General Anxiety Disorder-7 Questionnaire as a marker of low socioeconomic status and inequity.

BACKGROUND: The General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire is a standard tool used for screening and follow-up of patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Although it is generally accepted that anxiety correlates with clinical and psychosocial stressors, precise quantitative data is limited on the relations among GAD-7, traditional biomarkers, and other measures of health. Further research is needed about how GAD-7 relates to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) as an assembly. We determined how multiple demographic and socioeconomic data correlate with the participants' GAD-7 results when compared with laboratory, physical function, clinical, and other biological markers. METHODS: The Project Baseline Health Study (BHS) is a prospective cohort of adults representing several populations in the USA. We analyzed a deeply phenotyped group of 2502 participants from that study. Measures of interest included: clinical markers or history of medical diagnoses; physical function markers including gait, grip strength, balance time, daily steps, and echocardiographic parameters; psychometric measurements; activities of daily living; socioeconomic characteristics; and laboratory results. RESULTS: Higher GAD-7 scores were associated with female sex, younger age, and Hispanic ethnicity. Measures of low SES were also associated with higher scores, including unemployment, income ≤$25,000, and ≤12 years of education. After adjustment for 158 demographic, clinical, laboratory, and symptom characteristics, unemployment and overall higher SES risk scores were highly correlated with anxiety scores. Protective factors included Black race and older age. LIMITATIONS: Correlations identified in this cross-sectional study cannot be used to infer causal relationships; further, we were not able to account for possible use of anxiety treatments by study participants. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the importance of understanding anxiety as a biopsychosocial entity. Clinicians and provider organizations need to consider both the physical manifestations of the disorder and their patients' social determinants of health when considering treatment pathways and designing interventions.

Antipsychotics in the California Foster Care System: A 10-Year Analysis.

Background: In response to concerns regarding psychotropic medication prescribing, California's foster care system implemented oversight strategies to improve prescribing and monitoring practice, particularly for antipsychotics. The impact of these policies has not been evaluated. Objectives: To examine foster youth psychotropic use data in California and their relationship to national and state policy initiatives. Methods: This study analyzed 2011-2020 data curated by the California Child Welfare Indicators Project. The platform matches Medicaid medication and laboratory claims with individual-level foster youth data to report rates of dispensed psychotropic medications, authorization status, and metabolic screening. Results: In 2011, there were 78,231 California youth in foster care, of which 10,435 (13.3%) received psychotropics and 5570 (7.1%) antipsychotics. In 2020, of 68,386 foster children, 7172 (12.2%) received psychotropics and 2068 (3.0%) antipsychotics. Proper authorizations for psychotropics were obtained for 5581 (77.8%) foster youth in 2020. Of those receiving antipsychotics, 904 (43.7%) underwent metabolic screening. The greatest declines in antipsychotic use occurred between 2013 (6.7%) and 2018 (3.1%). Overall 2011 to 2020 declines were similar for males (8.5% → 3.6%, 58% reduction, p < 0.001) and females (5.5% → 2.4%, 57% reduction, p < 0.001). Regarding age and race, greater declines occurred for children <10 years (2.33% → 0.84%, 64% reduction, p < 0.001) and Latino youth (5.4% → 2.2%, 59% reduction, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Temporal patterns in antipsychotic use suggest an impact of policies and guidelines. While 12.2% of foster youth continue to receive psychotropics, there were reductions in racial/ethnic disparities and declines in antipsychotic use. Lack of adherence to authorization and metabolic screening requirements continue to be concerning.

[Etiological assessment of hyperthyrotropinemia in children with Down's syndrome]. / Avaliação etiológica da hipertirotropinemia em crianças com síndrome de Down.

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of increased TSH level and its probable cause in children with Down's syndrome treated at Policlínica Antônio Cândido. METHODS: The data were collected using medical records of 169 patients. Of these, 46 patients, whose TSH increased at some time during their follow-up, were re-evaluated. In these patients, TSH, free T4, total T4 and thyroid peroxidase autoantibody (anti-TPO) levels were measured. Thyroid ultrasound, iodine-131 scintigraphy, and a perchlorate discharge test were performed. RESULTS: In 169 children, 86 (50.8%) of whom were male, aged between 1-16 years (median 4 years), 67 (39.6%) presented increased TSH levels. Out of these 67 patients, 46 were prospectively studied. In 31 (67.4%) of them serum TSH returned to normal levels; in 11, TSH remained between 5 and 10 microU/ml, three (6.5%) had a TSH level over 10 microU/ml and one (2.2%) had hyperthyroidism. The diagnoses in 34 patients who were fully studied were: goiter in five (14.7%); Hashimoto's thyroiditis in four (5.9%); hypoplasia in three (8.8%) and iodide organification defect in one (2.9%). The increased TSH levels had a statistically positive relationship with anti-TPO (p = 0.02), but not with gender, abnormal ultrasound or scintigraphy findings. TSH levels did not have any relationship with persistent hyperthyrotropinemia. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with Down's syndrome, slightly elevated and transient TSH levels are frequently detected. Positive anti-TPO antibody test is a key factor in the follow-up of these patients because of its potential risk of progression to manifest thyroid disease.

Avaliação etiológica da hipertirotropinemia em crianças com síndrome de Down / Etiological assessment of hyperthyrotropinemia in children with Down's syndrome

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de hipertirotropinemia e estudar sua possível etiologia em crianças com síndrome de Down atendidas na Policlínica Municipal Antônio Cândido, em Belo Horizonte. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados os dados dos prontuários de todas as crianças com síndrome de Down atendidas na policlínica para o cálculo da prevalência da alteração do hormônio estimulante da tireóide (TSH). As crianças que tiveram TSH elevado (maior que 5 µUI/ml) em pelo menos um exame foram convocadas para novas dosagens de TSH, T4livre, T4total e auto-anticorpo antiperoxidase (ATPO), realização de ultra-som da tireóide, tireograma com iodo-131 e teste de descarga do perclorato. As alterações encontradas nos exames das crianças que permaneceram com TSH elevado foram comparadas com as das que normalizaram os valores de TSH. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas, em 169 crianças com síndrome de Down, 86 (50,8 por cento) masculinas, idade entre 1-6 anos (mediana de 4 anos), 67 (39,6 por cento) com TSH aumentado, as quais foram convocadas para novas avaliações, comparecendo 46. Nesses pacientes, o TSH se normalizou em 31 (67,4 por cento); em 11 (23,9 por cento) permaneceu entre 5-10 µUI/ml; em três (6,5 por cento) ficou acima de 10 µUI/mL; e em uma (2,2 por cento) constatou-se hipertireoidismo. Os diagnósticos realizados nos pacientes com propedêutica completa (n = 34) foram: bócio (14,7 por cento), hipoplasia (8,8 por cento), tireoidite de Hashimoto (5,9 por cento), defeito na organogênese de iodo (2,9 por cento). Não se evidenciou relação entre as amplitudes dos valores de TSH e a persistência da hipertirotropinemia. Crianças com ATPO positivo estavam associadas a TSH elevado (p = 0,02). CONCLUSÕES: Na síndrome de Down, são freqüentes valores de TSH discretamente elevados e instáveis, sendo suas etiologias variáveis. A presença de ATPO mostrou-se importante no seguimento dessas crianças pelo risco potencial de evolução para doença tireoidiana manifesta.