A critical review on characterization, human health risk assessment and mitigation of malodorous gaseous emission during the composting process.

Composting has emerged as a suitable method to convert or transform organic waste including manure, green waste, and food waste into valuable products with several advantages, such as high efficiency, cost feasibility, and being environmentally friendly. However, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly malodorous gases, are the major concern and challenges to overcome in facilitating composting. Ammonia (NH3) and volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and methyl mercaptan (CH4S), primarily contributed to the malodorous gases emission during the entire composting process due to their low olfactory threshold. These compounds are mainly emitted at the thermophilic phase, accounting for over 70% of total gas emissions during the whole process, whereas methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are commonly detected during the mesophilic and cooling phases. Therefore, the human health risk assessment of malodorous gases using various indexes such as ECi (maximum exposure concentration for an individual volatile compound EC), HR (non-carcinogenic risk), and CR (carcinogenic risk) has been evaluated and discussed. Also, several strategies such as maintaining optimal operating conditions, and adding bulking agents and additives (e.g., biochar and zeolite) to reduce malodorous emissions have been pointed out and highlighted. Biochar has specific adsorption properties such as high surface area and high porosity and contains various functional groups that can adsorb up to 60%-70% of malodorous gases emitted from composting. Notably, biofiltration emerged as a resilient and cost-effective technique, achieving up to 90% reduction in malodorous gases at the end-of-pipe. This study offers a comprehensive insight into the characterization of malodorous emissions during composting. Additionally, it emphasizes the need to address these issues on a larger scale and provides a promising outlook for future research.

Assessment of hemostatic ability of biomaterial based on chitosan andEclipta prostrataL. extract.

The biomaterials based on chitosan andEclipta prostrataL. extract have been prepared by microemulsion method and solution method (with and without sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as a cross-linking agent). The main component inEclipta prostrataL. extract is flavonoid groups. The structure of the chitosan/extract biomaterials was studied by infrared spectroscopy. The chitosan/extract biomaterial using STPP cross-linker appeared an absorption band at 1152 cm-1attributed to the vibrations of C-O-P bonds, which proved that chitosan has crosslinked with STPP. The morphology of the biomaterials was investigated by the dynamic light scattering technique and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The obtained results showed that the particle size of the chitosan/extract biomaterials prepared by microemulsion method and solution method with STPP ranged from 68.06 nm to 1484 nm, with an average particle size of 304.9-1019 nm. The microemulsion method produced biomaterials with much smaller average particle size than the solution method using cross-linkers. The hemostatic ability of the biomaterials was better than that of the control sample based on the time of blood clotting formation and glomerular aggregation ability. The sample with the ratio ofE. prostrataL. extract: chitosan of 1:30 had the lowest hemostasis time (6 min 46 s) and its glomerular aggregation rate after 5 min was 13.05%. This indicated that the biomaterials based on chitosan andE. prostrataL. extract are promising for application in biomedicine as hemostatic materials.

Shaping a greener future: The role of geopolitical risk, renewable energy and financial development on environmental sustainability using the LCC hypothesis.

The recent progress report of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2023 highlighted the extreme reactions of environmental degradation. This report also shows that the current efforts for achieving environmental sustainability (SDG 13) are inadequate and a comprehensive policy agenda is needed. However, the present literature has highlighted several determinants of environmental degradation but the influence of geopolitical risk on environmental quality (EQ) is relatively ignored. To fill this research gap and propose a inclusive policy structure for achieving the sustainable development goals. This study is the earliest attempt that delve into the effects o of geopolitical risk (GPR), financial development (FD), and renewable energy consumption (REC) on load capacity factor (LCF) under the framework of load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis for selected Asian countries during 1990-2020. In this regard, we use several preliminary sensitivity tests to check the features and reliability of the dataset. Similarly, we use panel quantile regression for investigating long-run relationships. The factual results affirm the existence of the LCC hypothesis in selected Asian countries. Our findings also show that geopolitical risk reduces environmental quality whereas financial development and REC increase environmental quality. Drawing from the empirical findings, this study suggests a holistic policy approach for achieving the targets of SDG 13 (climate change).

Assessment of changes in product quality and antioxidant activity of dried soursop (Annona muricata L.) during product storage.

