A multifaceted assessment of the nutritional status, diet and eating habits of midwives working on a shift schedule in Wroclaw, Poland: evaluation of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals in the diets of midwives participating in the study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional status and diet of midwives working on a shift schedule in public hospitals in Wroclaw, Poland, and to analyze the variation in their diet according to their working hours (day shift, night shift) and on a non-working day. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the group of 50 midwives, employed in 4 public hospitals in Wroclaw weight and body composition, waist and hip circumference, waist-hip-ratio and BMI were assessed. The nutritional habits and quality of the study participants' diets were assessed by 3-days food dietary recall, including 1 day shift day, 1 night shift day, and 1 non-working day. RESULTS: More than half of the subjects were assessed as having excess body weight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2). Thirty percent of participants had BMI ≥25-<30 kg/m2 and 24% BMI ≥30 kg/m2, 70% had a body fat percentage >30%. Fifty-six percent of the diets had an energy value <90% of the subject's total daily energy expenditure. Significantly higher energy value of diets on the night shift day compared to the morning shift day (1959.05±596.09 kcal vs. 1715.36±654.55 kcal, p = 0.01) were observed. The same relationship applied to cholesterol content (349.50±155.33 mg vs. 261.39±190.59 mg, p = 0.002). A high intake of phosphorus and sodium, exceeding the recommended dietary intake, was noticed. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of a night shift in the shift work schedule is an element of that model that may have a significant impact on the nutritional and health value of shift workers' diets. Therefore, it seems reasonable to implement nutritional education programs promoting healthy eating choices and habits during night work. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(5):618-31.

Assessment of eating and lifestyle habits among Polish cosmetology and physiotherapy students.

BACKGROUND: Proper nutritional behaviors are one of the most important factors shaping our health, as they influence people's physical and mental state. Good eating habits help prevent many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, some types of cancer, and osteoporosis. The Polish population aged 20-34 years displays improper nutritional behaviors which may put them at risk of developing diet-dependent diseases in the future. There is a need to assess students' lifestyle, including their eating habits, as it would help adapt already existing education programs. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated and compared eating habits and lifestyle of students studying cosmetology and physiotherapy in association with selected risk factors of civilization diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used a standardized dietary questionnaire evaluating respondents' physical activity, smoking and dietary habits. The obtained results were compared with the recommendations from the Polish food-based dietary guidelines. We evaluated respondents' nutritional status based on their anthropometric measurements such as body weight, body height, hips and waist circumferences and then we estimated their body mass index (BMI) and waist hip ratio (WHR). RESULTS: Students studying cosmetology and physiotherapy obtained on average 5.3 ±1.5 points based on their compliance with the nutritional recommendations. The academic youth did not meet principles of healthy nutrition according to the given recommendations. There were no significant differences in nutrition status between the faculties, except for products that provide complete protein. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to increase nutritional awareness of academic youth, especially students of health-related faculties, because better knowledge on nutrition would help them choose healthier food options.

Assessment of the glycemic index of groats available on the Polish food market

Background: Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are often used to assess diet quality in relation to the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer development. Taking into account differences in nutritional value of food products in different countries it is often suggested to used national databases to assess dietary intake in different populations. Objective: To assess the glycemic index and glycemic load of the selected groats available on the Polish food market. Material and methods: GI of the following groats available on the Polish food market was assessed: couscous, buckwheat (roasted) groats, millet groats, spelt groats, barley (hulled) groats and bulgur groats. The GI was assessed as the incremental area under the blood glucose response curve of a 50g carbohydrate portion of a test food expressed as a percent of the response to the same amount of carbohydrate from a standard food taken by the same subject. GL was calculated for the 100 g of the cooked product. Results: The lowest GI was found for buckwheat (34.7±8.2%) and barley (31.3±13.4%) groats. The GL for these groats was 8.1±1.9 and 8.0±3.4, respectively. The GI for millet, spelt and bulgur groats amounted to 56.2±20.6%, 69.8±35.0%, 64.5±36.8%, respectively, while for couscous amounted to 99.0± 36.0%. The highest GL was observed for couscous (24.7±9.0). Conclusions: The groats tested in this study can be classified as follows: barley and buckwheat as a low GI food, millet and bulgur as a medium GI food, spelt and couscous as a high GI food. Buckwheat and barley groats should be chosen the most often among these products, while the intake of couscous should be limited especially by people with diabetes.

Association between dietary glycaemic load and selected demographic, socio-economic and lifestyle factors in a group of adult Poles in Lower Silesia - Results of the PURE Poland Study.

