Trend of incompleteness of maternal schooling and race/skin color variables held on the Brazilian Live Birth Information System, 2012-2020.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the trend of incompleteness of the maternal schooling and race/skin color variables held on the Brazilian Live Birth Information System (SINASC) between 2012 and 2020. METHODS: this was an ecological time series study of the incompleteness of maternal schooling and race/skin color data for Brazil, its regions and Federative Units, by means of joinpoint regression and calculation of annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change. RESULTS: a total of 26,112,301 births were registered in Brazil in the period; incompleteness of maternal schooling data decreased for Brazil (APC = -8.1%) and the Southeast (APC = -19.5%) and Midwest (APC = -17.6%) regions; as for race/skin color, there was a downward trend for Brazil (APC = -8.2%) and all regions, except the Northeast region, while nine Federative Units and the Federal District showed a stationary trend. CONCLUSION: there was an improvement in filling out these variables on the SINASC, but with regional disparities, mainly for race/skin color.

Tendência da incompletude das variáveis escolaridade e raça/cor da pele da mãe no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos do Brasil, 2012-2020 / Tendencia de incompletitud de las variables escolaridad y raza/color de piel materno en el sistema de información sobre nacidos vivos en Brasil, 2012-2020 / Trend of incompleteness of maternal schooling and race/skin color variables held on the Brazilian Live Birth Information System, 2012-2020

Objective: to analyze the trend of incompleteness of the maternal schooling and race/skin color variables held on the Brazilian Live Birth Information System (SINASC) between 2012 and 2020. Methods: this was an ecological time series study of the incompleteness of maternal schooling and race/skin color data for Brazil, its regions and Federative Units, by means of joinpoint regression and calculation of annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change. Results: a total of 26,112,301 births were registered in Brazil in the period; incompleteness of maternal schooling data decreased for Brazil (APC = -8.1%) and the Southeast (APC = -19.5%) and Midwest (APC = -17.6%) regions; as for race/skin color, there was a downward trend for Brazil (APC = -8.2%) and all regions, except the Northeast region, while nine Federative Units and the Federal District showed a stationary trend. Conclusion: there was an improvement in filling out these variables on the SINASC, but with regional disparities, mainly for race/skin color.

Objetivo: analizar la tendencia de incompletitud de educación y raza/color de piel materna en el Sistema de Información de Nacidos Vivo (Sinasc), Brasil, entre 2012-2020. Métodos: estudio ecológico de serie temporal sobre la incompletitud de la educación y raza/color de piel materna para Brasil, regiones y Unidades de la Federación (UF), a través de regresión de joinpoint y cálculo de cambio porcentual anual (APC) y cambio porcentual anual promedio Resultados: se registraron 26.112.301 nacimientos en Brasil en el período. Brasil (APC = -8,1%) y regiones Sudeste (APC = -19,5%) y Centro-Oeste (APC = -17,6%) disminuirán la incompletud de la educación materna. En cuanto a raza/color de piel, hubo un descenso para Brasil (APC = -8,2%) y todas las regiones, excepto Nordeste, y nueve UF y Distrito Federal presentaron tendencia estacionaria. Conclusión: e llenado das variables en el Sinasc ha mejorado, pero con disparidades regionales, principalmente por raza/color de piel.

Objetivo: analisar a tendência da incompletude das variáveis escolaridade e raça/cor da pele da mãe no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc), Brasil, entre 2012 e 2020. Métodos: estudo ecológico de série temporal sobre a incompletude da escolaridade e da raça/cor da pele da mãe para o Brasil, suas macrorregiões e Unidades da Federação, pela regressão por joinpoint, e cálculo da variação percentual anual (VPA) e da variação percentual anual média. Resultados: foram registrados 26.112.301 nascimentos no Brasil, no período; no país (VPA = -8,1%) e em suas regiões Sudeste (VPA = -19,5%) e Centro-Oeste (VPA = -17,6%), houve redução da incompletude da escolaridade materna; quanto à raça/cor da pele da mãe, observou-se queda para o Brasil (VPA = -8,2%) e todas as suas regiões, exceto o Nordeste, e nove UFs e o Distrito Federal com tendência estável. Conclusão: o preenchimento das variáveis no Sinasc melhorou, porém com disparidades regionais, principalmente quanto à raça/cor da pele.

