Low Vaccine Coverage and Factors Associated with Incomplete Childhood Immunization in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and Rural Groups, Central Brazil.

Discrimination and limited access to healthcare services in remote areas can affect vaccination coverage. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate vaccination coverage for children living in quilombola communities and rural settlements in the central region of Brazil during their first year of life and to analyze the factors associated with incomplete vaccination. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on children born between 2015 and 2017. The percentage of children who received all vaccines recommended by the National Immunization Program in Brazil by 11 months and 29 days was used to calculate immunization coverage. Children who received the following vaccines were considered as having a complete basic vaccination schedule: one dose of BCG; three doses of Hepatitis B, of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DPT), of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and of Poliovirus (Polio); two doses of Rotavirus, of 10-valent pneumococcal (PCV10), and of Serogroup C meningococcal conjugate (MenC); and one dose of Yellow Fever (YF). Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and other doses recommended at or after 12 months were not included. Consolidated logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with incomplete vaccination coverage. Overall vaccination coverage was 52.8% (95% CI: 45.5-59.9%) and ranged from 70.4% for the Yellow Fever vaccine to 78.3% for the Rotavirus vaccine, with no significant differences between the quilombola and settler groups. Notably, the likelihood of incomplete general vaccination coverage was higher among children who did not receive a visit from a healthcare professional. Urgent strategies are required to achieve and ensure health equity for this unique and traditionally distinct group with low vaccination coverage.

Access and Use of Health Services by People with Diabetes from the Item Response Theory.

The objective of this study was to analyze the indicators of access and use of health services in people with diabetes mellitus. This study used data from the National Health Survey, conducted in Brazil in 2013. The National Health Survey was carried out with adults aged 18 years or older residing in permanent private households in Brazil. Indicators from 492 individuals with self-reported diabetes mellitus living in the Central-West region of the country were analyzed. Item response theory was used to estimate the score for access to and use of health services. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze factors associated with scores of access and use of health services by people with diabetes mellitus. The mean score of access estimated by the item response theory and use estimated was 51.4, with the lowest score of zero (lowest access and use) and the highest 100 (highest access and use). Among the indicators analyzed, 74.6% reported having received medical care in the last 12 months and 46.4% reported that the last visit occurred in primary care. Only 18.9% had their feet examined and 29.3% underwent eye examinations. Individuals of mixed-race/skin color and those residing outside capital and metropolitan regions had lower access and use scores when compared to white individuals and residents of state capitals, respectively. The study shows several gaps in the indicators of access and use of health services by people with diabetes. People of mixed race/skin color and residents outside the capitals and metropolitan regions had lower scores for access and use, suggesting the need to increase health care in these groups.

Negative Self-Assessment of Health in Women: Association with Sociodemographic Characteristics, Physical Inactivity and Multimorbidity.

INTRODUCTION: Women present a higher prevalence of negative self-assessment of health (NSAH) when compared to men. However, there is a gap in the literature of factors associated with NSAH in women from developing countries such as Brazil. In addition, few studies have assessed the magnitude of the association between multimorbidity and NSAH in this population. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between NSAH and sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and multimorbidity in women from the Midwest region of Brazil. METHODS: A study based on data from the National Health Survey, a household survey that investigated health situation, lifestyle and risk factors for chronic diseases in the adult population of Brazil, was held. Sampling was performed in multiple stages. The selected women answered a standardized questionnaire on sociodemographic data, self-assessment of health and potential determinants. Poisson regression was used to analyze the association between NSAH and sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and multimorbidity. A significance level of 0.05% was established. RESULTS: The study included 4233 women. The prevalence of NSAH found was 6.0% (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: 5.1-7.0%). There was an association between NSAH and advancing age, low schooling, physical inactivity and multimorbidity. Furthermore, there was an association between NSAH and diseases/disorders such as chronic back pain, systemic arterial hypertension, mental disorders, depression, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, cancer, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of NSAH was low. A strong association was found between this variable and multimorbidity. In addition, increased age, low schooling and physical inactivity were predictors of NSAH in women.

Avaliação do potencial de morbimortalidade por COVID-19 em comunidades quilombolas rurais de Goiás, Brasil / Assessment of the potential for morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 in rural quilombola communities in Goiás, Brazil

Objetivo: analisar o potencial de morbimortalidade por COVID-19 em comunidades quilombolas rurais. Métodos: estudo transversal, com 26 comunidades do Estado de Goiás. Utilizou-se o método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) que hierarquiza critérios para estimar o índice de prioridade de morbimortalidade por COVID-19, sendo eles: sexo masculino, idade ≥ 60 anos, diabetes, câncer, hipertensão, tabagismo, dislipidemia e obesidade. Resultados: de 1.672 entrevistados, 52,0% eram homens, 19,0% ≥ 60 anos, 5,5% autor referiram diabetes, 19,6% hipertensão, 9,2% dislipidemia, 1,3% obesidade, 0,4% câncer e 13,9% tabagismo. Houve menor índice de prioridade na Comunidade Engenho 2, e maior em Buracão; sendo: idade ≥ 60 anos em Quilombo do Magalhães; sexo masculino em Kalunga dos Morros; diabetes e hipertensão em Tomás Cardoso; dislipidemia em Almeidas; obesidade em Buracão; câncer em Água Limpa; tabagismo em José de Coleto. Conclusão: houve diferentes potenciais de morbimortalidade por COVID-19, demonstrando qual comunidade apresenta maior/menor prioridade para ações estratégicas para enfrentamento da pandemia.

