and the expected annual number of cases which could be prevented by vaccination. This model was based on prevalence data reported in four large French studies (EDiTH I-IV) reporting an HPV 6/11/16/18 prevalence of 82% (95% CI: 78.5-85.1) in cervical cancer (CC), 64% (95% CI: 59.7-68.1) in CIN2/3, 34% (95% CI: 28.9-38.1) in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and 83% (95% CI 77.6-87.8) in female external acuminata condylomata (EAC) cases. RESULTS: Using a theoretical vaccine efficacy of 100%, 130 young women need to be vaccinated to prevent a case of CC, 17 for a case of CIN2/3 and 13 for a case of EAC. Immunization of 80% of 14-year-old girls could prevent 2495 CC (72%), 17,985 CIN2/3 (54%), 8004 CIN1 (27%), and 22,531 EAC female cases (65%) in France annually. CONCLUSION: A good adhesion to the preferentially recommended HPV quadrivalent vaccination would thus substantially reduce the burden of female genital lesions in France.

Assessment of plasma opioid peptides, beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin, at the end of an international nordic ski race.

Plasma met-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, cortisol and lactic acid concentrations were measured in seventeen volunteer male subjects at rest and after a long-distance nordic ski race. Immediately after the race, mean plasma met-enkephalin did not show any significant change, but significant rises in beta-endorphin, cortisol and lactic acid were noted in all skiers. The change in beta-endorphin with exercise was significantly related to the change in cortisol (r = 0.68; p less than 0.001) and to the change in plasma lactic acid (r = 0.60; p less than 0.001). Furthermore, the experienced skiers training over 150 km X week-1 of nordic ski had significantly faster skiing times in this event and showed greater beta-endorphin, cortisol and lactic acid levels than the recreational skiers who trained for 20 km X week-1. Our results imply that the changes in plasma beta-endorphin depend on the intensity of exercise. However the significance of higher levels of skiing training or previous nordic ski experience in the release of beta-endorphin is expected and cannot be excluded.