Angiotomografia de coronárias na avaliação da dor torácica aguda na sala de emergência / Coronary computed tomography angiography in the assessment of acute chest pain in the emergency room

A angiotomografia de coronárias emergiu recentemente como uma ferramenta diagnóstica acurada na avaliação da doença arterial coronariana, fornecendo dados diagnósticos e prognósticos que se correlacionam diretamente com os dados fornecidos pela cineangiocoronariografia. Com a evolução tecnológica, permitindo melhora na resolução temporal, espacial, melhor cobertura do volume cardíaco com redução significativa da dose de radiação, somada à necessidade de protocolos de estratificação de risco mais efetivos para pacientes com dor torácica no pronto-socorro, sua aplicação passou a ser testada no cenário da dor torácica aguda, já que cerca de dois terços das angiografias coronarianas invasivas não demonstram doença coronariana obstrutiva significativa. Na prática diária, sem o uso de tecnologias mais eficientes, como a angiotomografia de coronárias, permanece um desafio ao médico do setor de emergência a estratificação segura e eficiente do paciente com dor torácica aguda. Recentemente, vários estudos, incluindo três randomizados, mostraram resultados favoráveis ao uso dessa tecnologia no pronto-socorro para pacientes com baixa a intermediária probabilidade de doença arterial coronariana. Nesta revisão, apresentamos os dados do uso da angiotomografia de coronárias na estratificação de risco de pacientes com dor torácica na sala de emergência, o seu valor diagnóstico, prognóstico e custo-efetividade e uma análise crítica dos recentes estudos multicêntricos publicados.

The coronary computed tomography angiography has recently emerged as an accurate diagnostic tool in the evaluation of coronary artery disease, providing diagnostic and prognostic data that correlate directly with the data provided by invasive coronary angiography. The association of recent technological developments has allowed improved temporal resolution and better spatial coverage of the cardiac volume with significant reduction in radiation dose, and with the crucial need for more effective protocols of risk stratification of patients with chest pain in the emergency room, recent evaluation of the computed tomography coronary angiography has been performed in the setting of acute chest pain, as about two thirds of invasive coronary angiographies show no significantly obstructive coronary artery disease. In daily practice, without the use of more efficient technologies, such as coronary angiography by computed tomography, safe and efficient stratification of patients with acute chest pain remains a challenge to the medical team in the emergency room. Recently, several studies, including three randomized trials, showed favorable results with the use of this technology in the emergency department for patients with low to intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease. In this review, we show data resulting from coronary angiography by computed tomography in risk stratification of patients with chest pain in the emergency room, its diagnostic value, prognosis and cost-effectiveness and a critical analysis of recently published multicenter studies.

Coronary computed tomography angiography in the assessment of acute chest pain in the emergency room.

The coronary computed tomography angiography has recently emerged as an accurate diagnostic tool in the evaluation of coronary artery disease, providing diagnostic and prognostic data that correlate directly with the data provided by invasive coronary angiography. The association of recent technological developments has allowed improved temporal resolution and better spatial coverage of the cardiac volume with significant reduction in radiation dose, and with the crucial need for more effective protocols of risk stratification of patients with chest pain in the emergency room, recent evaluation of the computed tomography coronary angiography has been performed in the setting of acute chest pain, as about two thirds of invasive coronary angiographies show no significantly obstructive coronary artery disease. In daily practice, without the use of more efficient technologies, such as coronary angiography by computed tomography, safe and efficient stratification of patients with acute chest pain remains a challenge to the medical team in the emergency room. Recently, several studies, including three randomized trials, showed favorable results with the use of this technology in the emergency department for patients with low to intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease. In this review, we show data resulting from coronary angiography by computed tomography in risk stratification of patients with chest pain in the emergency room, its diagnostic value, prognosis and cost-effectiveness and a critical analysis of recently published multicenter studies.