Innovations for product preservation have attracted interest as they may increase the shelf-life of items when stored properly. In this study, the effects of various storage conditions, including four types of packaging (paper packaging, paper combined PE packaging, aluminum combined PE packaging, and plastic jar packaging) and temperatures (5, 15, 30, and 45 °C) on the quality of dried soursop were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the combination of plastic jar packaging and a storage temperature of 15 °C retained a significant portion of the initial total ascorbic acid content, total polyphenol content, and total flavonoid content. After four weeks of storage, the dried soursop preserve packaged in a plastic jar and stored at 15 °C exhibited a moisture content of 22.977 ± 0.093 %, total ascorbic acid content of 9.7 ± 0.46 mg/100gDW, total polyphenol content of 8.12 ± 0.06 mgGAE/gDW, total flavonoid content of 0.18 ± 0.02 mgQE/gDW, DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity of 0.69 ± 0.01 mgAA/gDW and 0.82 ± 0.01 mgAA/gDW, respectively. Moreover, the product meets the requirements of decision 46/2007/QD-BYT regulating the limits on biological and chemical contamination in food. The study offers valuable insights for the food industry in optimizing packaging and storage conditions to ensure the storage of quality and health-beneficial properties of this product.

A regional approach for health risk assessment of toxicants in plastic food containers.

Plastic food containers are being used popularly, generating a waste of about 115 million tons in Vietnam. Such waste is causing environmental and health issues. This study conducted a field survey with 250 local people and selected 59 samples out of 135 plastic food containers collected in Go Vap district, Vietnam. Collected plastic samples identified compositions were PET 13.6%, PP 28.8%, PS 16.9%, and 40.7% undefined plastics. Collected plastic samples were classified based on the plastic type using recycling code and quantitatively analyzed with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy method to assess concentrations of Cd, Sb, Pb, Hg, Sn, Cr, Br, Cl, and S. Most of these collected plastic samples (91.5%) were found to contain 8/9 hazardous substances and most elements contained in these plastics were below their standard thresholds. These elements in plastic samples could be divided as the result into three hazard groups: (1) high hazard group (Sb, Cl, and S); (2) medium hazard group (Cr, Br and Hg); and (3) low hazard groups (Cd, Pb and Sn). Among substances in the high hazard group, element Sb was assessed for its migration because only Sb is regulated in Vietnam in QCVN 12-1: 2011/BYT. Substances of Cl, S, Cr, Br, and Hg (group 1, 2) do not have regulations related to the method of decontamination. Thus, additional health risks need to be assessed using the USEtox model. Finally, this study proposed a screening process to assess the risk of toxicity of elements contained in plastic food containers through ISO 31000:2018. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-023-00194-0.

Impact of economic policy uncertainty and renewable energy on environmental quality: testing the LCC hypothesis for fast growing economies.

This study investigates the influence of economic policy uncertainty and trade openness on load capacity factor for fast growing countries for time period of 1996-2019. The empirical outcomes verify the presence of the LCC hypothesis in fast growing economies. Results also show that economic policy uncertainty reduces environmental quality for lower quantiles, whereas renewable energy consumption is a useful tool for improving environmental quality. Moreover, the negative sign of the coefficient of trade openness demonstrates that the current pattern of trade is not providing the desired outcomes. Based on these empirical findings, we suggest a comprehensive policy framework to attain the targets of SDG 07 (renewable energy), SDG 08 (economic growth), and SDG 13 (climate action).

Possible Concomitant Aggressive NK Cell Leukemia and EBV-positive T-cell lymphoma; Using the online beta version of WHO-HAEM5 and videoconferencing software to make diagnoses accessible in an emerging economy.

