Are assessment measures for components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health reproducible for use on pre-frail and frail older adults? A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the internal consistency, reliability and measurement error of assessment measures for body structure and function (postural balance, muscle strength, cardiorespiratory function and physical fitness), activity (walking and mobility) and participation (quality of life and social reintegration) outcomes for use on pre-frail and frail older adults. METHODS: Searches were performed in six databases (Medline, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library and Lilacs) and reproducibility studies were included. Cronbach's alpha and the classification proposed by Terwee et al. (2007) were used for the interpretation of internal consistency. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Munro classification were used for the determination of reliability. The standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change (MDC) as well as percentages of error (SEM%) and change (MDC%) were calculated. Methodological quality of the studies was appraised using Boxes 4, 6 and 7 of the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist. RESULTS: Six studies were included in the present systematic review, with a total of 835 (82.4 years; 582 women and 253 men) pre-frail and frail older adults analyzed. Seven measures were identified for the assessment of body structure and function, activity and participation outcomes (Hierarchical Assessment of Balance and Mobility, Self-Assessment of Physical Fitness, Sarcopenia Quality of Life, Reintegration to Normal Living Index, Two-Minute Walking test, Six-Minute Walking test and Ten-Meter Walking test). The following measurement properties were identified: internal consistency = 0.84 (mean Cronbach's alpha); reliability = 0.87 (mean ICC); SEM range = 0.06 to 10.10; MDC range = 0.13 to 28.10; SEM% range = 5.2 % to 9.5 %; and MDC% range = 10.7 % to 28.5 %. CONCLUSION: The present systematic review found adequate internal consistency, high reliability and an acceptable measurement error for assessment measures of body structure and function, activity and participation outcomes for use on pre-frail and frail older adults.

Associação entre desempenho funcional e hospitalização de idosos adscritos à estratégia de saúde da família no município de Alfenas, Minas Gerais / Association between functional performance and hospitalization of elderly enrolled to family health strategy in the city of Alfenas, Minas Gerais

Resumo Introdução A queda no desempenho funcional de idosos pode relacionar-se a desfechos adversos pelos quais eles passam, entre os quais a hospitalização. Testes de desempenho, realizados na Atenção Primária à Saúde, podem ajudar a identificar idosos com maiores chances de hospitalização e que demandam maior atenção da equipe de saúde. Objetivo Identificar se o pior desempenho de idosos em testes funcionais pode estar associado a hospitalizações entre idosos. Método Estudo transversal observacional com amostra de 473 idosos comunitários adscritos à Estratégia de Saúde da Família. O desempenho funcional foi avaliado pelos quesitos equilíbrio estático, mobilidade funcional, marcha, força muscular, equilíbrio dinâmico, força de membros inferiores, e pela avaliação do risco de quedas. Dados sobre hospitalização dos participantes foram obtidos pelo Sistema de Informações Hospitalares Descentralizado (SIHD2/SUS). A análise da associação entre desempenho funcional e hospitalização foi realizada por modelos de Regressão Logística. Resultados No estudo, 32,1% dos idosos participantes foram hospitalizados pelo menos uma vez. A ocorrência de hospitalização foi associada com equilíbrio, desempenho na marcha, mobilidade funcional e risco de quedas. Conclusão Através dos testes funcionais, foi possível observar que o pior desempenho está associado às hospitalizações e a identificação destes fatores permite criar intervenções e estratégias capazes de evitar hospitalizações e seus efeitos adversos.

ABSTRACT Background The decline in the functional performance of the elderly may be related to adverse outcomes, including hospitalization. Performance tests, carried out in Primary Health Care, can help to identify older people who are more likely to be hospitalized and who require more attention from the health team. Objective To identify if the worse performance of the elderly in functional tests may be associated with hospitalizations. Method A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 473 community-dwelling elderly enrolled by Family Health Strategy.. Functional performance was evaluated according to the following criteria: static balance, functional mobility, gait, muscle strength, dynamic balance, lower limb strength, and by assessing the risk of falls. Data on hospitalization of participants were obtained from the Decentralized Hospital Information System (SIHD2 / SUS). The analysis of association between functional performance and hospitalization was performed by Logistic Regression models. Results In the study, 32.1% of the elderly participants were hospitalized at least once. Hospitalization was associated with balance, gait performance, functional mobility, and risk of falls. Conclusion Through functional tests it was possible to observe that the worst performance is associated with hospitalizations and the identification of these factors allows the creation of interventions and strategies capable of avoiding hospitalizations and their adverse effect.