Consumption of free sugars and dietary sources in the diet of university students according to socioeconomic and lifestyle factors / Consumo de açúcar livre e fontes dietéticas na dieta de estudantes universitários segundo fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the consumption of free sugars and associated factors in the diet of university students entering full-time courses at a public university in Mato Grosso. Methods Cross-sectional study with students aged 16 to 26 years in the first semester of 2016, 2017, and 2018. Average sugar consumption was estimated using a 24-hour diet recall, evaluating the percentage of free sugars in total energy intake and the prevalence of consumption greater than 10.0% of total energy intake, according to socioeconomic and lifestyle variables, stratified by sex, and the foods that most contributed to its consumption. Results A total of 1,063 students were evaluated, the percentage of free sugars in the students' diet was on average 14.3% among men and 15.4% among women, with the prevalence of consumption above 10.0% also being higher among women (72.6 vs. 66.6%). There was a direct relationship between the participation of free sugars in the highest tertiles of energy intake, and the main food groups sources of sugar were desserts, juices, soft drinks, and coffee. There was a significant association between courses outside the health sciences, tobacco use, and unsatisfactory meal consumption profile with higher consumption of free sugars among women. Among men, sugar consumption was higher among those who were not overweight compared to those who were overweight. Conclusion The consumption of free sugars is high among university students, being associated with higher energy consumption, especially for sweetened beverages.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o consumo de açúcar livre e os fatores associados na alimentação de universitários ingressantes em cursos de período integral em uma universidade pública de Mato Grosso. Métodos Estudo transversal com estudantes de 16 a 26 anos de idade no primeiro semestre de 2016, 2017 e 2018 (n=1.063). O consumo médio de açúcar foi estimado por meio de recordatório de 24 horas, sendo avaliada a participação do açúcar livre na ingestão energética total e a prevalência de participação do consumo superior a 10,0% da ingestão energética, segundo variáveis socioeconômicas, de estilo de vida e fatores dietéticos, , estratificadas por sexo. Resultados A participação do açúcar livre na dieta foi, em média, de 14,3% entre os homens e 15,4% entre as mulheres, sendo a prevalência de consumo acima de 10,0% também maior entre as mulheres (72,6 vs. 66,6%). Foi maior a participação do açúcar livre nos tercis mais elevados de ingestão energética, sendo verificado que os principais grupos de alimentos fontes foram sobremesas, sucos, refrigerantes e café. Entre as mulheres, verificou-se maior consumo de açúcar livre entre aquelas que faziam uso de tabaco e que apresentavam perfil de consumo de refeições insatisfatório. Por outro lado, menor consumo de açúcar livre foi observado entre as estudantes da área da saúde. Entre os homens, o consumo de açúcar livre foi maior entre aqueles sem excesso de peso, comparados aos com excesso. Conclusão O consumo de açúcar livre foi elevado entre estudantes universitários, sendo maior entre os estudantes com maior consumo energético. Verificou-se que as bebidas adoçadas estiveram entre as principais fontes.

Skipping breakfast associated with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors in Brazilian adolescents / Omitir o café da manhã está associado a fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida entre adolescentes brasileiros

Abstract The aim is to estimate the prevalence and evaluate the association of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors with skipping breakfast among Brazilian adolescent students. A cross-sectional study carried out with adolescent ninth-graders from Brazilian public and private schools participating in the 2015 National School Health Survey. The prevalence of skipping breakfast (less than five days/week) and its respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated and stratified by gender according to demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, self-perceived body image, and attitudes towards weight. A three-block hierarchical Poisson regression, considering the complex sample design. The prevalence of skipping breakfast was 35.6%, higher among girls than boys. In both genders, skipping breakfast was positively associated with the highest socioeconomic level, morning school shift, paid work, regular consumption of alcoholic beverages, living only with the mother, the father or neither, the irregular consumption of school food and meals with parents, considering oneself too fat/fat and trying to lose weight. In general, skipping breakfast was associated with socioeconomic factors and lifestyle behaviors harmful to health among adolescent students.

Resumo O objetivo é estimar a prevalência e avaliar a associação dos fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida com a omissão do café da manhã entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes do 9º ano de escolas públicas e privadas brasileiras participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015. A prevalência de omissão do café da manhã (menos de cinco dias/semana) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% foram estimados e estratificados por sexo de acordo com fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, estilo de vida, autopercepção da imagem corporal e atitudes em relação ao peso. Uma regressão de Poisson hierárquica de três blocos, considerando o desenho amostral complexo. A prevalência de pular o café da manhã foi de 35,6%, maior entre as meninas do que entre os meninos. Em ambos os sexos, omitir o café da manhã associou-se positivamente com maior nível socioeconômico, turno escolar matutino, trabalho remunerado, consumo regular de bebidas alcoólicas, morar apenas com a mãe, pai ou nenhum dos dois, consumo irregular de alimentação escolar e refeições com os pais, considerar-se muito gordo/gordo e tentar perder peso. Em geral, a omissão do café da manhã foi associada a fatores socioeconômicos e comportamentos de estilo de vida prejudiciais à saúde entre estudantes adolescentes.

Skipping breakfast associated with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors in Brazilian adolescents.

The aim is to estimate the prevalence and evaluate the association of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors with skipping breakfast among Brazilian adolescent students. A cross-sectional study carried out with adolescent ninth-graders from Brazilian public and private schools participating in the 2015 National School Health Survey. The prevalence of skipping breakfast (less than five days/week) and its respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated and stratified by gender according to demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, self-perceived body image, and attitudes towards weight. A three-block hierarchical Poisson regression, considering the complex sample design. The prevalence of skipping breakfast was 35.6%, higher among girls than boys. In both genders, skipping breakfast was positively associated with the highest socioeconomic level, morning school shift, paid work, regular consumption of alcoholic beverages, living only with the mother, the father or neither, the irregular consumption of school food and meals with parents, considering oneself too fat/fat and trying to lose weight. In general, skipping breakfast was associated with socioeconomic factors and lifestyle behaviors harmful to health among adolescent students.