Objective: to analyze the potential for morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 in rural quilombola communities. Methods:cross-sectional study, with 26 communities in the State of Goiás. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used, which ranks criteria to estimate the COVID-19 morbidity and mortality priority index, namely: male gender, age ≥ 60 years, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia and obesity. Results: among the 1,672 respondents, 52.0% were men, 19.0% ≥ 60 years, 5.5% self-reported diabetes, 19.6% hypertension, 9.2% dyslipidemia, 1.3% obesity, 0.4% cancer and 13.9% smoking. There was a lower priority index in the Engenho 2 community, and higher in the Buracão; where: age ≥ 60 years in the Quilombo do Magalhães; male gender in the Kalunga dos Morros; diabetes and hypertension in the Tomás Cardoso; dyslipidemia in the Almeidas; obesity in the Buracão; cancer in the Água Limpa; smoking in the José de Coleto. Conclusion: there were different potential for morbidity and mortality from COVID-19, demonstrating which community has the highest/lowest priority for strategic actions to face the pandemic.

Associação entre autoavaliação de saúde e tipos de atividades de vida diária em idosos / Association between health self-assessment and types of activities of daily living in older adults

Resumo Introdução Apesar das evidências de associação entre incapacidade funcional e autoavaliação de saúde ruim, ainda existe uma lacuna na literatura acerca da influência do tipo de atividade de vida diária na saúde dos idosos. Objetivo Identificar a prevalência de autoavaliação de saúde ruim de idosos e sua associação com a dependência para cada tipo de atividade da vida diária. Método Estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostra probabilística de 890 idosos residentes em Goiânia. Avaliaram-se variáveis demográficas, internações, número de morbidades, atividades básicas e instrumentais da vida diária. Realizou-se uma análise múltipla hierarquizada, considerando como medida de efeito a razão de prevalência. Resultados A prevalência de autoavaliação de saúde ruim foi de 11,5%. Os fatores associados foram: ter três ou mais doenças (RP: 4,26; 95% IC: 1,89-9,62), internação no último ano (PR: 1,59; 95% IC: 1,10-2,28), e incapacidades para: Transferir-se (RP: 2,60; 95% IC: 1,30-8,45), fazer compras (RP: 1,98; 95% IC: 1,16-3,39), usar transporte (RP: 3,86; 95% IC: 1,41-10,5), e usar telefone (RP: 1,60; 95% IC: 1,00-2,63). Conclusão A relação entre incapacidade e percepção negativa de saúde sinaliza a importância de incluí-las na avaliação de idosos em diferentes contextos da atenção à saúde, uma vez que a dependência pode refletir em alterações nas condições reais de saúde e qualidade de vida dos idosos.

Abstract Background Despite the evidence on the association between functional disability and poor self-rated health, there is still a gap on the influence of the type of activity of daily living (ADL) on the health of the elderly population. Objective To identify the negative self-assessment of health by older adults and its association with dependence on each type of ADL. Method A cross-sectional, population-based study with probabilistic data conducted with 890 elderly residents in Goiânia, state of Goiás, Brazil. The following variables were assessed: sample demography, hospitalization, number of morbidities, and basic and instrumental ADLs. A hierarchical multiple analysis was performed considering prevalence ratio (PR) as measure of effect. Results The prevalence of poor self-rated health was 11.5%. Associated factors were as follows: multimorbidity (PR: 4.26; 95% CI 1.89-9.62), hospitalization in the past year (PR: 1.59; 95% CI 1.10-2.28), and disability for transferring (PR: 2.60; 95% CI 1.30-8.45), shopping (PR: 1.98; 95% CI 1.16-3.39), use of transportation (PR: 3.86; 95% CI 1.41-10.5) and use of the telephone (PR: 1.60; 95% CI 1.00-2.63). Conclusion The association between functional disability and negative self-rated health indicate the importance of including them in the evaluation of different health care modalities, since dependence may reflect changes in the actual health conditions and quality of life of older adults.