Association of Social Support Network with Telomere Length: A Cross-Sectional Study with Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Considering that telomere length can be determined not only by issues related to cell biology but also by aspects related to social factors and environmental exposures, studies on the relationship between social aspects and telomere length can help to better understand the still scarcely known aspects of the human aging process. Thus, this research seeks to verify whether social support networks are associated with telomere length in older adults. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 448 individuals aged at least 60 years living in the urban area of an inland Brazilian municipality. Relative quantification of telomere length was obtained through real-time qPCR. Social support was assessed through the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression were used in data analysis. The evaluated social support networks for older adults consist in a mean of 16.4 people, and the percentage of older adults who reported up to five members in their network was 27.75%. Shorter telomere length was identified in 25% of the participants, and the older adults who reported having up to five members in their support network were more likely to have a shorter telomere length than those who reported more numerous networks (odds ratio: 1.89, p = 0.011) regardless of gender, age, household arrangement, cognitive decline, and dependence for basic and instrumental activities of daily living, which suggests that measures that stimulate the creation and maintenance of social support networks should be implemented to improve older adults' health.

Fatores associados a quedas entre idosos adscritos à Estratégia Saúde da Família: estudo transversal / Falls associated factors in older adults assisted by Family Health Strategy: cross-sectional study

Este estudo objetivou identificar fatores associados a quedas entre idosos adscritos à Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF). Estudo transversal observacional exploratório de base populacional, realizado com amostra de 571 idosos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por instrumento semiestruturado e testes validados GDS-Scale, FESI-Brasil, TUG test, e SPPB. As associações foram determinadas por Modelos de Regressão Logística. Em relação à ocorrência de quedas no ano anterior, 139 (26%) relataram ter sofrido queda. Foram associados a quedas maior número de comorbidades (OR1,56 IC95%1,007-2,430), uso de dispositivo auxiliar de marcha (OR2,18 IC95%1,054-4,556), relato de alteração auditiva (OR1,61 IC95%1,036-2,495), negativa de prática regular de exercício físico (OR0,571 IC95%0,359-0,895), presença de dor (OR1,650 IC95%1,073-2,558), e baixa autoeficácia em relação a quedas (OR1,568 IC95%1,010-2,442). Foram identificados ao final do estudo seis fatores associados a quedas entre idosos adscritos à ESF, que devem ser inseridos na avaliação desta população.

To identify fall-associated factors among the elderly enrolled in Family Health Strategy (FHS). Cross-sectional, exploratory, population-based study conducted with a sample of 571 elderly. Data were collected using a semi-structured instrument and validated tests GDS-Scale, FESI-Brasil, TUG test, and SPPB. Associations were determined by Logistic Regression Models. Regarding the occurrence of falls in the previous year, 139 (26%) reported at least one fall. Falls were associated with a greater number of comorbidities (OR1.56 95%CI 1.007-2.430), use of a walking aid (OR2.18 95%CI 1.054-4.556), hearing loss report (OR1.61 95%CI 1.036-2.495), negative practice of regular physical exercise (OR0.571 95%CI 0.359-0.895), presence of pain (OR1.650 95%CI 1.073-2.558), and low self-efficacy in relation to falls (OR1.568 95%CI 1.010-2.442). At the end of the study, six factors associated with falls were identified among elderly people enrolled in FHS, which should be included in the evaluation of this population.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Life-Space Mobility of Older Adults Living in Brazil: REMOBILIZE Study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic hit Brazil in a scenario of substantial socioeconomic and health inequalities. It is unknown the immediate impact of social restriction recommendations (i.e., lockdown, stay-at-home) on the life-space mobility of older people. Objective: To investigate the immediate impact of COVID-19 pandemic on life-space mobility of community-dwelling Brazilian older adults and examine the social determinants of health associated with change in life-space mobility. Design: Baseline data from a prospective cohort study (REMOBILIZE Study). Setting: Community. Subject: A convenience snowball sample of participants aged 60 and older (n = 1,482) living in 22 states in Brazil. Methods: We conducted an online and phone survey using an adapted version of the Life-Space Assessment (LSA). Linear regression models were used to investigate social determinants of health on the change in LSA score. Results: Regardless of their gender and social determinants of health, participants showed a significant reduction in life-space mobility since COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Life-space mobility reduction was higher among black individuals, those living alone and aged between 70 and 79. Other variables associated with change in life-space mobility, to a lesser extent, were sex, education and income. Conclusion: Social restriction measures due to pandemic caused substantial reduction in older adults' life-space mobility in Brazil. Social inequalities strongly affected vulnerable groups. Concerted actions should be put in place to overcome the deterioration in life-pace mobility amongst these groups. Failure in minimizing health inequalities amplified by the pandemic may jeopardize the desired achievements of the Decade of Healthy Aging.