[Nutritional status of children of Haitian descent and their demographic, socioeconomic and health characteristics in Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil]. / Estado nutricional de crianças de descendência haitiana e suas características demográficas, socioeconômicas e de saúde em Cuiabá-MT, Brasil.

The scope of this study was to analyze the distribution of anthropometric variables according to demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics among children of Haitian descent between 0 and 5 years of age living in Cuiabá-MT. It consists of a cross-sectional and census-based study with data collected between August 2016 and February 2017. The dependent variables were body mass index (BMI) and height-for-age z-score, using Student's t-Test and ANOVA in the statistical analysis. A total of 67 children, 73.2% to 24 months of age and 34.3% being male, were evaluated. There was a significant proportion of families with per capita income of less than 1/4 of the minimum wage (65.6%), with no home monitoring for the family health strategy (88.1%), and long working hours for mothers (43.3%). The onset of prenatal care until the third month of pregnancy and female sex were associated with higher BMI averages. For height-for-age, an association with lower mean values was found for households with more than one resident per room, higher age range of the child, and child-care in daycare centers. Thus, although few factors have an association with the anthropometric indications evaluated, it is necessary to consider the precarious socioeconomic conditions in which these children find themselves.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição das variáveis antropométricas de acordo com características demográficas, socioeconômicas e de saúde em crianças, de zero a cinco anos, de descendência haitiana residentes em Cuiabá-MT, Brasil. Consiste em estudo transversal, com dados coletados entre agosto/2016 e fevereiro/2017. As variáveis dependentes foram o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a estatura/idade em escore-z, sendo utilizado o Teste t de Student e ANOVA na análise estatística. Foram avaliadas 67 crianças, 73,2% com até 24 meses de idade e 34,3% do sexo masculino. Observou-se expressiva proporção de famílias com renda per capita inferior a 1/4 de salário mínimo (65,6%), sem acompanhamento domiciliar pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (88,1%) e elevada carga horária de trabalho das mães (43,3%). O início do pré-natal até o terceiro mês de gestação e sexo feminino foram associados a maiores médias de IMC. Quanto a estatura/idade, foi identificada associação com menores médias para domicílios com mais de um morador por cômodo, faixa etária mais elevada da criança e cuidado da criança em creches. Apesar de poucos fatores apresentaram associação com os indicadores antropométricos avaliados, é necessário atentar-se para as condições socioeconômicas precárias nas quais estas crianças estão inseridas.

Influence of sociodemographic and economic factors on physical activity among university students / Influência de fatores sociodemográficos e econômicos na atividade física entre estudantes universitários / La influencia de factores sociodemográficos y económicos para la actividad física de estudiantes universitarios

Objective: To estimate the influence of socioeconomic factors on the variation of time spent by university students on the practice of physical activity after the first academic year. Methods: Longitudinal quantitative study with 348 full-time university students, between 16 and 25 years old, from capital of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Change in time spent on the practice of moderate and vigorous physical activity was evaluated in minutes per week, through the short version of IPAQ - International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The following independent variables were analyzed: sex, age, race/skin color, economic class, students' housemates and field of study. Multinomial regression analysis was used to verify the association of physical activity time variation, in tertiles, with the independent variables. Results: The overall change in median physical activity time in one year was -90.0 minutes/week, the students of higher socioeconomic status maintained the same time of practice of physical activity, while those of other classes showed a decrease in this time after the first year at university. After adjustments, the lower economic class (OR=2.85; 95%CI= 1.26-6.43) and the fact that the student lives in a house shared by students (OR=2.84; 95%CI= 1.26-6.38) were associated with reduction in time spent on physical activity. Conclusion: There was a decrease in time spent on physical activity among students from the lower economic classes who lived in a share house after the first year at university.

Objetivo: Estimar a influência de fatores socioeconômicos na variação do tempo gasto por estudantes universitários na prática de atividade física após o primeiro ano letivo. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo longitudinal, realizado em 2015 e 2016, com 348 universitários em tempo integral, com idade entre 16 e 25 anos, da capital do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Avaliou-se a mudança no tempo gasto na prática de atividade física moderada e vigorosa em minutos por semana por meio da versão curta do International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). As variáveis independentes do estudo são sexo, idade, raça/cor da pele, classe econômica, colegas de casa dos alunos e campo de estudo. Utilizou-se a análise de regressão multinomial para verificar a associação da variação do tempo de atividade física, em tercis, com as variáveis independentes. Resultados: A mudança geral no tempo mediano de atividade física em um ano é de 90,0 minutos/semana. Os estudantes de maior nível socioeconômico mantiveram o mesmo tempo de prática de atividade física, enquanto os de outras classes apresentaram uma diminuição nesse tempo após o primeiro ano na universidade. Após os ajustes, a classe econômica mais baixa (OR=2,85; IC95%=1,26-6,43) e o fato de o aluno morar em uma casa compartilhada pelos alunos (OR=2,84; IC95%=1,26-6,38) associaram-se à redução no tempo gasto em atividade física. Conclusão: Houve diminuição do tempo gasto em atividade física entre estudantes das classes econômicas mais baixas, que viviam em uma casa compartilhada, após o primeiro ano na universidade.