Cuidados com o uso de insulinas disponibilizadas pelo sus: subsídios para o controle em diabetes mellitusManagement of insulin available by sus: support to control diabetes mellitus / Management of insulin available by sus: support to control diabetes mellitus / Cuidado en el uso de insulinas proporcionado porsus: subvenciones para el cuidado de diabetes mellitus

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os cuidados com o uso de insulinas disponibilizadas pelo SUS e analisar os fatores associados aos cuidados inadequados. Método: Estudo transversal com 113 pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus de um ambulatório de Goiânia-GO. Foram coletados dados em prontuários sobre conservação, preparo e administração de insulina que foram classificados em adequados e inadequados. Resultados: Do total de participantes,58,4% eram mulheres e a média de idade foi 48 anos. Hipertensão arterial foi relatada por 70,8% e 89,0% apresentaram hemoglobina glicada ≥7%. A totalidade dos usuários de insulina realizavam pelo menos um tipo de cuidado inadequado e 62,8% realizavam quatro ou mais. Os mais frequentes foram:conservarem locais não recomendados (46,7%), não aplicar insulina 30 minutos antes da refeição (87,5%), não avaliar presença de grumos no frasco de insulina NPH (71,9%) e não retirar a insulina da geladeira entre 15 e 30 minutos antes da aplicação (88,7%). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante com as variáveis de exposição analisadas, porém a maior proporção de quatro ou mais cuidados inadequados ocorreu nas mulheres, nos jovens, naqueles com 11 ou mais anos de estudo, tempo de doença superior a 10 anos e, entre os que aplicam insulina uma ou duas vezes ao dia. Conclusão: Houve alta prevalência de cuidados inadequados e grande variabilidade de práticas, reforçando a importância da implementação da linha de cuidados em Diabetes Mellitus em todos os níveis de atenção à saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describirlos cuidados con el uso de insulinas proporcionados por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) y analizar los factores asociados a los cuidados inadecuados. Método: estudio transversal con 113 personas con Diabetes Mellitus de un ambulatorio de Goiânia-GO-Brasil. Fueron recolectados datos en registros médicos sobre conservación, preparación y administración de insulina que fueron clasificados en adecuados e inadecuados. Resultados: del total de participantes, 58,4% era mujeres y el promedio de edad fue 48 años. La hipertensión arterial fue relatada por 70,8%;y 89,0% presentaron hemoglobina glicada ≥7%. La totalidad de los usuarios de insulina realizaban por lo menos un tipo de cuidado inadecuado y 62,8% realizaban cuatro o más. Los más frecuentes fueron: conservar en locales no recomendables (46,7%), no aplicar insulina 30 minutos antes de la comida (87,5%), no evaluar presencia de grumos en el envase de insulina NPH (71,9%) y no sacar la insulina de la heladera entre 15 y 30 minutos antes de la aplicación (88,7%). No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significante con las variables de exposición analizadas, perola mayor proporción de cuatro o más cuidados inadecuados ocurrió entre las mujeres, en los jóvenes, en aquellos con 11 o más años de estudio, tiempo de enfermedad superior a 10 años y, entre los que aplican insulina una o dos veces al día. Conclusión: hubo alta prevalencia de cuidados inadecuados y gran variabilidad de prácticas, reforzando la importancia de la implementación de la línea de cuidados en Diabetes Mellitus en todos los niveles de atención a la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe management practices of insulin provided by the SUS and analyze the factors associated with insulin management mistakes. Method: Cross-sectional study addressing 113 individuals with Diabetes Mellitus from an outpatient clinic in Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Data concerning insulin storage, preparation, and administration were collected from the patients' medical records and classified as appropriate or inappropriate. Results: 58.4% of participants were women aged 48 years old on average. Hypertension was reported by 70.8%, and glycated hemoglobin was ≥7% in 89.0%. All the patients made at least one insulin management mistake, and 62.8% made four or more mistakes. The most frequent mistakes were: storing insulin in non-recommended places (46.7%), not injecting insulin 30 minutes before meals (87.5%), not checking for the presence of lumps in the NPH insulin vial (71.9%), and not removing the insulin from the refrigerator between 15 and 30 minutes before injection (88.7%). No significant statistical differences were found among the exposure variables, though women, young individuals, those with 11 or more years of schooling, having the disease for more than ten years, and injecting insulin once or twice a day, more frequently made four or more management mistakes. Conclusion: A high prevalence of insulin management mistakes and considerable variability of practices were identified, reinforcing the importance of implementing a DM line of care at all healthcare system levels.

Disability on performing daily living activities in the elderly and history of falls: an analysis of the National Health Survey, 2013.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the association between types of dependence for basic and instrumental activities of daily living and the occurrence of falls in the elderly. METHODS: A cross-sectional, population-based study using data from 23,815 elderly people drawn from the National Health Survey (NHS) in 2013. The NHS, conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Ministry of Health, presents data collected in 81,767 households in more than 1,600 municipalities. The association between the independent variable (ADL disabilities) and the dependent variable (history of falls) was performed through multiple and crude analyses, regression. RESULTS: There was a greater association between using the toilet and transfers (ABVD) and falls, and between shopping and taking care of finances (IADL) and falls. In addition, the association between Basic Activities of Daily Living and falls was greater for up to four activities, and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living for up to three activities. CONCLUSION: Thus, the results obtained in the NHS reinforce the planning of preventive strategies considering the functional dependence.