Avaliação da efetividade e segurança do protocolo de infusão de insulina de Yale para o controle glicêmico intensivo / Assessment of effectiveness and safety of Yale insulin infusion protocol in a brazilian medical and surgical Intensive Care Unit

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O controle glicêmico intensivo ocupa lugar de destaque no manuseio dos pacientes críticos. O objetivo desde estudo foi avaliar a efetividade e a segurança do protocolo de insulinoterapia por via venosa de Yale nos pacientes críticos internados em unidade de terapia intensiva geral em hospital comunitário. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo e comparativo entre 2 coortes de pacientes críticos, antes e após a implantação do controle glicêmico intensivo. Os desfechos de interesse do estudo foram glicemia média durante o tratamento, tempo para atingir a faixa alvo de 80 a 140 mg/dL, percentual de glicemia dentro desta faixa e incidência de hipoglicemia. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 112 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos. Sessenta pacientes constituíram o grupo controle (GC) e 52 o grupo protocolo (GP). A glicemia média no GP foi de 131,2 ± 14,7 mg/dL versus 181,7 ± 36,1 mg/dL no GC. Os pacientes no GP alcançaram a faixa alvo mais rápido [mediana 7h (4 - 10h) versus mediana 96h (46 - 278h)] no GC. O percentual de glicemia dentro da faixa-alvo foi de 65 por cento no GP e de 32 por cento no GC. Não houve diferença estatística significativa na incidência de hipoglicemia grave; 4 pacientes no GP versus 2 pacientes no GC. CONCLUSÕES: O protocolo de insulinoterapia por via venosa contínua de Yale, mostrou-se efetivo e seguro para o manuseio do controle glicêmico em unidade de terapia intensiva que atende pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Actually tight glycemic control is a major concern in critical care. The objective of this study was to evaluate effectiveness and safety of Yale insulin infusion protocol in a Brazilian medical and surgical intensive care unit. METHODS: Retrospective, before-after cohort study. Selected end-points were mean blood glucose levels, time-to-reach target range of 80 - 140 mg/dL, and percent of blood glucose in target range and hypoglycemia incidence. RESULTS: Were studied 112 patients: 60 in control group (CG) and 52 in protocol group (PG). Bedside blood glucose was measured 5392 times for a mean value of 131.2 ± 14.7 mg/dL in the PG versus 2485 times for a mean value of 181.7 ± 36.1 mg/dL in the CG. Blood glucose values were in the target range 65 percent and 32 percent of the times, respectively for PG and CG groups (p < 0.001). The median time to reach glucose target range was 7 h (range 4 -10 h) for PG and 96 hr (range 46 - 278 h) for CG (p < 0.001). Incidence of severe hypoglycemia did not reach difference statistically significant: 4 patients in PG versus 2 patients in CG. CONCLUSIONS: Yale insulin infusion protocol was effective and safe to improve blood glucose control in a Brazilian medical and surgical intensive care unit.

[Assessment of effectiveness and safety of Yale insulin infusion protocol in a brazilian medical and surgical Intensive Care Unit]. / Avaliação da efetividade e segurança do protocolo de infusão de insulina de Yale para o controle glicêmico intensivo.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Actually tight glycemic control is a major concern in critical care. The objective of this study was to evaluate effectiveness and safety of Yale insulin infusion protocol in a Brazilian medical and surgical intensive care unit. METHODS: Retrospective, before-after cohort study. Selected end-points were mean blood glucose levels, time-to-reach target range of 80 - 140 mg/dL, and percent of blood glucose in target range and hypoglycemia incidence. RESULTS: Were studied 112 patients: 60 in control group (CG) and 52 in protocol group (PG). Bedside blood glucose was measured 5392 times for a mean value of 131.2 ± 14.7 mg/dL in the PG versus 2485 times for a mean value of 181.7 ± 36.1 mg/dL in the CG. Blood glucose values were in the target range 65% and 32% of the times, respectively for PG and CG groups (p < 0.001). The median time to reach glucose target range was 7 h (range 4 -10 h) for PG and 96 hr (range 46 - 278 h) for CG (p < 0.001). Incidence of severe hypoglycemia did not reach difference statistically significant: 4 patients in PG versus 2 patients in CG. CONCLUSIONS: Yale insulin infusion protocol was effective and safe to improve blood glucose control in a Brazilian medical and surgical intensive care unit.