Factors associated with functional capacity in the elderly enrolled in the Family Health Strategy. / Fatores associados a capacidade funcional de idosos adscritos à Estratégia de Saúde da Família.

The study investigated the prevalence of functional capacity decline and its associated factors in the older people enrolled in the Family Health Strategy (ESF) in a city in the south of Minas Gerais. This is an observational, cross-sectional, population-based study with 406 elderly (70.49 years ± 6.77). The functional capacity was evaluated by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and its associated factors were evaluated by a structured questionnaire including sociodemographic, economic, clinical and physical aspects. The analysis of plasma levels of inflammatory mediators was performed by the ELISA method. Multiple linear regression was used for the analyses (p < 0.05). The prevalence of functional decline in the sample was 57.6% and factors associated with functional capacity were advanced age, female gender, number of medications, depressive symptoms, high plasma concentrations of the soluble receptor of tumor necrosis factor alpha 1 (sTNFR1) and low handgrip strength. The results demonstrated that functional capacity was associated with a network of multidimensional factors. This study contributes to the practice of ESF professionals by indicating the main factors that can guide actions to promote and prevent the decline of functional capacity in the elderly population.

O estudo investigou a prevalência de declínio da capacidade funcional e seus fatores associados em idosos adscritos à Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), em um município do sul de Minas Gerais. Estudo observacional, transversal, de base populacional, com 406 idosos. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada pelo Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB); seus fatores associados foram avaliados por um questionário estruturado incluindo aspectos sociodemográficos, econômicos, clínicos e físicos. Concentrações de mediadores inflamatórios foram dosadas pelo método de Elisa ("Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay"). Regressão linear múltipla foi usada para as análises (p < 0,05). A prevalência de declínio funcional na amostra foi de 57,6% e os fatores associados à capacidade funcional foram: idade avançada, sexo feminino, número de medicamentos, sintomas depressivos, elevadas concentrações plasmáticas de receptor solúvel 1 do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (sTNFR1) e baixa força de preensão palmar. Os resultados mostraram que a capacidade funcional foi associada a uma rede de fatores multidimensionais. O presente estudo contribui para a prática de profissionais na ESF ao apontar os principais fatores que podem nortear as ações de promoção e prevenção do declínio da capacidade funcional na população idosa.

Fatores associados a capacidade funcional de idosos adscritos à Estratégia de Saúde da Família / Factors associated with functional capacity in the elderly enrolled in the Family Health Strategy

Resumo O estudo investigou a prevalência de declínio da capacidade funcional e seus fatores associados em idosos adscritos à Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), em um município do sul de Minas Gerais. Estudo observacional, transversal, de base populacional, com 406 idosos. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada pelo Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB); seus fatores associados foram avaliados por um questionário estruturado incluindo aspectos sociodemográficos, econômicos, clínicos e físicos. Concentrações de mediadores inflamatórios foram dosadas pelo método de Elisa ("Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay"). Regressão linear múltipla foi usada para as análises (p < 0,05). A prevalência de declínio funcional na amostra foi de 57,6% e os fatores associados à capacidade funcional foram: idade avançada, sexo feminino, número de medicamentos, sintomas depressivos, elevadas concentrações plasmáticas de receptor solúvel 1 do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (sTNFR1) e baixa força de preensão palmar. Os resultados mostraram que a capacidade funcional foi associada a uma rede de fatores multidimensionais. O presente estudo contribui para a prática de profissionais na ESF ao apontar os principais fatores que podem nortear as ações de promoção e prevenção do declínio da capacidade funcional na população idosa.