Disability on performing daily living activities in the elderly and history of falls: an analysis of the National Health Survey, 2013 / Dificuldade de realizar atividades de vida diária e histórico de quedas em idosos: uma análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013

ABSTRACT: Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the association between types of dependence for basic and instrumental activities of daily living and the occurrence of falls in the elderly. Methods: A cross-sectional, population-based study using data from 23,815 elderly people drawn from the National Health Survey (NHS) in 2013. The NHS, conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Ministry of Health, presents data collected in 81,767 households in more than 1,600 municipalities. The association between the independent variable (ADL disabilities) and the dependent variable (history of falls) was performed through multiple and crude analyses, regression. Results: There was a greater association between using the toilet and transfers (ABVD) and falls, and between shopping and taking care of finances (IADL) and falls. In addition, the association between Basic Activities of Daily Living and falls was greater for up to four activities, and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living for up to three activities. Conclusion: Thus, the results obtained in the NHS reinforce the planning of preventive strategies considering the functional dependence.

RESUMO: Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação entre os tipos de dependência para as atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária e a ocorrência de quedas de idosos. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com a utilização dos dados de 23.815 idosos, extraídos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013. A PNS, realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e o Ministério da Saúde, apresenta dados coletados em 81.767 domicílios, em mais de 1.600 municípios. A associação entre a variável independente (incapacidades nas AVD) e a dependente (histórico de quedas) foi realizada por meio de análises brutas e múltipla, e de regressão. Resultados: Houve maior associação entre usar banheiro e fazer transferências (ABVD) e quedas, e entre fazer compras e cuidar das finanças (AIVD) e quedas. Ainda, a associação entre as ABVD e quedas foi maior para até quatro atividades, e as AIVD para até três atividades. Conclusão: Assim, os resultados obtidos na PNS reforçam o planejamento de estratégias preventivas, considerando a dependência funcional.

Falls among Brazilian older adults living in urban areas: ELSI-Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with falls in a nationally representative sample of older Brazilians residing in urban areas. METHODS: Data from 4,174 participants (60 years or older) from the baseline of ELSI-Brazil, conducted between 2015 and 2016, were used. The outcome variable was the reporting of one or more falls in the last 12 months. The exploratory variables were sociodemographic characteristics, factors related to the urban environment, and health conditions. Statistical analysis was performed using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of falls was 25.1%. Of these, 1.8% resulted in a hip or femur fracture and, among them, 31.8% required surgery for prosthesis placement. Statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) with falls were observed for females [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.26], age group of 75 years or older (PR = 1.21), fear of falling due to defective sidewalks (PR = 1.47), fear of crossing streets (PR = 1.22), diabetes (PR = 1.17), arthritis or rheumatism (PR = 1.29), and depression (PR = 1.53). No significant associations were found for educational level, marital status, hypertension, and perception of violence in the neighborhood. CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with falls among older adults are multidimensional, comprising individual characteristics and the urban environment, which indicates the need for intra and intersectoral actions to prevent falls in this population.

[Falls requiring use of health services by the older adults: an analysis of the Brazilian National Health Survey, 2013]. / Quedas com necessidade de procura de serviços de saúde entre idosos: uma análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013.

The aim was to analyze the prevalence of falls requiring visits to health services and associated sociodemographic factors in the elderly in the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS), 2013. This was a cross-sectional population-based study using data on 23,815 elderly Brazilians from the PNS 2013 survey. The outcome variable was falls requiring use of a health service. Crude and adjusted analyses were performed with robust Poisson regression, with prevalence ratio as the measure of effect and the respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The stepwise-forward method was used for inclusion of the variables in the multivariate model. The prevalence of falls with the need to seek health services was 7.8% (95%CI: 7.3-8.4). The administrative region with the lowest occurrence of falls was the Southeast (7.3%), and Rondônia was the state with the lowest prevalence (5.3%). In the multivariate analysis, falls were associated with age 75 years or older, female sex, and divorced or separated marital status. The nationally representative data produced by the PNS survey can enhance measures to prevent falls throughout Brazil.

Objetivou-se analisar a prevalência de quedas com necessidade de procurar os serviços de saúde e os fatores sociodemográficos associados em idosos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), 2013. Estudo transversal, de base populacional, utilizando dados de 23.815 idosos brasileiros da PNS 2013. A variável desfecho foi queda com necessidade de procurar serviço de saúde. Foram realizadas análises brutas e ajustada por meio de regressão de Poisson robusta, considerando-se a razão de prevalência como medida de efeito e seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foi utilizado o método stepwise-forward para a inclusão das variáveis no modelo múltiplo. A prevalência de quedas com a necessidade de procurar serviços de saúde foi de 7,8% (IC95%: 7,3-8,4). A região administrativa que apresentou a menor ocorrência de quedas foi a Sudeste (7,3%) e entre os estados brasileiros, Rondônia com 5,3%. Na análise múltipla, a ocorrência de quedas associou-se com idade maior ou igual a 75 anos, sexo feminino e situação conjugal divorciado ou separado. As informações de abrangência nacional trazidas pela PNS podem potencializar ações de prevenção de quedas em todo o Brasil.

