Socioeconomic inequalities in COVID-19 incidence during the first six waves in Barcelona.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 affected urban areas. In Barcelona, six waves of COVID-19 hit the city between March 2020 and March 2022. Inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19 have been described. However, no studies have examined the daily trends of socioeconomic inequalities and how they changed during the different phases of the pandemic. The aim of this study is to analyse the dynamic socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19 during the six waves in Barcelona. METHODS: We examined the proportion of daily cases observed in the census tracts in the lower income tercile compared with the proportion of daily cases observed in the sum of the lower and higher income terciles. Daily differences in these proportions were assessed as a function of the epidemic waves, sex, age group, daily incidence and daily change in the incidence. A logistic regression model with an autoregressive term was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A time-dynamic effect was found for socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19. In fact, belonging to a lower-income area changed from being a risk factor (Waves 1, 2, 4 and 5) to being a protective factor in the sixth wave of the pandemic. Age also had a significant effect on incidence, which also changed over the different waves of the pandemic. Finally, the lower-income areas showed a comparatively lower incidence during the ascending phase of the epidemic waves. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic inequalities in COVID-19 changed by wave, age group and wave phase.

[Strategy for the promotion of equitable and healthy relationships in educational centers in Barcelona]. / Estrategia de promoción de relaciones equitativas y saludables en centros educativos de Barcelona.

The educational system is one of the most powerful agents of socialization; it can contribute to perpetuate the gender system and tolerance towards violence or on the contrary, to reduce violence by promoting more equitable and healthy relationship models. The Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona set out to design a strategy to prevent violence by promoting equitable and healthy relationships at different educational levels in schools in the city of Barcelona. The objective of this article is to present the process of developing this strategy. They characteristics are: (1) use of a participatory approach to ensure the quality and coherence of the process; (2) creation of a theoretical framework for the strategy; (3) use of the intervention mapping methodology as a strategy for the diagnosis, planning, design, development and evaluation of interventions to promote equitable and healthy relationships; and (4) adaptation or design and evaluation of different programs to incorporate different educational stages. It is argued that the strategy designed is considered adequate because it plans interventions to promote equitable and healthy relationships framed within a global educational strategy that starts in the early stages of early childhood education and is continued in all compulsory educational stages. This strategy is based on a conceptual framework that takes into account the determinants and social inequalities in health and promotes an approach based on the promotion of health assets and the use of participatory methodologies.

Pediatric Medication Noninitiation in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate medication noninitiation prevalence in the pediatric population and identify the explanatory factors underlying this behavior. METHODS: Observational study of patients (<18 years old) receiving at least 1 new prescription (28 pharmaceutical subgroups; July 2017 to June 2018) in Catalonia, Spain. A prescription was considered new when there was no prescription for the same pharmaceutical subgroup in the previous 6 months. Noninitiation occurred when a prescription was not filled within 1 month or 6 months (sensitivity analysis). Prevalence was estimated as the proportion of total prescriptions not initiated. To identify explanatory factors, a multivariable multilevel logistic regression model was used, and adjusted odds ratios were reported. RESULTS: Overall, 1 539 003 new prescriptions were issued to 715 895 children. The overall prevalence of 1-month noninitiation was 9.0% (ranging from 2.6% [oral antibiotics] to 21.5% [proton pump inhibitors]), and the prevalence of 6-month noninitiation was 8.5%. Noninitiation was higher in the youngest and oldest population groups, in children from families with a 0% copayment rate (vulnerable populations) and those with conditions from external causes. Out-of-pocket costs of drugs increased the odds of noninitiation. The odds of noninitiation were lower when the prescription was issued by a pediatrician (compared with a primary or secondary care clinician). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of noninitiation of medical treatments in pediatrics is high and varies according to patients' ages and medical groups. Results suggest that there are inequities in access to pharmacologic treatments in this population that must be taken into account by health care planners and providers.

