Smoking, mortality, access to diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer (LC) is a relevant public health problem in Brazil and worldwide, given its high incidence and mortality. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the distribution of smoking and smoking status according to sociodemographic characteristics and disparities in access, treatment, and mortality due to LC in Brazil in 2013 and 2019. METHOD: Retrospective study of triangulation of national data sources: a) analysis of the distribution of smoking, based on the National Survey of Health (PNS); b) investigation of LC records via Hospital-based Cancer Registry (HCR); and c) distribution of mortality due to LC in the Mortality Information System (SIM). RESULTS: There was a decrease in the percentage of people who had never smoked from 2013 (68.5%) to 2019 (60.2%) and in smoking history (pack-years). This was observed to be greater in men, people of older age groups, and those with less education. Concerning patients registered in the HCR, entry into the healthcare service occurs at the age of 50, and only 19% have never smoked. While smokers in the population are mainly Mixed-race, patients in the HCR are primarily White. As for the initial stage (I and II), it is more common in White people and people who have never smoked. The mortality rate varied from 1.00 for people with higher education to 3.36 for people without education. Furthermore, White people have a mortality rate three times higher than that of Black and mixed-race people. CONCLUSION: This article highlighted relevant sociodemographic disparities in access to LC diagnosis, treatment, and mortality. Therefore, the recommendation is to strengthen the Population-Based Cancer Registry and develop and implement a nationwide LC screening strategy in Brazil since combined prevention and early diagnosis strategies work better in controlling mortality from the disease and continued investment in tobacco prevention and control policies.

Diretrizes e indicadores de acompanhamento das políticas de proteção à saúde da pessoa idosa no Brasil / Guidelines and monitoring indicators of the elderly protection policies in Brazil / Directrices e indicadores de monitoreo de las políticas de protección al anciano en Brasil

O Brasil se destaca na América Latina pela alta institucionalização de políticas de proteção à pessoa idosa. Contudo, um problema para sua consolidação é a falta de indicadores para seu acompanhamento. O objetivo deste artigo é propor indicadores sensíveis às dimensões da saúde contempladas nas políticas em vigor voltadas para esta população. O estudo foi dividido em três etapas. Na primeira, foi traçado um panorama das políticas voltadas para a pessoa idosa e foram identificadas as diretrizes e metas comuns no que tange à saúde. Na segunda, foram selecionados indicadores sociais e de saúde para acompanhamento das áreas temáticas. Na terceira, foram calculados indicadores para o Brasil e suas grandes regiões. Considerando esta análise preliminar, podemos concluir que, apesar de ser possível calcular indicadores para o acompanhamento de políticas a partir das fontes de dados disponíveis, limitações concernentes à oportunidade dos dados, sua desagregabilidade e confiabilidade restringem sua utilização para o aprimoramento das políticas nacionais.

The high level of institutionalization of Brazilian social policies for the elderly stands out in Latin America. However, a problem underlying its consolidation is the lack of indicators for their monitoring and evaluation. This paper aims to propose indicators that are sensitive to the different dimensions of health policies carried out for this population. The study is divided in three stages of research. On the first it was outlined an overview of the main public health policies dedicated to the elderly and identified common guidelines and goals concerning health. On the second stage we selected social and health indicators to follow the thematic areas. The third stage consisted in calculating the indicators proposed for Brazil and its macroregions. Considering the preliminary analysis, we can conclude that although it is possible to calculate sensitive indicators to follow the health policies using data sources available in Brazil, limitations regarding the timeliness of the data, their disaggregability and reliability restrict their use in the improvement of public policies.

Brasil se destaca en América Latina por la alta institucionalización de políticas de protección a los ancianos. Sin embargo, un problema para su consolidación es la falta de indicadores para su seguimiento y apreciación suya. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer indicadores sensibles a las dimensiones de salud de las políticas dirigidas a esta población. El estudio se dividió en tres etapas. en la primera, ha sido trazado un panorama de las políticas dirigidas hacia los ancianos y fueron identificadas las directrices y metas comunes en salud. En la segunda, han sido seleccionados indicadores sociales y de salud para seguimiento de las áreas temáticas. En la tercera, se calcularon indicadores para Brasil y sus grandes regiones. En este análisis preliminar, podemos concluir que, no obstante sea posible calcular indicadores a partir de las fuentes de datos disponibles, limitaciones concernientes a la oportunidad de los datos, su desagregación y confiabilidad suya restringen su utilización para el perfeccionamiento de las políticas públicas.