El objetivo fue analizar la prevalencia de caídas con necesidad de buscar servicios de salud, y sus factores sociodemográficos asociados, en ancianos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS por sus siglas en portugués), 2013. Se trata de un estudio transversal, de base poblacional, utilizando datos de 23.815 ancianos brasileños de la PNS 2013. La variable desenlace fue: caída con necesidad de buscar un servicio de salud. Se realizaron análisis brutos y ajustados, mediante regresión de Poisson robusta, considerándose la Razón de Prevalencia como medida de efecto y sus respectivos intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se utilizó el método stepwise-forward para la inclusión de las variables en el modelo múltiple. La prevalencia de caídas con la necesidad de buscar servicios de salud fue de 7,8% (IC95%: 7,3-8,4). La región administrativa que presentó la menor ocurrencia de caídas fue el Sudeste (7,3%) y entre los estados brasileños, Rondônia, con un 5,3%. En el análisis múltiple, la ocurrencia de caídas se asoció con una edad mayor o igual a 75 años, sexo femenino y situación conyugal divorciada o separada. La información de cobertura nacional presentada por la PNS puede potenciar acciones de prevención de caídas en todo Brasil.

Falls among Brazilian older adults living in urban areas: ELSI-Brazil / Quedas entre idosos brasileiros residentes em áreas urbanas: ELSI-Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and factors associated with falls in a nationally representative sample of older Brazilians residing in urban areas. METHODS Data from 4,174 participants (60 years or older) from the baseline of ELSI-Brazil, conducted between 2015 and 2016, were used. The outcome variable was the reporting of one or more falls in the last 12 months. The exploratory variables were sociodemographic characteristics, factors related to the urban environment, and health conditions. Statistical analysis was performed using Poisson regression. RESULTS The prevalence of falls was 25.1%. Of these, 1.8% resulted in a hip or femur fracture and, among them, 31.8% required surgery for prosthesis placement. Statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) with falls were observed for females [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.26], age group of 75 years or older (PR = 1.21), fear of falling due to defective sidewalks (PR = 1.47), fear of crossing streets (PR = 1.22), diabetes (PR = 1.17), arthritis or rheumatism (PR = 1.29), and depression (PR = 1.53). No significant associations were found for educational level, marital status, hypertension, and perception of violence in the neighborhood. CONCLUSIONS The factors associated with falls among older adults are multidimensional, comprising individual characteristics and the urban environment, which indicates the need for intra and intersectoral actions to prevent falls in this population.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados a quedas em amostra nacional representativa da população idosa residente em áreas urbanas. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados de 4.174 participantes (60 anos ou mais) da linha de base do ELSI-Brasil, conduzida entre 2015 e 2016. A variável de desfecho foi o relato de uma ou mais quedas nos últimos 12 meses. As variáveis exploratórias foram características sociodemográficas, fatores relacionados ao ambiente urbano e condições de saúde. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio da regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS A prevalência de quedas foi de 25,1%. Destas, 1,8% resultaram em fratura de quadril ou fêmur e, entre elas, 31,8% necessitaram de cirurgia com colocação de prótese. Após ajustes pertinentes, associações estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,05) com a ocorrência de quedas foram observadas para o sexo feminino [razão de prevalência (RP) = 1,26], faixa etária igual ou superior a 75 anos (RP = 1,21), medo de cair devido a defeitos nos passeios (RP = 1,47), medo de atravessar a rua (RP = 1,22), diabetes (RP = 1,17), artrite ou reumatismo (RP = 1,29) e depressão (RP = 1,53). Não foram observadas associações significativas para o nível de escolaridade, a situação conjugal, a hipertensão e a percepção da violência na região de vizinhança. CONCLUSÕES Os fatores associados às quedas entre idosos são multidimensionais, incluindo características individuais e o ambiente urbano, o que indica a necessidade de ações intra e intersetoriais para a prevenção de quedas nessa população.

Quedas com necessidade de procura de serviços de saúde entre idosos: uma análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 / Falls requiring use of health services by the older adults: an analysis of the Brazilian National Health Survey, 2013 / Caídas con necesidad de buscar servicios de salud entre ancianos: un análisis de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, 2013

Objetivou-se analisar a prevalência de quedas com necessidade de procurar os serviços de saúde e os fatores sociodemográficos associados em idosos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), 2013. Estudo transversal, de base populacional, utilizando dados de 23.815 idosos brasileiros da PNS 2013. A variável desfecho foi queda com necessidade de procurar serviço de saúde. Foram realizadas análises brutas e ajustada por meio de regressão de Poisson robusta, considerando-se a razão de prevalência como medida de efeito e seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foi utilizado o método stepwise-forward para a inclusão das variáveis no modelo múltiplo. A prevalência de quedas com a necessidade de procurar serviços de saúde foi de 7,8% (IC95%: 7,3-8,4). A região administrativa que apresentou a menor ocorrência de quedas foi a Sudeste (7,3%) e entre os estados brasileiros, Rondônia com 5,3%. Na análise múltipla, a ocorrência de quedas associou-se com idade maior ou igual a 75 anos, sexo feminino e situação conjugal divorciado ou separado. As informações de abrangência nacional trazidas pela PNS podem potencializar ações de prevenção de quedas em todo o Brasil.