Experiencias con el primer nivel de atención según cobertura de salud en Córdoba, Argentina / Experiences with the first level of care according to health coverage in Córdoba, Argentina

Este trabajo reúne dos estudios realizados con el objetivo de analizar la experiencia con el primer nivel de atención según cobertura sanitaria, en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. La investigación se realizó en dos muestras de personas adultas usuarias de centros de salud públicos municipales (n=153) y afiliadas de una obra social, mayoritariamente atendidas a través de proveedores privados de servicios de salud (n=278). Se evaluó las funciones de acceso al primer contacto, longitudinalidad del cuidado, coordinación, integralidad, enfoque familiar y orientación comunitaria con el cuestionario Primary Care Assessment Tools dirigido a usuarios (PCAT-AE) y se analizaron mediante puntajes promedio y modelos de regresión logística multivariada por cobertura sanitaria, ajustados por edad, sexo, nivel de escolaridad y salud percibida. El acceso, la integralidad de los servicios recibidos y la orientación comunitaria mostraron niveles bajos de cumplimiento (media <6,6 puntos, en escala de 0 a 10) en ambas muestras. Los usuarios de servicios públicos puntuaron mejor que los afiliados de la obra social la mayoría de las funciones, excepto el acceso en el primer contacto. En conclusión, se corroboraron desigualdades en las experiencias en el primer nivel de atención, sugiriendo mejor desempeño del sistema público en varias funciones de la AP (AU)

Perceptions and beliefs of public policymakers in a Southern European city.

INTRODUCTION: Socio-economic inequalities in health are large in urban areas; however, local municipal governments may plan, manage and provide services and policies which can reduce these. The objective of this study was to describe the beliefs and perceptions of public policymakers in a European city, Barcelona. They are the key actors in designing and implementing urban public policies. METHODS: A qualitative research study describing policymakers' beliefs on health inequalities. The study population were twelve policymakers. These were politicians or officers from the city council. Informant profiles were selected using a theoretical sample. Semi-structured individual interviews were performed to collect the data and a thematic content analysis was carried out. RESULTS: Politicians were aware of health inequalities in their city and identified diverse social causes. They viewed reducing inequalities as a priority for the city's government. Officers were less knowledgeable and described less efforts in addressing health inequalities. It was stated by some that reducing inequalities in non-health sectors helped to reduce health inequalities indirectly and there was some collaboration between two sectors. The most frequent barriers encountered when implementing policies were funding and the cities' limited authority. CONCLUSIONS: Officers and policymakers had different levels of awareness and access to information on health and its social determinants. Officers referred to specific causes of health inequalities and policies which related to their sectors and politicians were more familiar with upstream determinants and policies. Some participants explained that policies and programmes needed to be evaluated and very little intersectoral action was said to be carried out. More efforts should be made to provide all policymakers with information on the social determinants of health inequalities. Research on health inequalities and policy should engage with policymakers and promote health as a cross cutting issue in the city council in liaison with the third sector.

El impacto de la política en la salud / The impact of policy on health

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados principales del estudio que analizó el impacto que tiene el poder político sobre la mortalidad infantil y la esperanza de vida en la mayoría de países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico desde 1950 hasta 1998. Los países se agruparon según la tradición política que los había gobernado durante más tiempo a lo largo de los años 1950-1998. La mortalidad infantil y la esperanza de vida al nacer fueron las variables dependientes. Las variables independientes se agruparon en variables de poder político, mercado de trabajo, estado del bienestar y desigualdades de renta. Se presenta un análisis descriptivo de todas las variables según tradición política y también coeficientes de correlación de Pearson entre las variables para distintos períodos.La principal conclusión del estudio es que la duración de los gobiernos de partidos proredistributivos desempeña un papel importante en la reducción de las desigualdades derenta y en la disminución de la mortalidad infantil...

[Gender sensitivity in the formulation of Spanish health plans: what it could have been but wasn't]. / Sensibilidad de género en la formulación de planes de salud en España: lo que pudo ser y no fue.

AIM: To systematically examine gender sensitivity in the policies formulated in the health plans of the various Autonomous Communities in Spain in which these plans are available. We defined gender sensitivity as the extent to which the health plans took gender into account as a relation category and developed interventions to ameliorate gender-related inequalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire with a structure similar to that of the health plans, which were based on the World Health Organization's proposal, was designed. The questionnaire consisted of an introductory section, which we called the symbolic content, and described the general objectives and values of the health plan. In the other section, which we called the operative content of the health plan, the specific objectives and the interventions to achieve them were expressed in concrete terms. A gender sensitivity symbolic index and gender sensitivity operative index were constructed. RESULTS: Thirteen health plans were analyzed. Those of the Basque Country, the Valencian Community and the Canary Islands showed high symbolic content, which did not always match their subsequent operative implementation. The health plans of the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia showed the greatest operative gender sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Gender sensitivity in health plans varies widely among Autonomous Communities. Some channels for action would be to set up partnerships and networks for health professionals and collectives in order to raise awareness of the problem and build on the experience of the Autonomous Communities whose initiatives are carried out with the greatest gender sensitivity.