BACKGROUND: Using the World Health Organization Classification 5th edition (beta version online; WHO-HAEM5bv) in emerging economies is key to global healthcare equity. Although there may be ongoing updates, hesitancy in accepting and reporting these diagnoses in publication conflicts with the WHO's commitment to global accessibility. Aggressive NK cell leukemia (ANKL) and systemic EBV-positive T-cell lymphoma of childhood (SEBVTCL) with CD4-positive immunophenotype are both rare entities, are most described in Asians and East Asians, are associated with prior systemic chronic active EBV disease (CAEBV), and presentation with Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Recognizing and diagnosing any one of these entities requires not only training and experience in hematopathology, but good cooperation between clinical physicians and all areas of the laboratory. We describe a 30-year-old woman who presented to a Vietnam hospital and was rapidly diagnosed with ANKL, SEBVTCL, and HLH using WHO-HAEM5bv essential criteria, aided by expert consultation from a United States (US) board certified hematopathologist in real-time using video conferencing software. METHODS: Zoom™ videoconferencing software; Immunohistochemistry; flow cytometric immunophenotyping; polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). RESULTS: At the time of hospital admission, automated complete blood count (CBC) with differential count showed slight anemia, slight lymphocytosis, and moderate thrombocytopenia. HIV serology was negative. Whole blood PCR for EBV was positive showing 98,000 copies/ml. A lymph node biopsy revealed histology and immunohistochemistry consistent with the online beta version WHO-HAEM5 classification of SEBVTCL arising in CAEBV. Blood and bone marrow studies performed for staging revealed no histologic or immunohistochemical evidence of T-cell lymphoma in the bone marrow core, however, atypical blood smear lymphocyte morphology and blood immunophenotyping by flow cytometry were consistent with WHO-HAEM5 classification of ANKL. NGS revealed no evidence of genetic variant(s) associated with HLH in Vietnam. All laboratory studies were performed at Blood Transfusion Hematology Hospital (BTHH) in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam. CONCLUSION: Although Vietnam, an emerging economy, currently lacks the laboratory infrastructure to more rigorously confirm a rare synchronous presentation of two distinct EBV-driven T/NK cell neoplasms, these two concomitant diagnoses were made using only laboratory techniques available in Vietnam with the help of WHO-HAEM5bv and real-time video consultation by a US hematopathologist.

Relationship between carbon emissions, economic growth, renewable energy consumption, foreign direct investment, and urban population in Vietnam.

At the 26th UN Climate Change Conference in late 2021, Vietnam set a target of achieving net-zero carbon (CO2) emissions by 2050. However, the country's rapid economic growth, urbanization, and industrialization have historically relied on coal-based energy, a source of significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although contributing only 0.8% of the world's emissions over the last two decades, Vietnam currently has one of the fastest increasing GHG emissions rates per capita. Over the 2000-2015 period, Vietnam's per capita gross domestic product increased from $390 to $2,000, and CO2 emissions nearly quadrupled. Hence, this research explores the causal relationships among CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, renewable energy usage, and urban population in Vietnam over the period from 1990 to 2018 using the Environment Kuznets Curve. An autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing technique for measuring integration is utilized to investigate the long-run relationship. Results indicate that economic growth increases with CO2 emissions until a certain threshold level and then CO2 emissions decrease, thereby supporting the environmental Kuznets curve theory for Vietnam. Furthermore, this study examines the causal relationship among variables using a Granger causality model and determines that FDI, urban population, and renewable energy consumption play an important role and have substantial impact on carbon emission in Vietnam.

Identification and Classification of Human Body Exercises on Smart Textile Bands by Combining Decision Tree and Convolutional Neural Networks.

In recent years, human activity recognition (HAR) has gained significant interest from researchers in the sports and fitness industries. In this study, the authors have proposed a cascaded method including two classifying stages to classify fitness exercises, utilizing a decision tree as the first stage and a one-dimension convolutional neural network as the second stage. The data acquisition was carried out by five participants performing exercises while wearing an inertial measurement unit sensor attached to a wristband on their wrists. However, only data acquired along the z-axis of the IMU accelerator was used as input to train and test the proposed model, to simplify the model and optimize the training time while still achieving good performance. To examine the efficiency of the proposed method, the authors compared the performance of the cascaded model and the conventional 1D-CNN model. The obtained results showed an overall improvement in the accuracy of exercise classification by the proposed model, which was approximately 92%, compared to 82.4% for the 1D-CNN model. In addition, the authors suggested and evaluated two methods to optimize the clustering outcome of the first stage in the cascaded model. This research demonstrates that the proposed model, with advantages in terms of training time and computational cost, is able to classify fitness workouts with high performance. Therefore, with further development, it can be applied in various real-time HAR applications.

Applying Monte Carlo Simulations to a Small Data Analysis of a Case of Economic Growth in COVID-19 Times.

Studies on the going-on COVID-19 pandemic face small sample issues. In this context, Bayesian estimation is considered a viable alternative to frequentist estimation. Demonstrating the Bayesian approach's advantage in dealing with this problem, our research conducted a case study concerning ASEAN economic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic. By using Monte Carlo standard errors and interval hypothesis testing to check parameter bias within a Bayesian MCMC simulation study, the author obtained significant conclusions as follows: first, in insufficient sample sizes, in contrast to frequentist estimation, the Bayesian framework can offer meaningful results, that is, expansionary monetary and contractionary fiscal policies are positively associated with economic growth; second, in the face of a small sample, by incorporating more information into prior distributions for the model parameters, Bayesian Monte Carlo simulations perform so far better than naïve Bayesian and frequentist estimation; third, in case of a correctly specified prior, the inferences are robust to different prior specifications. The author strongly recommends applying specific informative priors to Bayesian analyses, particularly in small sample investigations.