The aim was to analyze the prevalence of falls requiring visits to health services and associated sociodemographic factors in the elderly in the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS), 2013. This was a cross-sectional population-based study using data on 23,815 elderly Brazilians from the PNS 2013 survey. The outcome variable was falls requiring use of a health service. Crude and adjusted analyses were performed with robust Poisson regression, with prevalence ratio as the measure of effect and the respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The stepwise-forward method was used for inclusion of the variables in the multivariate model. The prevalence of falls with the need to seek health services was 7.8% (95%CI: 7.3-8.4). The administrative region with the lowest occurrence of falls was the Southeast (7.3%), and Rondônia was the state with the lowest prevalence (5.3%). In the multivariate analysis, falls were associated with age 75 years or older, female sex, and divorced or separated marital status. The nationally representative data produced by the PNS survey can enhance measures to prevent falls throughout Brazil.

El objetivo fue analizar la prevalencia de caídas con necesidad de buscar servicios de salud, y sus factores sociodemográficos asociados, en ancianos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS por sus siglas en portugués), 2013. Se trata de un estudio transversal, de base poblacional, utilizando datos de 23.815 ancianos brasileños de la PNS 2013. La variable desenlace fue: caída con necesidad de buscar un servicio de salud. Se realizaron análisis brutos y ajustados, mediante regresión de Poisson robusta, considerándose la Razón de Prevalencia como medida de efecto y sus respectivos intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se utilizó el método stepwise-forward para la inclusión de las variables en el modelo múltiple. La prevalencia de caídas con la necesidad de buscar servicios de salud fue de 7,8% (IC95%: 7,3-8,4). La región administrativa que presentó la menor ocurrencia de caídas fue el Sudeste (7,3%) y entre los estados brasileños, Rondônia, con un 5,3%. En el análisis múltiple, la ocurrencia de caídas se asoció con una edad mayor o igual a 75 años, sexo femenino y situación conyugal divorciada o separada. La información de cobertura nacional presentada por la PNS puede potenciar acciones de prevención de caídas en todo Brasil.

Patterns of tobacco consumption among residents of a rural settlement: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate patterns and factors associated with tobacco consumption among residents of a rural settlement. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted between September and November 2014, with 172 residents of a rural settlement in the Midwest region of Brazil. We analyzed as dependent variables tobacco consumption at some point in life; current tobacco consumption; tobacco abuse; and the high risk of nicotine dependence, with sociodemographic variables associated with tobacco use, and we applied the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). RESULTS: The prevalence of tobacco use in life, current use, tobacco abuse, and high risk of nicotine dependence were 62.2%, 20.9%, 59.8%, and 10.3%, respectively. Advanced age, low education level, evangelical religion, marijuana use, hypnotic or sedative consumption, and male gender were factors associated with smoking patterns in the settlers. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of smoking patterns, evidencing the need for public policies on tobacco prevention and control in this population.

Patterns of tobacco consumption among residents of a rural settlement: a cross-sectional study / Padrões de consumo de tabaco em residentes de um assentamento rural: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Investigate patterns and factors associated with tobacco consumption among residents of a rural settlement. METHODS A cross-sectional study conducted between September and November 2014, with 172 residents of a rural settlement in the Midwest region of Brazil. We analyzed as dependent variables tobacco consumption at some point in life; current tobacco consumption; tobacco abuse; and the high risk of nicotine dependence, with sociodemographic variables associated with tobacco use, and we applied the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). RESULTS The prevalence of tobacco use in life, current use, tobacco abuse, and high risk of nicotine dependence were 62.2%, 20.9%, 59.8%, and 10.3%, respectively. Advanced age, low education level, evangelical religion, marijuana use, hypnotic or sedative consumption, and male gender were factors associated with smoking patterns in the settlers. CONCLUSIONS There was a high prevalence of smoking patterns, evidencing the need for public policies on tobacco prevention and control in this population.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar os padrões e fatores associados ao consumo de tabaco em residentes de um assentamento rural. MÉTODOS Estudo de corte transversal realizado entre setembro e novembro de 2014, com 172 residentes de assentamento rural, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Foram analisadas como variáveis dependentes o consumo de tabaco alguma vez na vida; o consumo atual de tabaco; abuso de tabaco; e alto risco de dependência nicotínica, com as variáveis sociodemográficas associadas ao consumo de tabaco, com aplicação dos instrumentos Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) e Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). RESULTADOS As prevalências de uso de tabaco na vida, uso atual, abuso de tabaco e alto risco de dependência nicotínica foram de 62,2%, 20,9%, 59,8%, 10,3%, respectivamente. Idade mais elevada, escolaridade baixa, religião evangélica, consumo de maconha, consumo de hipnóticos ou sedativos, sexo masculino foram fatores associados aos padrões de consumo de tabaco nos assentados. CONCLUSÕES Verificaram-se elevadas prevalências nos padrões de consumo de tabaco, evidenciando a necessidade de políticas públicas de saúde de prevenção e controle do tabaco nessa população.