Objetivo: Estimar la influencia de factores socioeconómicos en la variación del tiempo gasto por estudiantes universitarios en la práctica de actividad física después del primer año académico. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo y longitudinal realizado entre 2015 y 2016 con 348 universitarios a jornada completa entre 16 y 25 años de la capital Mato Grosso, Brasil. El cambio del tiempo gasto con la práctica de actividad física moderada y vigorosa ha sido evaluada en minutos por semana con la versión corta del IPAQ- International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Las variables independientes fueron el sexo, la edad, la raza/el color de la piel, la clase económica, los compañeros de piso y el campo de estudio. El análisis de regresión multinomial ha sido utilizado para verificar la asociación de la variación del tiempo de actividad física en terciles y las variables independientes. Resultados: El cambio total del tiempo mediano de la actividad física en un año ha sido de -90.0 minutos/semana, los estudiantes con estatus socioeconómico más alto mantuvieron el mismo tiempo de práctica de actividad física mientras aquellos de otras clases socioeconómicas presentaron una reducción en el tiempo de actividad física después del primer año en la universidad. Tras los ajustes, la clase económica más baja (OR=2,85; 95%CI= 1,26-6,43) y el hecho de vivir en casa compartida con estudiantes (OR=2,84; 95%CI= 1,26-6,38) se asoció con la reducción del tiempo gasto con la actividad física. Conclusión: Hubo una reducción del tiempo gasto con la actividad física entre los estudiantes de clases económicas más bajas que vivían en casa compartida después del primer año en la universidad.

Utilização de serviços de saúde por imigrantes haitianos na grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil / Use of health services by Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá-Mato Grosso, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a utilização de serviços de saúde por imigrantes haitianos residentes na grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com uma amostra probabilística de 452 imigrantes haitianos residentes em Cuiabá e Várzea Grande, entrevistados entre dezembro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015. Foram avaliadas as características sociodemográficas e de saúde, hábitos de vida e a utilização dos serviços de saúde. Na análise dos dados foram calculados o teste de Qui-quadrado e a Regressão de Poisson para investigar os fatores associados à utilização dos serviços de saúde. Verificou-se que 45,6% dos entrevistados utilizaram algum serviço de saúde no Brasil, sendo maior a prevalência entre as mulheres, aqueles com maior renda, maior tempo de residência no Brasil, melhor entendimento da língua portuguesa e que autoavaliaram sua saúde como ruim. Os principais serviços utilizados foram Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) e atendimento de urgência e emergência públicos. Conclui-se que os imigrantes foram assistidos pelo SUS em acordo com o princípio constitucional do direito à saúde no Brasil.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the use of health services by Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. This is a cross-sectional study with a random sample of 452 Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, interviewed between December 2014 and February 2015. Sociodemographic and health characteristics, lifestyle factors, and the use of health services were evaluated. Data analysis included Chi-square test and Poisson regression to investigate the factors associated with the use of health services. We found that 45.6% of respondents used some health service in Brazil, with a higher prevalence of use among women, those with higher income, longer residence time in Brazil, better understanding of the Portuguese language, and with poor self-reported health. The PHC Unit (UBS) and public urgent and emergency care were the primary services used. We conclude by saying that the SUS assisted the immigrants under the Brazilian constitutional principle of the right to health.

Use of health services by Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá-Mato Grosso, Brazil. / Utilização de serviços de saúde por imigrantes haitianos na grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil.

This paper aims to analyze the use of health services by Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. This is a cross-sectional study with a random sample of 452 Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, interviewed between December 2014 and February 2015. Sociodemographic and health characteristics, lifestyle factors, and the use of health services were evaluated. Data analysis included Chi-square test and Poisson regression to investigate the factors associated with the use of health services. We found that 45.6% of respondents used some health service in Brazil, with a higher prevalence of use among women, those with higher income, longer residence time in Brazil, better understanding of the Portuguese language, and with poor self-reported health. The PHC Unit (UBS) and public urgent and emergency care were the primary services used. We conclude by saying that the SUS assisted the immigrants under the Brazilian constitutional principle of the right to health.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a utilização de serviços de saúde por imigrantes haitianos residentes na grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com uma amostra probabilística de 452 imigrantes haitianos residentes em Cuiabá e Várzea Grande, entrevistados entre dezembro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015. Foram avaliadas as características sociodemográficas e de saúde, hábitos de vida e a utilização dos serviços de saúde. Na análise dos dados foram calculados o teste de Qui-quadrado e a Regressão de Poisson para investigar os fatores associados à utilização dos serviços de saúde. Verificou-se que 45,6% dos entrevistados utilizaram algum serviço de saúde no Brasil, sendo maior a prevalência entre as mulheres, aqueles com maior renda, maior tempo de residência no Brasil, melhor entendimento da língua portuguesa e que autoavaliaram sua saúde como ruim. Os principais serviços utilizados foram Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) e atendimento de urgência e emergência públicos. Conclui-se que os imigrantes foram assistidos pelo SUS em acordo com o princípio constitucional do direito à saúde no Brasil.