Risk assessment of 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters from the formulas for infants and young children up to 36 months of age.

Esters of 2-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (2-MCPD), 3- monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), and glycidol are present in infant formulas, follow-on foods and similar compositions. They arise mainly from the vegetable oil content and may cause harmful effects in consumers. The contents of these substances in formulas were determined indirectly by converting the esters to the free form, followed by derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The validation results demonstrate that the method had sufficient specificity and adequate accuracy. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for each of 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE, and GE were 1.5 and 5 µg/kg, respectively. Formula intake by children up to 36 months of age was surveyed, and the data was used to assess the risks due to 3-MCPD esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE). The mean exposure dose of 3-MCPDE for different age groups ranged from 0.51 to 1.13 µg/kg bw per day. The corresponding mean GE exposure ranged from 0.031 to 0.069 µg/kg bw per day. Neither mean values nor the percentile 95% values of 3-MCPDE exposure doses exceed the recommended provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI).

Examining financial distress of the Vietnamese listed firms using accounting-based models.

Financial distress is generally considered the most severe consequence for firms with poor financial performance. The emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic has adversely impacted the global business system and exacerbated the number of financially distressed firms in many countries. Only firms with strong financial fundamentals can survive extreme events such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. Vietnam is no exception. However, studies examining financial distress using accounting-based indicators, particularly at the industry level, have largely been ignored in the Vietnamese context, particularly with the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic. This study, therefore, comprehensively examines financial distress for 500 Vietnamese listed firms during the 2012-2021 period. Our study uses interest coverage and times-interest-earned ratios to proxy a firm's financial distress. First, our findings confirm the validity of Altman's Z"- score model in Vietnam only when the interest coverage ratio is used as a proxy for financial distress. Second, our empirical findings indicate that only four financial ratios, including EBIT/Total Assets, Net Income/Total Assets, Total Liabilities/Total Assets, and Total Equity/Total Liabilities, can be used in predicting financial distress in Vietnam. Third, our analysis at the industry level indicates that the "Construction & Real Estates" industry, a significant contributor to the national economy, exhibits the most significant risk exposure, particularly during the Covid-19 pandemic. Policy implications have emerged based on the findings from this study.

The risk assessment of arsenic contamination in the urbanized coastal aquifer of Rayong groundwater basin, Thailand using the machine learning approach.

The rapid expansion of urbanization has resulted in an insufficient of groundwater resource. In order to use groundwater more efficiently, a risk assessment of groundwater pollution should be proposed. The present study used machine learning with three algorithms consisting of Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to locate risk areas of arsenic contamination in Rayong coastal aquifers, Thailand and selected the suitable model based on model performance and uncertainty for risk assessment. The parameters of 653 groundwater wells (Deep=236, Shallow=417) were selected based on the correlation of each hydrochemical parameters with arsenic concentration in deep and shallow aquifer environments. The models were validated with arsenic concentration collected from 27 well data in the field. The model's performance indicated that the RF algorithm has the highest performance as compared to those of SVM and ANN in both deep and shallow aquifers (Deep: AUC=0.72, Recall=0.61, F1 =0.69; Shallow: AUC=0.81, Recall=0.79, F1 =0.68). In addition, the uncertainty from the quantile regression of each model confirmed that the RF algorithm has the lowest uncertainty (Deep: PICP=0.20; Shallow: PICP=0.34). The result of the risk map obtained from the RF reveals that the deep aquifer, in the northern part of the Rayong basin has a higher risk for people to expose to As. In contrast, the shallow aquifer revealed that the southern part of the basin has a higher risk, which is also supported by the location of the landfill and industrial estates in the area. Therefore, health surveillance is important in monitoring the toxic effects on the residents who use groundwater from these contaminated wells. The outcome of this study can help policymakers in regions to manage the quality of groundwater resources and enhance the sustainable use of groundwater resources. The novelty process of this research can be used to further study other groundwater aquifers contaminated and increase the effectiveness of groundwater quality management.

The relationship between effective personality and occupational health of lecturers: An empirical assessment in vietnam.