Perfil das hospitalizações e fatores associados em idosos usuários do SUS / The profile of hospitalizations and associated factors among elderly users of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS)

Caracterizar as hospitalizações de idosos quanto aos grupos de causas, identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados. Estudo transversal com 418 idosos usuários do SUS selecionados por amostragem em múltiplos estágios proporcional aos nove Distritos Sanitários de Goiânia. A hospitalização foi definida a partir da resposta positiva à pergunta: "O (a) Sr. (a) esteve internado (a) no último ano?" As variáveis de exposição foram coletadas em questionário padronizado. As associações foram exploradas através da Razão de Prevalência e respectivos IC 95%. Empregou-se análise múltipla por meio da Regressão de Poisson hierarquizada. A prevalência de hospitalizações foi 24,4%, sendo as principais causas: doenças do aparelho circulatório (28,4%), respiratório (9,8%), e as infecciosas e parasitárias (9,8%). Na análise múltipla permaneceram associadas às hospitalizações as seguintes variáveis: classe econômica A/B, relato de 5 ou mais morbidades e perda de peso. Os achados deste estudo mostraram alta prevalência de hospitalizações e que os fatores associados estão principalmente relacionados a questões socioeconômicas e de condições de saúde, o que demonstra a necessidade de um acompanhamento destes casos na atenção primária a fim de prevenir hospitalizações desnecessárias.

This article seeks to establish the causes of hospitalizations among the elderly and identify the prevalence and associated factors. It is a cross-sectional study with 418 elderly users of SUS selected by multistage proportional sampling in the nine Sanitary Districts of Goiânia. Hospitalization was defined as a positive response to the question: "Were you hospitalized in the past year?" The independent variables were collected on a standardized questionnaire. Associations were explored through the prevalence ratio and the respective 95% CI. Multivariate analysis was conducted using hierarchical Poisson regression. The prevalence of hospitalizations was 24.4% and the major causes were circulatory (28.4%), respiratory (9.8%) and infectious and parasitic diseases (9.8%). In multivariate analysis, the following variables continued to be associated with hospitalizations: A/B economic class, reports of five or more diseases and weight loss. The results revealed a high prevalence of hospitalizations and that factors involved are mainly related to socioeconomic issues and health status, which demonstrates that it is necessary to monitor these cases in primary health care to prevent unnecessary hospitalization.

[The profile of hospitalizations and associated factors among elderly users of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS)]. / Perfil das hospitalizações e fatores associados em idosos usuários do SUS.

This article seeks to establish the causes of hospitalizations among the elderly and identify the prevalence and associated factors. It is a cross-sectional study with 418 elderly users of SUS selected by multistage proportional sampling in the nine Sanitary Districts of Goiânia. Hospitalization was defined as a positive response to the question: "Were you hospitalized in the past year?" The independent variables were collected on a standardized questionnaire. Associations were explored through the prevalence ratio and the respective 95% CI. Multivariate analysis was conducted using hierarchical Poisson regression. The prevalence of hospitalizations was 24.4% and the major causes were circulatory (28.4%), respiratory (9.8%) and infectious and parasitic diseases (9.8%). In multivariate analysis, the following variables continued to be associated with hospitalizations: A/B economic class, reports of five or more diseases and weight loss. The results revealed a high prevalence of hospitalizations and that factors involved are mainly related to socioeconomic issues and health status, which demonstrates that it is necessary to monitor these cases in primary health care to prevent unnecessary hospitalization.

[Self-assessment of health by older Brazilians: systematic review of the literature]. / Autoavaliação da saúde por idosos brasileiros: revisão sistemática da literatura.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on self-assessment of health status in the elderly population. METHODS: Medline and LILACS were searched following the Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Original articles on self-assessment of health status conducted with older Brazilians were selected. The following were examined: general characteristics of the studies, the prevalence of negative self-assessment of health, the factors associated with this negative self-assessment, the question used to inquire about health status and response categories. RESULTS: Of 97 studies identified, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Variations between the studies regarding the formulation of the question and answer choices were identified. The prevalence of negative health self-assessment ranged from 12.6 to 51.9% between studies. The most usual dependent variables associated with negative self-assessment of health were the presence of disease, number of medications, monthly family/household income, hospitalizations, medical office visits, difficulty/inability to perform activities of daily living, presence of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and complaints of insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity of factors associated with a negative self-evaluation indicates that the health of older individuals is defined by determinants that fall within a broad view of health. The standardization of questions and answers for research on self-assessment of health in older people is recommended, since this information will produce knowledge and allow monitoring and comparison of results, and will therefore be useful in guiding decision-making regarding the formulation of health policies for Brazil and Latin America.