Abstract The study investigated the prevalence of functional capacity decline and its associated factors in the older people enrolled in the Family Health Strategy (ESF) in a city in the south of Minas Gerais. This is an observational, cross-sectional, population-based study with 406 elderly (70.49 years ± 6.77). The functional capacity was evaluated by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and its associated factors were evaluated by a structured questionnaire including sociodemographic, economic, clinical and physical aspects. The analysis of plasma levels of inflammatory mediators was performed by the ELISA method. Multiple linear regression was used for the analyses (p < 0.05). The prevalence of functional decline in the sample was 57.6% and factors associated with functional capacity were advanced age, female gender, number of medications, depressive symptoms, high plasma concentrations of the soluble receptor of tumor necrosis factor alpha 1 (sTNFR1) and low handgrip strength. The results demonstrated that functional capacity was associated with a network of multidimensional factors. This study contributes to the practice of ESF professionals by indicating the main factors that can guide actions to promote and prevent the decline of functional capacity in the elderly population.

Caracterização de usuários com diabetes tipo 2 cadastrados em uma estratégia de saúde da família / Characterization of diabetics type 2 users registered in a family health strategyof an undergraduate nursing student

Introdução: O Diabetes Mellitus (DM) é um problema de saúde pública relacionado a inúmeras condições adversas. Objetivo: Caracterizar indivíduos diabéticos tipo II cadastrados em uma Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Métodos: Estudo observacional de caráter transversal realizado, em visitas domiciliares, através da avaliação dos pés, da qualidade de vida, de variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas, hábitos de vida e dos cálculos do Índice Tornozelo-Braço (ITB) e Risco Cardiovascular (RCV). Resultados: Amostra composta por 33 indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2, média etária de 62,94±11,43, a maioria acima do peso e com RCV aumentado. Não houve correlação entre ITB e RCV (p>0,05) e diferença para o valor do ITB em relação ao consumo de cigarros, bebida alcóolica e prática de atividade física (p>0,05). Conclusão: O acesso aos serviços da Atenção Básica facilita o controle do diabetes na população, mas atividades de promoção de saúde e prevenção secundária devem ser estimuladas.

Introduction: The Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a public health problem related to numerous adverse conditions. Objective: To characterize type II diabetic patients registered in a Family Health Strategy. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study carried out during home visits, through the assessment of the feet, quality of life, socio-demographic and clinical variables, lifestyle and calculations of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and Cardiovascular Risk (RCV). Results: The sample was composed of 33 individuals, aged 62,94±11,43, mostly overweight and with increased cardiovascular risk (CVR). There was no correlation between ABI and CVR (p> 0.05) and there was a difference between the ABI and cigarette consumption, alcohol consumption and physical activity (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The access to primary care services facilitates diabetes control in the population, however, health promotion activities and secondary prevention should be encouraged.

Adherence to exercise programs for older people is influenced by program characteristics and personal factors: a systematic review.

QUESTION: How has adherence been measured in recent prospective studies focusing on adherence to exercise programs among older people? What is the range of adherence rates? Which factors are associated with better adherence? DESIGN: Systematic review of prospective studies that had a primary aim of assessing adherence to exercise programs. PARTICIPANTS: Older people undertaking exercise programs. INTERVENTION: Exercise programs. OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures of adherence, adherence rates and factors associated with adherence. RESULTS: Nine eligible papers were identified. The most common adherence measures were the proportion of participants completing exercise programs (ie, did not cease participation, four studies, range 65 to 86%), proportion of available sessions attended (five studies, range 58 to 77%) and average number of home exercise sessions completed per week (two studies, range 1.5 to 3 times per week). Adherence rates were generally higher in supervised programs. The person-level factors associated with better adherence included: demographic factors (higher socioeconomic status, living alone); health status (fewer health conditions, better self-rated health, taking fewer medications); physical factors (better physical abilities); and psychological factors (better cognitive ability, fewer depressive symptoms). CONCLUSION: Older people's adherence to exercise programs is most commonly measured with dropout and attendance rates and is associated with a range of program and personal factors.