Socio-economic and demographic characteristics associated with risk behaviour patterns for chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: data from the National Health Survey, 2013.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk behaviour patterns for chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) in the Brazilian population and to investigate associated socio-economic and demographic factors. DESIGN: Factor analysis was used to identify patterns considering the following risk behaviours: consumption of soft drinks/artificial juice, sweet foods, red meat with apparent fat, chicken skin; inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables; alcohol abuse; smoking; absence of physical activity during leisure time; and time spent watching television. The χ 2 test was used to compare ratios. All analyses accounted for weighting factors and the study's complex sampling design effect. The socio-economic and demographic variables evaluated were gender, age, schooling level and macro region of residence. SETTING: National Health Survey, a household survey with national representation, conducted in 2013 in Brazil.ParticipantsIndividuals (n 60202) aged 18 years or over. RESULTS: Four risk behaviour patterns were identified: 'Physical inactivity in leisure time and Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables', 'Saturated fat', 'Alcohol and Smoking' and 'Sedentary behaviour and Sugar', explaining 52·01 % of the total variance. Overall, greater adherence to 'Saturated fat' and 'Alcohol and Smoking' patterns was observed among men and those with lower education level. The 'Sedentary behaviour and Sugar' and 'Physical inactivity in leisure time and Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables' patterns had greater adherence among younger individuals, and the first was associated with higher education whereas the second with less education among individuals residing in the North and Northeast regions. CONCLUSIONS: Risk behaviour patterns for NCD were heterogeneous, reflecting the socio-economic and demographic differences in Brazil.

La salud de trabajadores inmigrantes haitianos en Mato Grosso, Brasil: vulnerabilidades y riesgos / The health of Haitian immigrant workers in Mato Grosso, Brazil: vulnerabilities and risks

RESUMEN Se describen las relaciones entre inmigración, salud, trabajo y ambiente con el objetivo de analizar la inserción de inmigrantes haitianos en procesos productivos de Mato Grosso, destacando los riesgos para la salud y las vulnerabilidades socioambientales. Se trata de una investigación-acción desarrollada junto a la comunidad haitiana, organizaciones de la sociedad e instituciones del Estado. En 2014 y 2015 se aplicó un cuestionario a población haitiana de la ciudad de Cuiabá (capital del estado de Mato Grosso), para caracterizar sus condiciones de vida y trabajo. Además, se relevaron datos de distintas instituciones y el registro de empleadores que sometieron a trabajadores a condiciones de esclavitud contemporánea. Los resultados muestran 2.151 trabajadores haitianos registrados en el mercado formal de trabajo en 2014, distribuidos en 27 municipios de Mato Grosso. Dos sectores económicos se destacaron en la absorción de trabajadores haitianos: las industrias de transformación (principalmente frigoríficos) y la construcción civil. Entre los 452 haitianos entrevistados, el 52,7% estaba trabajando y el 26,5% mencionó una carga horaria semanal superior a 48 horas. El estudio indica la fragilidad de la inserción social de esta población, la cual se expresa en la presencia de haitianos en áreas y procesos productivos de alto riesgo socioambiental.

ABSTRACT The relationships among immigration, health, work and environment are explored with the aim of analyzing the insertion of Haitian immigrants in the productive processes of Mato Grosso, highlighting health risks and socioenvironmental vulnerabilities. An action research study was carried out in conjunction with the Haitian community, social organizations and State institutions. In 2014 and 2015, a questionnaire was applied among the Haitian population of the city of Cuiabá (capital state of Mato Grosso) to characterize living and working conditions. In addition, data from different institutions and the registry of employers that submitted workers to conditions of modern-day slavery were analyzed. The results include 2,151 Haitian workers involved in the formal labor market in 2014, distributed in 27 municipalities of Mato Grosso. Two economic sectors in particular absorbed Haitian workers: transformative industries (especially meat processing plants) and civil construction. Among the 452 Haitians interviewed, 52.7% were working and 26.5% reported a workweek longer than 48 hours. The study shows the fragility of the social insertion of this population, expressed through the presence of Haitians in areas and productive processes of high social risk.

Socioeconomic and Health Profile of Haitian Immigrants in a Brazilian Amazon State.

We analyzed the sociodemographic profile, migration journey, health conditions, and health care access and utilization among recent Haitian immigrants to the Brazilian Amazon state of Mato Grosso. We conducted a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 452 Haitians. We administered a bilingual questionnaire from December 2014 to February 2015. Data were analyzed using chi square tests to evaluate differences among groups. The majority of participants were married men younger than 35 years old. They mostly came from the Haiti's Artibonite Department, living in Brazil for less than a year. Half of the participants were employed at the time of the interviews, and 81.8% relied exclusively on the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System for medical care. The overall health profile and health care access were good. Haitian migration to Brasil is a case of South-South migration driven by economic needs. Our population had good health status despite socioeconomic challenges.

[The health of Haitian immigrant workers in Mato Grosso, Brazil: vulnerabilities and risks]. / La salud de trabajadores inmigrantes haitianos en Mato Grosso, Brasil: vulnerabilidades y riesgos.

