Monitoreo comunitario para la vigilancia de exposición al uso de plaguicidas en Paraguay, Año 2018 / Community monitoring for the surveillance of exposure to the use of pesticides in Paraguay 2018

Dentro del Proyecto CONACYT "Construyendo estándares socioambientales y de salud pública con el sector primario para incremento de la competitividad en los mercados PIN15-1103. CONACYT/ALTER VIDA" se aplicó un Cuestionario de Monitoreo Comunitario para la exposición y posibles impactos a la salud por el uso de plaguicidas; el objetivo de este artículo es validar el cuestionario de monitoreo comunitario y presentar los datos del trabajo de campo. El diseño del estudio fue observacional y descriptivo, se tomaron dos comunidades dedicadas a la producción agrícola, una en Caaguazú y otra en San Pedro. El muestro fue no probabilístico por bola de nieve comprendiendo a aquellos expuestos a plaguicidas en ambos distritos seleccionados, con una distancia máxima 1 kilómetro a los cultivos o plantaciones. Las variables analizadas incluyeron datos de filiación, uso y exposición de los agroquímicos, uso de equipos de protección individual, gestión de los residuos de plaguicidas, capacitación, salud. También se aplicó el alfa de Cronbach para estudiar la confiabilidad del instrumento. Todos los análisis fueron hechos con SPSS 25. Como conclusión, se ha detectado que la gestión en el uso de los agroquímicos en la población analizada debe ser reforzada en varios ejes, desde la capacitación, gestión en el uso, la disposición final, entre otras. El instrumento tiene buena consistencia y fiabilidad interna. Palabras clave: exposición ocupacional a agroquímicos, impactos a la salud, Paraguay.

Within the CONACYT Project "Building socio-environmental and public health standards with the primary sector to increase competitiveness in the markets PIN15-1103.CONACYT/ALTER VIDA" a Community Monitoring Questionnaire was applied for the exhibition and possible impacts on health for the use of pesticides, the objective of this article is to validate the community monitoring questionnaire and present the data of the field work. The design of the study was observational and descriptive, taking two communities dedicated to agricultural production, one in Caaguazú and the other in San Pedro. The sampling was not probabilistic by snowball comprising those exposed to pesticides in both selected districts, with a maximum distance of 1 kilometre to crops or plantations. The variables analyzed include filiation's data, use and exposure of agrochemicals, use of personal protection equipment, and management of pesticide residues, training, and health. Cronbach's alpha was also applied to study the reliability of the instrument. All analyzes were done with SPSS 25. In conclusion, it has been detected that the management in the use of agrochemicals in the analyzed population must be reinforced in several areas, from training, management in use, final disposal, among others. The instrument has good internal consistency. Key words: occupational exposure to agrochemicals; health impacts; Paraguay

Early life and adult socioeconomic influences on mortality risk: preliminary report of a 'pauper rich' paradox in a Chilean adult cohort.

PURPOSE: The inverse relationship between early life and adult socioeconomic measures and mortality risk has been well established in developed countries, but remains practically unexplored in Latin American societies. The setting was Chile; the study included 11,600 adults living in the urban center of San Francisco de Mostazal. This was a prospective cohort study of a weighted random sample of 795 subjects followed up during 8 years. METHODS: Education (elementary, high school and college), height (percentiles 50 and 75), and income (population quartiles) were assessed at baseline. Relative risks of all-cause mortality were computed in Cox regression models adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, and joint effects of the socioeconomic measures. RESULTS: A graded inverse relationship with all-cause mortality was observed for education (risk: 1.0, 0.67, and 0.30, p for trend < 0.01) and height (risk: 1.0, 0.75, and 0.56, p for trend < 0.01), but not for income (p for trend = 0.94). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a 'pauper rich' paradox in transitioning Latin American economies. Income level does not seem sufficient to improve survival in cohorts exposed to adverse early life influences reflected by education and height.

Desigualdad educacional y socioeconómica como determinante de mortalidad en Chile: análisis de sobrevida en la cohorte del proyecto San Francisco / Socioeconomic and educational inequities as independent predictors for mortality in a developing country: A cohort study in San Francisco, Chile

Background: The socioeconomic position (SEP) and educational level of individuals have an inverse correlation with mortality in developed societies. Aim To assess in a society undergoing a socioeconomic transition, the mortality risk associated to a low SEP (combination of education and income, scale 0-25 points, reference > 10 points) and low education (education years, reference > 8 years), adjusting for other known risk factors. Material and methods: In this prospective cohort study, a random sample of 920 subjects, living in San Francisco de Mostazal, Chile, aged more than 20years (395 males) was examined for the first time in 1997-1999 and re-examined in 2005-2006. All had information about economic household income and level of education. A Cox regression model was used to evaluate the association between mortality and socioeconomic measures. Results: The crude mortality hazard ratio (HR) was 3.34 (95 percent confidence interval (CI) 2.88-3.87) and 6.05 (95 percent CI 5.04-7.26) for low SEP and low educational level, respectively. After adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, smoking, alcohol intake and family history of cardiovascular disease, the figures were 1.23 (95 percent CI 1.04-1.43) and 1.54 (95 percent CI 1.23-1.85) for low SEP and low educational level, respectively. Conclusions: In a society in socioeconomic transition, low SEP and especially low educational level are risk factors for mortality even after adjusting for known mortality risk factors.

[Socioeconomic and educational inequities as independent predictors for mortality in a developing country: A cohort study in San Francisco, Chile]. / Desigualdad educacional y socioeconómica como determinante de mortalidad en Chile: análisis de sobrevida en la cohorte del proyecto San Francisco.

BACKGROUND: The socioeconomic position (SEP) and educational level of individuals have an inverse correlation with mortality in developed societies. AIM: To assess in a society undergoing a socioeconomic transition, the mortality risk associated to a low SEP (combination of education and income, scale 0-25 points, reference > 10 points) and low education (education years, reference > 8 years), adjusting for other known risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, a random sample of 920 subjects, living in San Francisco de Mostazal, Chile, aged more than 20 years (395 males) was examined for the first time in 1997-1999 and re-examined in 2005-2006. All had information about economic household income and level of education. A Cox regression model was used to evaluate the association between mortality and socioeconomic measures. RESULTS: The crude mortality hazard ratio (HR) was 3.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.88-3.87) and 6.05 (95% CI 5.04-7.26) for low SEP and low educational level, respectively. After adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, smoking, alcohol intake and family history of cardiovascular disease, the figures were 1.23 (95% CI 1.04-1.43) and 1.54 (95% CI 1.23-1.85) for low SEP and low educational level, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In a society in socioeconomic transition, low SEP and especially low educational level are risk factors for mortality even after adjusting for known mortality risk factors.