Avaliação da capacidade funcional em idosos diabéticos / Functional capacity assessment in aged diabetic patients

O diabetes mellitus (DM) tem associação com várias comorbidades que comprometem ainda mais a funcionalidade do idoso. Essa doença crônica está vinculada ao risco de incapacidade para realizar atividades rotineiras. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a capacidade funcional de idosos diabéticos e não diabéticos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional transversal que avaliou 40 idosos, divididos em dois grupos, sendo 20 diabéticos (71,1±4,6 anos) e 20 não diabéticos (71,7±4,4 anos). Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto ao gênero, idade e índice de massa corpórea (IMC). Para avaliação da capacidade funcional foram realizados o teste de desempenho físico modificado (TDMF) e o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6). A percepção subjetiva do esforço foi avaliada por meio da escala de Borg modificada e o teste de sensibilidade pela percepção de um conjunto de seis monofilamentos de náilon de Semmes-Weinstein. Os dados foram analisados por meio do Mann-Whitney test. O grupo de idosos diabéticos percorreu menor distância no TC6 (396±55,6x481,5±73,1 m; p=0,0003) e apresentou pior teste de sensibilidade quando comparado com os não diabéticos, mas nenhuma diferença foi encontrada no TDMF. Os idosos diabéticos relataram pior aptidão física quando comparados com os não diabéticos.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with much comorbidity which compromise even more the aged functional capacity. This chronic illness is associated with the risk of disability to perform activities of daily living. The purpose of this study was to compare the functional capacity of diabetic and non-diabetic aged. It is a cross sectional study, that evaluated forty aged, dived in 2 groups, 20 diabetic (71.1±4.6 years) and 20 non-diabetic (71.7±4.4 years). The groups where similar in gender, age and BMI. To assess functional capacity, the Physical Performance Test Modified (PPTM) and the six minute walk test were performed. The rate of perceived exertion was examined through the Borg scale and the sensibility test through the perception of a group of six nylon Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. Data were analyzed through Mann-Whitney test. The group of diabetic aged walked a shorter distance in the 6 minute walk test (396±55.6x481.5±73.1 m; p=0.0003) and showed worst sensibility test when compared to the non-diabetic elderly, but no difference was found in the PPTM. The diabetic elderly showed inferior physical ability compared to the non-diabetic elderly.

Adaptação transcultural e análise da confiabilidade do Southampton Assessment of Mobility para avaliar a mobilidade de idosos brasileiros com demência / Cross-cultural adaptation and reliability analyses of the Southampton Assessment of Mobility to assess mobility of Brazilian elderly with dementia

O objetivo deste trabalho foi adaptar transculturalmente o instrumento Southampton Assessment of Mobility e testar sua confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores para idosos brasileiros da comunidade, com demência, classificados quanto à gravidade pelo Clinical Dementia Rating. O instrumento adaptado foi aplicado em uma amostra de 107 idosos (76,26 anos ± 7,59; 27,1 por cento homens, 72,9 por cento mulheres) com diagnóstico clínico de demência dado pelo serviço de geriatria do Centro de Referência em Atenção ao Idoso Professor Caio Benjamin Dias, do Estado de Minas Gerais, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Dentre os avaliados, 39 (76,85 anos ± 7,75; 23,1 por cento homens, 76,9 por cento mulheres) foram aleatorizados para avaliação da confiabilidade. A ferramenta estatística foi o teste kappa. Os resultados mostraram que a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores foram, respectivamente: demência leve 0,89-0,86; moderada 0,79-0,85 e grave 0,53-0,49. O instrumento adaptado demonstrou ser aplicável à população alvo e demonstrou ter confiabilidade "quase perfeita" para demência leve e moderada. Para a demência grave os índices de confiabilidade foram "moderados".

[Cross-cultural adaptation and reliability analyses of the Southampton Assessment of Mobility to assess mobility of Brazilian elderly with dementia]. / Adaptação transcultural e análise da confiabilidade do Southampton Assessment of Mobility para avaliar a mobilidade de idosos brasileiros com demência.

The objective was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Southampton Assessment of Mobility and test its intra- and inter-examiner reliability for Brazilian elderly living in the community and diagnosed with dementia, with severity classified according to the Clinical Dementia Rating. The instrument was applied to 107 elderly (76.26 years +/- 7.59; 27.1% males, 72.9% females) diagnosed with dementia by the geriatric clinic at the university hospital of the Federal University in Minas Gerais. From the initial group, a randomized sample of 39 elderly (76.85 years +/- 7.75; 23.1% males, 76.9% females) was selected for the reliability tests. The statistical tool was the kappa test. The respective reliability indices were: mild dementia - 0.89-0.86; moderate - 0.79-0.85; and severe - 0.53-0.49. After cross-cultural adaptation and reliability tests, the instrument proved adequate for the target population, with "near-perfect" reliability for mild and moderate dementia. For severe dementia, the reliability was moderate.