The relationships among immigration, health, work and environment are explored with the aim of analyzing the insertion of Haitian immigrants in the productive processes of Mato Grosso, highlighting health risks and socioenvironmental vulnerabilities. An action research study was carried out in conjunction with the Haitian community, social organizations and State institutions. In 2014 and 2015, a questionnaire was applied among the Haitian population of the city of Cuiabá (capital state of Mato Grosso) to characterize living and working conditions. In addition, data from different institutions and the registry of employers that submitted workers to conditions of modern-day slavery were analyzed. The results include 2,151 Haitian workers involved in the formal labor market in 2014, distributed in 27 municipalities of Mato Grosso. Two economic sectors in particular absorbed Haitian workers: transformative industries (especially meat processing plants) and civil construction. Among the 452 Haitians interviewed, 52.7% were working and 26.5% reported a workweek longer than 48 hours. The study shows the fragility of the social insertion of this population, expressed through the presence of Haitians in areas and productive processes of high social risk.

Se describen las relaciones entre inmigración, salud, trabajo y ambiente con el objetivo de analizar la inserción de inmigrantes haitianos en procesos productivos de Mato Grosso, destacando los riesgos para la salud y las vulnerabilidades socioambientales. Se trata de una investigación-acción desarrollada junto a la comunidad haitiana, organizaciones de la sociedad e instituciones del Estado. En 2014 y 2015 se aplicó un cuestionario a población haitiana de la ciudad de Cuiabá (capital del estado de Mato Grosso), para caracterizar sus condiciones de vida y trabajo. Además, se relevaron datos de distintas instituciones y el registro de empleadores que sometieron a trabajadores a condiciones de esclavitud contemporánea. Los resultados muestran 2.151 trabajadores haitianos registrados en el mercado formal de trabajo en 2014, distribuidos en 27 municipios de Mato Grosso. Dos sectores económicos se destacaron en la absorción de trabajadores haitianos: las industrias de transformación (principalmente frigoríficos) y la construcción civil. Entre los 452 haitianos entrevistados, el 52,7% estaba trabajando y el 26,5% mencionó una carga horaria semanal superior a 48 horas. El estudio indica la fragilidad de la inserción social de esta población, la cual se expresa en la presencia de haitianos en áreas y procesos productivos de alto riesgo socioambiental.

Effects of socioeconomic position and social mobility on linear growth from early childhood until adolescence.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of socioeconomic position (SEP) in childhood and social mobility on linear growth through adolescence in a population-based cohort. METHODS: Children born in Cuiabá-MT, central-western Brazil, were evaluated during 1994 - 1999. They were first assessed during 1999 - 2000 (0 - 5 years) and again during 2009 - 2011 (10 - 17 years), and their height-for-age was evaluated during these two periods.Awealth index was used to classify the SEP of each child's family as low, medium, or high. Social mobility was categorized as upward mobility or no upward mobility. Linear mixed models were used. RESULTS: We evaluated 1,716 children (71.4% of baseline) after 10 years, and 60.6% of the families showed upward mobility, with a higher percentage among the lowest economic classes. A higher height-for-age was also observed among those from families with a high SEP both in childhood (low SEP= -0.35 z-score; high SEP= 0.15 z-score, p < 0.01) and adolescence (low SEP= -0.01 z-score; high SEP= 0.45 z-score, p < 0.01), whereas upward mobility did not affect their linear growth. CONCLUSION: Expressive social mobility was observed, but SEP in childhood and social mobility did not greatly influence linear growth through childhood in this central-western Brazilian cohort.

Skipping breakfast and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents / Omissão do desjejum e fatores associados entre adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the prevalence and factors associated with breakfast skipping among adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study, with adolescents aged 10-17 years, evaluated between 2009 and 2011, belonging to a cohort study in the Central-West region of Brazil. Breakfast skipping was considered as not having breakfast every day. Demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors were evaluated through a questionnaire. Anthropometric assessment included measurement of weight and height, which were used to classify weight status using body mass index. Poisson regression was used to assess the association of breakfast skipping with demographic and socioeconomic variables, lifestyle factors, and weight status. Results Among 1,716 Brazilian adolescents evaluated, 36.2% reported not consuming breakfast every day, with the highest prevalence among girls (p=0.03). After adjusting for age and economic class, breakfast skipping was associated with not consuming breakfast with parents and morning shift at school, in both genders, and with obesity only in boys. Lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet quality, and smoking were not associated with skipping breakfast. Conclusion The omission of breakfast was observed in more than a third of adolescents, being associated with demographic and lifestyle factors. In the public health perspective, the importance of encouraging the consumption of this meal is highlighted, with actions involving the school environment and the family.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados à omissão do desjejum entre adolescentes. Métodos Estudo transversal com adolescentes de 10 a 17 anos de idade, avaliados entre 2009 e 2011, pertencentes a um estudo de coorte na região Central do Brasil. A omissão do desjejum, variável desfecho, foi considerada como a não realização diária dessa refeição. Foram avaliados, por meio de questionário, os fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida. A avaliação antropométrica incluiu a mensuração do peso e estatura, utilizados para a classificação do peso segundo as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada na análise múltipla para estimar a associação da omissão do desjejum e variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, estilo de vida e condição de peso. Resultados Dos 1.716 adolescentes avaliados, 36,2% referiram não consumir o desjejum diariamente, sendo a prevalência maior entre as meninas (p=0,03). Após ajustes por idade e classe econômica, a omissão do desjejum foi associada a não realização dessa refeição com os pais e ao turno escolar matutino, em ambos os sexos, e à obesidade apenas entre os meninos. Fatores do estilo de vida como consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, atividade física, qualidade da dieta e tabagismo não se associaram à omissão do desjejum. Conclusão A omissão do desjejum foi observada em mais de um terço dos adolescentes, sendo associada a fatores demográficos e de estilo de vida. Na perspectiva de saúde pública, destaca-se a importância de encorajar o consumo dessa refeição, com ações envolvendo o ambiente escolar e a família.