There are gaps in research on the relationship between effective personality and occupational health of lecturers that need to be addressed. This study, therefore, explores the relationship between effective personality and occupational health of lecturers of provincial/city political schools in Vietnam. The survey is carried out in a convenient sampling method with 365 lecturers of provincial/city political schools in Vietnam. The questionnaires are provided to the participants of professional training courses at the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics. The lecturers are willing to fill in the questionnaires at the same time. Descriptive, correlative, and linear regressive analyses are applied. The findings show that all elements of the effective personality structure have positive significant statistical impacts on enhancing self-efficacy, satisfaction, and cognitive affections while negatively causing exhaustion, musculoskeletal disorders, and voice disturbance of the lecturers' occupational health. Recommendations for promoting the effective personality of lecturers are provided. However, the study results are limited to the survey participants, who are lecturers of provincial political schools. Future research could expand the survey participants as well as elements of the effective personality structure and occupational health.

Assessment of fractional flow reserve in intermediate coronary stenosis using optical coherence tomography-based machine learning.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of machine learning (ML)- fractional flow reserve (FFR) based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) with wire-based FFR irrespective of the coronary territory. Background: ML techniques for assessing hemodynamics features including FFR in coronary artery disease have been developed based on various imaging modalities. However, there is no study using OCT-based ML models for all coronary artery territories. Methods: OCT and FFR data were obtained for 356 individual coronary lesions in 130 patients. The training and testing groups were divided in a ratio of 4:1. The ML-FFR was derived for the testing group and compared with the wire-based FFR in terms of the diagnosis of ischemia (FFR ≤ 0.80). Results: The mean age of the subjects was 62.6 years. The numbers of the left anterior descending, left circumflex, and right coronary arteries were 130 (36.5%), 110 (30.9%), and 116 (32.6%), respectively. Using seven major features, the ML-FFR showed strong correlation (r = 0.8782, P < 0.001) with the wire-based FFR. The ML-FFR predicted wire-based FFR ≤ 0.80 in the test set with sensitivity of 98.3%, specificity of 61.5%, and overall accuracy of 91.7% (area under the curve: 0.948). External validation showed good correlation (r = 0.7884, P < 0.001) and accuracy of 83.2% (area under the curve: 0.912). Conclusion: OCT-based ML-FFR showed good diagnostic performance in predicting FFR irrespective of the coronary territory. Because the study was a small-size study, the results should be warranted the performance in further large-scale research.

A comprehensive assessment of four whole blood stabilizers for flow-cytometric analysis of leukocyte populations.

Though cryopreservation of cell fractions is widely used in flow cytometry studies, whole blood cryopreservation is more challenging due to the presence of erythrocytes and effects of fixatives commonly used for preservation. Here, we evaluated and compared head-to-head the performance of four commercial whole blood cryopreservation kits; (1) Cytodelics, (2) Stable-Lyse V2 and Stable-Store V2 (SLSS-V2), (3) Proteomic stabilizer (PROT-1), and (4) Transfix. We found that PROT-1, Transfix, and Cytodelics maintained the distribution of major leukocyte subsets-granulocytes, T cells, natural killer cells, and B cells, on a comparable level to unpreserved samples, despite the attenuation of fluorescence intensities in flow cytometric assays. Moreover, these three stabilizers also maintained the activated phenotypes of neutrophils upon stimulation with N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and lipopolysaccharides. The upregulation of adhesion molecules (CD11b), Fc receptors (CD16), and granule proteins (CD66b), as well as the shedding of surface L-selectin (CD62L), was conserved most efficiently in PROT-1 and Cytodelics when compared to samples only treated with erythrocyte lysing. However, none of the stabilizers provided a reliable detection of CCR7 for accurate quantification of T cell maturation stages. We also evaluated the performance of Cytodelics in longitudinal clinical samples obtained from acute COVID-19 patients, where it allowed reliable detection of lymphopenia and granulocyte expansion. These results support the feasibility of whole blood cryopreservation for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry, particularly in longitudinal studies. In conclusion, the performance of different stabilizers is variable and therefore the choice of stabilizers should depend on cell type of interest, as well as antibody clones and experimental design of each study.

Vertical distributions and risk assessment of phosphorus in core sediments from the Can Gio coastal district in southern Vietnam.

