Holistic One Health Surveillance Framework: Synergizing Environmental, Animal, and Human Determinants for Enhanced Infectious Disease Management.

Recent pandemics, including the COVID-19 outbreak, have brought up growing concerns about transmission of zoonotic diseases from animals to humans. This highlights the requirement for a novel approach to discern and address the escalating health threats. The One Health paradigm has been developed as a responsive strategy to confront forthcoming outbreaks through early warning, highlighting the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and their environment. The system employs several innovative methods such as the use of advanced technology, global collaboration, and data-driven decision-making to come up with an extraordinary solution for improving worldwide disease responses. This Review deliberates environmental, animal, and human factors that influence disease risk, analyzes the challenges and advantages inherent in using the One Health surveillance system, and demonstrates how these can be empowered by Big Data and Artificial Intelligence. The Holistic One Health Surveillance Framework presented herein holds the potential to revolutionize our capacity to monitor, understand, and mitigate the impact of infectious diseases on global populations.

Assessment of multidrug-resistant profile, multi-locus sequence typing and efflux pump activity in Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from hospital sewage.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is becoming a leading cause of gastroenteritis and mortality. The use of antibiotics has increased natural resistance of S. Typhimurium to antibiotics. This study aims to isolate and characterize multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains from hospital sewage samples in Bhopal City, central India. The MDR isolates were characterized by molecular identification, antimicrobial resistance patterns, multi-locus sequence typing, and efflux pump activity. Specific genes (hilA, stn, invA, typh, and iroB) were used to confirm S. Typhimurium isolates. The Kirbey-Bauer method was employed to profile antimicrobial resistance using 20 antibiotics. Multi-locus sequence typing confirmed S. Typhimurium using seven housekeeping genes (aroC, dnaN, hemD, hisD, purE, sucA, and thr). Out of five strains, only four were confirmed as S. Typhimurium during MLST analysis. Efflux pump activity was determined using the ethidium bromide (EtBr) cartwheel test. Of the 160 isolates, 38 were presumptively confirmed as S. Typhimurium based on biochemical characterization, and only five MDR Salmonella strains were selected for their resistance against most antibiotics. Efflux pump activity revealed that five out of the four MDR isolates did not retain EtBr inside the cells, indicating pronounced efflux activity. Additionally, the isolated strains showed a specific correlation between the antimicrobial phenotypes and genotypes. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the characterization of S. Typhimurium serotype in Bhopal City. Future studies should focus on understanding changing antimicrobial resistance patterns, pathogenicity, and the genetic background of Salmonella serotypes. Further surveillance activities for antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in different environmental sources should be prioritized.

Occurrence and seasonal disparity of emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals in a drinking water supply system and associated health risk.

Contamination of drinking water with endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) raises concerns over the security and long-term sustainability of clean water supplies as well as human exposure via daily water intake. In this study, the seasonal disparity and occurrence of six phthalates and bisphenol-A in the drinking water supply system and associated health-risk were examined. The detection frequencies of the ∑6PAEs ranged from 24 to 100% in the winter whereas; in summer it is below the detection limit up to 100%. DEHP was the most prevalent phthalate congener ranging from 1.14 to 8351.85 µg/L (winter) and 0.552 to 410.29 µg/L (summer) surpassing the permissible limit. However, BPA concentrations were found under the permissible limit. The results suggested that PAEs concentration displayed significant seasonal variations with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. The exposure to PAEs and BPA from drinking water was assessed, indicating a possible health risk to humans with a hazard quotient (HQ) > 1 for DEHP only. The findings necessitate an immediate scrutiny of these EDCs in drinking water supply system and are critical for implementing effective technologies at the WTP scale to ensure the quality and safety of drinking water to ascertain human and environmental health.