Effects of socioeconomic position and social mobility on linear growth from early childhood until adolescence / Efeitos da classe econômica e mobilidade social no crescimento linear desde a infância até a adolescência

ABSTRACT: Objective: To assess the effect of socioeconomic position (SEP) in childhood and social mobility on linear growth through adolescence in a population-based cohort. Methods: Children born in Cuiabá-MT, central-western Brazil, were evaluated during 1994 - 1999. They were first assessed during 1999 - 2000 (0 - 5 years) and again during 2009 - 2011 (10 - 17 years), and their height-for-age was evaluated during these two periods.Awealth index was used to classify the SEP of each child's family as low, medium, or high. Social mobility was categorized as upward mobility or no upward mobility. Linear mixed models were used. Results: We evaluated 1,716 children (71.4% of baseline) after 10 years, and 60.6% of the families showed upward mobility, with a higher percentage among the lowest economic classes. A higher height-for-age was also observed among those from families with a high SEP both in childhood (low SEP= -0.35 z-score; high SEP= 0.15 z-score, p < 0.01) and adolescence (low SEP= -0.01 z-score; high SEP= 0.45 z-score, p < 0.01), whereas upward mobility did not affect their linear growth. Conclusion: Expressive social mobility was observed, but SEP in childhood and social mobility did not greatly influence linear growth through childhood in this central-western Brazilian cohort.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da classe econômica na infância e mobilidade social no crescimento linear ao longo da adolescência em uma coorte de base populacional. Métodos: Crianças nascidas entre 1994 - 1999 em Cuiabá-MT, no centro-oeste do Brasil foram avaliadas pela primeira vez durante 1999 - 2000 (0 - 5 anos) e novamente durante 2009 - 2011 (10 - 17 anos), sendo a estatura-para-idade avaliada nestes dois períodos. O Critério Brasil foi usado para classificar a classe econômica da família de cada criança como baixo, médio ou alto. A mobilidade social foi categorizada como mobilidade ascendente ou nenhuma mobilidade ascendente (manutenção e mobilidade descendente). Foram utilizados modelos lineares de efeitos mistos. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 1.716 crianças (71,4% da linha de base) após 10 anos de seguimento, e 60,6% das famílias mostraram mobilidade ascendente, com uma percentagem mais elevada entre as classes econômicas mais baixas. Também foi observada uma maior altura-para-idade entre aqueles de famílias com elevada classe econômica, tanto na infância (baixa classe econômica= -0,35 z-score; elevada classe econômica = 0,15 z-score, p < 0,01) e adolescência (baixa classe econômica= -0,01 z-score; elevada classe econômica= 0,45 z-score, p < 0,01), ao passo que a mobilidade ascendente não afetou o crescimento linear. Conclusão: Foi observada expressiva mobilidade social, mas a classe econômica na infância e a mobilidade social não apresentaram influência significativa na taxa de crescimento linear durante a infância nesta coorte do Centro-Oeste brasileiro.

[International migration, health, and work: an analysis of Haitians in Mato Grosso State, Brazil]. / Migração internacional, saúde e trabalho: uma análise sobre os haitianos em Mato Grosso, Brasil.

This article addresses the relations between immigration, health, and work in Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, emphasizing their work conditions. This was an exploratory study based on primary data collected through a survey of the Haitian population in Cuiabá in 2014-2015. A total of 452 Haitians were interviewed, living in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande (373 men and 79 women), and the findings point to the precarious social situation of Haitian immigrants in Mato Grosso State, marked by high unemployment. Of the immigrants interviewed, 52.7% were currently working and 26.5% reported a workweek greater than 48 hours. The two main occupations for Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá were construction and services, and most were working below their original level of training, skills sets, and job experience in Haiti. The main risks identified in these two sectors were physical (53.2% and 63.4%, respectively) and accidents (23.4% and 17.1%, respectively), in addition to reports of physical and psychosocial distress. The study points to the precarious social, economic, and labor conditions of the Haitian population in the capital of Mato Grosso.