In this study, total phosphorus (P) and P released forms were measured in core sediments from the areas affected by human settlement and shrimp farming activities and the core zone of the Can Gio Biosphere Reserve, a coastal district in south Vietnam. Furthermore, ecological risk assessment and parameters controlling P release from sediments were investigated, including pH, major elements (Al-Ca-Mg-Fe), and fine fraction. The average total amount of P in the sediments varied from 287 to 669 mg/kg, with significantly lower values being observed in the mangrove biosphere reserve area. According to the results of the correlation analysis, organic matter was the primary source of P in the sediments, but the majority of the P released was inorganic. Positive correlations were found between Fe and non-apatite inorganic P (NAIP) and apatite P (AP), as well as intercorrelations between P fractions (r = 0.40-0.79, p < 0.05), suggesting that Fe might be the controlling factor of P release in the investigated sediments. The rank orders of concentrations of P forms were significantly different between the areas. The range of P forms was AP (35-248 mg/kg) > NAIP (63-201 mg/kg) > LP (labile P) (4-25 mg/kg) in the human settlement and aquaculture areas and NAIP (84-99 mg/kg) > AP (20-38 mg/kg) > LP (7-12 mg/kg) in the mangrove biosphere reserve area. Risk assessment based on the total concentration of P and the availability of P from a single extraction suggested a relatively low risk of P from sediment as an internal load in the studied areas.

Covid-19 and oil and gold price volatilities: Evidence from China market.

Gold and crude oil are the influential commodities of the stock markets and real economy of the world in financial crises as well as in COVID-19 periods. However literature mainly focused on the effects of these commodities' prices only, and the volatilities in the prices of these commodities altogether with the prices got little attention. To fill in a major research gap, our study intends to estimate the dynamic relationship between oil prices, gold prices, oil prices volatilities and gold prices volatilities on the stock market of China. Using daily data over the period from 2009 to 2021, the study applied Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test approach for the purpose of empirical estimation. Moreover, Non linear ARDL and asymmetric Causality analysis has also been applied for more comprehensive asymmetric estimation. The findings of our study indicated that gold prices and oil prices negatively affect stock market of China in the long run. In terms of implied volatility index of these commodities, study finds negative impact of price volatility of oil but positive impact of the price volatility of gold on the country's stock market in the long run. However, in the short run, only oil price and gold prices have significant effect on the China's stock market. On the basis of our findings, we recommend the investors to make rational decisions in response to the uncertainties in these markets and should consider gold as a safe haven to hedge themselves in times of uncertainty. Policymakers should take appropriate actions and adopt proper mechanisms for dealing with the quick uncertainty flow of information from the oil to the stock market.

Teachers' Value Consonance and Employee-Based Brand Equity: The Mediating Role of Belongingness and Self-Efficacy.

This study investigated the impact of value consonance on employee-based brand equity through the mediating role of teachers' self-efficacy and belongingness. For this purpose, a deductive approach was followed, and data were collected under a cross-sectional research design from academia through a questionnaire. Prior approval from the administration was sought before administrating the questionnaire on a large scale and a sample of 520 teachers was approached in the first phase. At this stage, 418 answered questionnaires were received, while in the second wave, questions related to the teacher's self-efficacy and employee-based brand equity were asked from the respondents. Out of these 418 re-distributed questionnaires, 387 were received back and after discarding the partially filled and incomplete questionnaires, the useable sample size was left as 372. Data have been analyzed by using the structural equation modeling technique, which was assessed through measurement and structural model. Results indicate that value consonance can promote positive behaviors in the workplace. Moreover, teachers with high self-efficacy can develop based on brand equity. Similarly, employees with high-value consonance develop a sense of belongingness with their academic institutes. Limitations and future directions are also discussed.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting of Healthcare Professionals in Vietnam: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Under-reporting is a major issue of ADR spontaneous reporting system. This study assesses the knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare professionals in Children's Hospital in Vietnam and suggests solutions to enhance ADR reporting rate based on findings. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted and 397 self-administered structured questionnaires were distributed to all potential HCPs working in surveyed hospital within 2 weeks from June 03 to June 20, 2020. Results: Overall response rate was 97% with 384 responses. A majority answered correctly ADRs' knowledge apart from form supplier (1.6%) and possible causes (2.6%). The need to focus on patient care (33.3%) and the trivia of reaction (31.5%) reduced HCPs' attention. About 61.7% reported once in their career, 49.7% had training. Having trained group had numbers of practice significantly higher than their counterparts. Major reason for not reporting was lack of information and instruction. Preferred solutions were regularly training, updating, and collaboration of HCPs in reporting ADR. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals had adequate knowledge, positive attitude, and moderate practice. Training significantly raised the number of practices in reporting ADR. Preferred solutions were regular training, updating, and collaboration of healthcare professionals in ADR reporting.