Autoavaliação da saúde por idosos brasileiros: revisão sistemática da literatura / Self-assessment of health by older Brazilians: systematic review of the literature

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre autoavaliação do estado de saúde na população idosa brasileira. MÉTODOS: Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados Medline e LILACS, conforme a metodologia PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Foram incluídos artigos originais sobre a autoavaliação do estado de saúde realizados com idosos brasileiros. Foram consideradas as características gerais dos estudos, a prevalência de autoavaliação negativa da saúde, os fatores associados a essa autoavaliação negativa, a pergunta utilizada para a consulta e as categorias de resposta. RESULTADOS: Dos 97 estudos encontrados, 11 atenderam os critérios de inclusão. Foram identificadas variações entre os estudos quanto à formulação da pergunta e às opções de resposta. A prevalência de autoavaliação negativa de saúde variou de 12,6 a 51,9% entre os estudos. As variáveis dependentes predominantemente associadas a autoavaliação negativa de saúde foram: presença de doenças, número de medicamentos em uso, renda familiar/domiciliar mensal, internações, consultas médicas, dificuldade/incapacidade para atividades de vida diária, presença de sintomas depressivos e ansiosos e queixa de insônia. CONCLUSÕES: A heterogeneidade de fatores associados à autoavaliação negativa indica que a saúde dos idosos é definida por determinantes que se aproximam do conceito ampliado de saúde. É recomendável a padronização das perguntas e respostas de pesquisa sobre autoavaliação de saúde em idosos, já que essas informações possibilitarão conhecer, acompanhar e comparar resultados para orientar a tomada de decisão no tocante à formulação de políticas de saúde para a Brasil e a América Latina.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on self-assessment of health status in the elderly population. METHODS: Medline and LILACS were searched following the Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Original articles on self-assessment of health status conducted with older Brazilians were selected. The following were examined: general characteristics of the studies, the prevalence of negative self-assessment of health, the factors associated with this negative self-assessment, the question used to inquire about health status and response categories. RESULTS: Of 97 studies identified, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Variations between the studies regarding the formulation of the question and answer choices were identified. The prevalence of negative health self-assessment ranged from 12.6 to 51.9% between studies. The most usual dependent variables associated with negative self-assessment of health were the presence of disease, number of medications, monthly family/household income, hospitalizations, medical office visits, difficulty/inability to perform activities of daily living, presence of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and complaints of insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity of factors associated with a negative self-evaluation indicates that the health of older individuals is defined by determinants that fall within a broad view of health. The standardization of questions and answers for research on self-assessment of health in older people is recommended, since this information will produce knowledge and allow monitoring and comparison of results, and will therefore be useful in guiding decision-making regarding the formulation of health policies for Brazil and Latin America.

[Factors associated with poor self-rated health in elderly users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System]. / Fatores associados à autoavaliação de saúde ruim em idosos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde.

This article reports on prevalence of poor self-rated health and associated factors among elderly users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil. The article is based on a cross-sectional study with a proportional sample of elderly in the nine health districts of Goiânia. Data were collected after a pilot study and training of field staff. The measure of association was the prevalence ratio (PR) and respective confidence interval (95%CI). Multivariate analysis was performed using hierarchical Poisson regression. In 403 elderly, prevalence of poor self-rated health was 27.5% (95%CI: 23.2-32.2). The rate was 29.7% in women and 29.1% among seniors aged 60-64 years. Variables associated with poor self-rated health according to multivariate analysis were: less than one year of schooling, lack of physical exercise, use of five or more medications, and recent weight loss. The results showed high prevalence of poor self-rated health and associated factors, including both adverse social conditions and individual health and lifestyle factors.

Fatores associados à autoavaliação de saúde ruim em idosos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde / Factors associated with poor self-rated health in elderly users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System

This article reports on prevalence of poor self-rated health and associated factors among elderly users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil. The article is based on a cross-sectional study with a proportional sample of elderly in the nine health districts of Goiânia. Data were collected after a pilot study and training of field staff. The measure of association was the prevalence ratio (PR) and respective confidence interval (95 percentCI). Multivariate analysis was performed using hierarchical Poisson regression. In 403 elderly, prevalence of poor self-rated health was 27.5 percent (95 percentCI: 23.2-32.2). The rate was 29.7 percent in women and 29.1 percent among seniors aged 60-64 years. Variables associated with poor self-rated health according to multivariate analysis were: less than one year of schooling, lack of physical exercise, use of five or more medications, and recent weight loss. The results showed high prevalence of poor self-rated health and associated factors, including both adverse social conditions and individual health and lifestyle factors.

Foram investigados a prevalência e os fatores associados à autoavaliação do estado de saúde ruim em idosos usuários do SUS, em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Estudo transversal, com amostra de idosos proporcional aos nove Distritos Sanitários de Goiânia. Os dados foram coletados após estudo piloto e treinamento da equipe de campo. A medida de associação foi a razão de prevalência (RP) e respectivos intervalos de 95 por cento de confiança (IC95 por cento). Realizou-se análise multivariada por regressão de Poisson hierarquizada. Em 403 idosos, a prevalência de autoavaliação do estado de saúde ruim foi de 27,5 por cento (IC95 por cento: 23,2-32,2), sendo 29,7 por cento nas mulheres e 29,1 por cento entre idosos com 60-64 anos de idade. As variáveis associadas após análise multivariada foram: ter menos de 1 ano de estudo, não praticar atividade física, uso de 5 ou mais medicamentos e perda de peso recente. Os resultados demonstraram elevada prevalência de autoavaliação de saúde ruim, e os fatores associados compreendem desde as condições sociais do idoso até as suas condições de saúde e estilo de vida.