Migração internacional, saúde e trabalho: uma análise sobre os haitianos em Mato Grosso, Brasil / International migration, health, and work: an analysis of Haitians in Mato Grosso State, Brazil / Migración internacional, salud y trabajo: un análisis sobre los haitianos en Mato Grosso, Brasil

Este artigo aborda as relações entre imigração, saúde e trabalho e tem o objetivo de caracterizar a população de imigrantes haitianos em Cuiabá e Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, Brasil, destacando suas condições de trabalho. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório com base em dados primários, coletados por meio de um inquérito aplicado à população haitiana em Cuiabá em 2014-2015. Foram entrevistados 452 haitianos residentes em Cuiabá e Várzea Grande (sendo 373 homens e 79 mulheres), e os resultados indicaram uma precária situação social dos imigrantes haitianos no Estado de Mato Grosso, marcada por elevada proporção de desemprego. Dos imigrantes entrevistados, 52,7% estavam trabalhando e 26,5% relataram carga horária semanal superior a 48 horas. Os dois principais grupos de ocupações exercidos por imigrantes haitianos em Cuiabá foram a construção civil e o setor de serviços e a maioria dos trabalhadores exerciam funções aquém da sua formação e profissões exercidas no Haiti. Os principais riscos percebidos nesses dois setores foram físicos (53,2% e 63,4%, respectivamente) e de acidentes (23,4% e 17,1%, respectivamente) e também foram relatadas manifestações de sofrimento físico e psicossocial. Essa pesquisa aponta para a precária condição social, econômica e laboral da população haitiana na capital mato-grossense.

This article addresses the relations between immigration, health, and work in Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, emphasizing their work conditions. This was an exploratory study based on primary data collected through a survey of the Haitian population in Cuiabá in 2014-2015. A total of 452 Haitians were interviewed, living in Cuiabá and Várzea Grande (373 men and 79 women), and the findings point to the precarious social situation of Haitian immigrants in Mato Grosso State, marked by high unemployment. Of the immigrants interviewed, 52.7% were currently working and 26.5% reported a workweek greater than 48 hours. The two main occupations for Haitian immigrants in Cuiabá were construction and services, and most were working below their original level of training, skills sets, and job experience in Haiti. The main risks identified in these two sectors were physical (53.2% and 63.4%, respectively) and accidents (23.4% and 17.1%, respectively), in addition to reports of physical and psychosocial distress. The study points to the precarious social, economic, and labor conditions of the Haitian population in the capital of Mato Grosso.

Este artículo aborda las relaciones entre inmigración, salud y trabajo y tiene el objetivo de caracterizar la población de inmigrantes haitianos en Cuiabá y Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, Brasil, destacando sus condiciones de trabajo. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, basado en datos primarios, recogidos mediante una encuesta aplicada a la población haitiana en Cuiabá en 2014/2015. Se entrevistó a 452 haitianos, residentes en Cuiabá y Várzea Grande (siendo 373 hombres y 79 mujeres), y los resultados indicaron una precaria situación social de los inmigrantes haitianos en el estado de Mato Grosso, marcada por la elevada proporción de desempleo. Dos inmigrantes entrevistados, 52,7% estaban trabajando y un 26,5% informaron de una carga horaria semanal superior a las 48 horas. Los dos principales grupos de ocupaciones, ejercidos por inmigrantes haitianos en Cuiabá, fueron a la construcción civil y el sector de servicios. Además, la mayoría de los trabajadores ejercían funciones más allá de su formación y profesiones ejercidas en Haití. Los principales riesgos percibidos en esos dos sectores fueron físicos (53,2% e 63,4%, respectivamente) y de accidentes (23,4% y 17,1%, respectivamente) y también fueron relatadas manifestaciones de sufrimiento físico y psicosocial. Esta investigación apunta a la precaria condición social, económica y laboral de la población haitiana en la capital mato-grossense.

[The school census as a search strategy for children and adolescents in epidemiological studies]. / O censo escolar como estratégia de busca de crianças e adolescentes em estudos epidemiológicos.

Low-cost alternatives that allow for the monitoring of population groups are important strategies in conducting cohort studies. This paper presents the procedures for the use of the National School Census as a search tool for children and adolescents in follow-up studies. The study was conducted among adolescent students who took vaccinations in clinics in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil in 1999. A total of 86.8% were identified in the census and 0.2% in the Mortality Information System. Of those identified, 1,716 were interviewed, representing a follow-up rate of 71.4%. In this study, the school census proved to be an effective method for finding students.

O censo escolar como estratégia de busca de crianças e adolescentes em estudos epidemiológicos / The school census as a search strategy for children and adolescents in epidemiological studies

Low-cost alternatives that allow for the monitoring of population groups are important strategies in conducting cohort studies. This paper presents the procedures for the use of the National School Census as a search tool for children and adolescents in follow-up studies. The study was conducted among adolescent students who took vaccinations in clinics in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil in 1999. A total of 86.8 percent were identified in the census and 0.2 percent in the Mortality Information System. Of those identified, 1,716 were interviewed, representing a follow-up rate of 71.4 percent. In this study, the school census proved to be an effective method for finding students.

Alternativas de baixo custo que possibilitem o acompanhamento de grupos populacionais constituem estratégias importantes na condução de estudos de coorte. Este trabalho apresenta os procedimentos para o uso do censo escolar como instrumento de busca de crianças e adolescentes em estudos de seguimento. O estudo foi realizado entre os estudantes adolescentes que frequentaram os postos de saúde de Cuiabá, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, para vacinação em 1999. Foram localizados 86,8 por cento de adolescentes com o uso do censo escolar e 0,2 por cento pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Dentre os adolescentes localizados, foram entrevistados 1.716, representando uma taxa de seguimento de 71,4 por cento. Neste estudo, o censo escolar mostrou ser um método efetivo na busca de estudantes.