INTRODUCTION: There is a strong association between the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and low socio-economic status (SES). It is interesting to consider whether high dietary glycaemic load (GL) is also associated with low SES or demographic factors. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between dietary GL and demographic, socio-economic and lifestyle factors in a selected population of Polish adults in Lower Silesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 2,025 Polish adults (aged 35-70 years), enrolled in the 1st stage of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study. Nutritional data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which was developed and validated for the Polish population in Lower Silesia. The overall GL of each diet was computed as a sum of GL values of consumed foods. RESULTS: Significantly higher GL and GL/1,000 kcal were observed in the diets of males compared to females and in the diets of rural compared to urban inhabitants. An adverse relationship between both GL and GL/1,000 kcal and level of education was found. The percentage of females, urban inhabitants, people with university education and not married decreased with quartiles of the overall dietary GL and GL/1,000 kcal. The percentage of former smokers, people who never used alcohol and people with low and moderate physical activity decreased with quartiles of GL and GL/1,000 kcal. Lower percentage of individuals aged 44-64 years was observed with quartiles of the overall dietary GL. CONCLUSIONS: Factors such as: male gender, rural place of residence, low level of education and smoking determine the group of people that is the most exposed on the effects of improper nutrition, according to the low quality and/or high amount of carbohydrates defined by GL and GL per 1,000 kcal.

Relationship between the dietary glycemic load of the adult Polish population and socio-demographic and lifestyle factors - results of the WOBASZ II study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) occurs more often among people with a low sociodemographic status, so it is worth knowing if any sociodemographic factor also has an impact on diet quality, defined by glycemic load (GL). OBJECTIVES: Assessment of the relationship between the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, health status self-assessment and dietary GL of the adult Polish population based on WOBASZ II study results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included a representative group of the Polish population aged ≥20 years (2,554 men and 3,136 women). A 24-hour dietary recall was collected to assess the dietary intake. The total GL was calculated by summing the GL values of the consumed food. RESULTS: The average GL/1,000 kcal was significantly higher in women's than in men's diets (74.0 ±15.9 vs 71.2 ±15.7). Dietary GL/1,000 kcal increased with age (men: aged <35 - 70.3 and aged ≥65 - 73.9, women: 73.5 and 76.5, respectively). The lowest dietary GL/1,000 kcal was found among people living in large population centers. Dietary GL/1,000 kcal decreased with education level (men with primary, secondary and higher education: 73.4, 69.5 and 68.9, respectively, and women: 76.7, 73.4 and 70.9, respectively). Dietary GL decreased as an income increased. The highest GL/1,000 kcal was observed in the diets of participants who performed less physical activity. The highest GL/1,000 kcal was observed in the participants who defined their health status as very poor/poor and the lowest among those who defined their health status as good/very good. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional education about the proper selection of products that are sources of carbohydrates in the diet should be addressed mainly to people with low sociodemographic status, such as: people in the older age group, living in small population centers, and with lower levels of education and lower income. It should also be directed to people with a lower level of physical activity. Greater awareness of the choices of carbohydrate products is recommended to improve diet quality in these groups of people.

Assessment of nutritional status on the basis of the mini nutritional assessment (MNA) questionnaire in patients on the internal medicine ward

Background: The inadequate nutritional status of hospitalized patients leading to the malnutrition is one of the crucial clinical problems. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess nutritional status of patients on the basis of the mini nutritional assessment (MNA) questionnaire. Material and Methods: The study group included 120 patients staying on the internal medicine ward. The average age for female and male was 65±9.7 and 63±8.4 years, respectively. To assess malnutrition the anthropometric measurements and the MNA questionnaire was conducted. Results: The average MIS (Malnutrition Indicator Score) value in female and male was 25.0 ± 3.0. Among 29% of women and 18.2% of men the risk of malnutrition occurrence was noted. The incorrect values of BMI (body mass index) were observed more frequently in male compared to female (84.0% vs. 67.0%). Incorrect values of the MAC (mid arm circumference) and CC (calf circumference) were found respectively in 6.6 % and 10.5% of female and in 2.3% of male. 55.3% of women and 75% of men declared taking more than 3 prescription drugs a day. In women were observed a significantly higher deficiency of dairy products, meat, fish, or poultry as well as meals containing legume plants or eggs per week compared to men (21.0% vs. 4.5%). An insufficient daily intake of vegetables was declared by 20.4% of men and 15.8% of women. Conclusions: The occurrence of malnutrition or its risk was observed in about a quarter of studied hospitalized patients. The malnutrition was worsened by a reported loss of appetite, a significant number of drugs being taken, and inadequate nutrition among the patients.

Assessment of glycemic load and intake of carbohydrates in the diet of Wroclaw Medical University students (Poland).

BACKGROUND: Glycemic Load (GL) is one of the indicators that can be used to assess the nutritional value of the diet. The results of numerous studies have shown that high glycemic index and/or high GL diets were associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate dietary GL, intake of food products which are source of carbohydrates and contribution of particular carbohydrates in students' diets. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 140 female students from Wroclaw (Poland) aged 21±1.6 years. The dietary assessment was performed using food frequency-questionnaire. The GL of daily food ration (DFR) was considered low for values <80 g, medium for values between 80-120 g and high for values >120 g. RESULTS: The mean GL of the diets was 120.7±42 g. DFR of 12.1% of the students had low GL, 46.6% - medium, and 39.3% - high. Diets in the 4th quartile of GL were characterized by the highest energy value, total carbohydrate, sucrose, starch and fiber content and energy contribution from carbohydrates when compared with lower quartiles. Higher percentage of energy from protein and fats in the diets was related with lower dietary GL. The highest correlation coefficient between GL and weight of the consumed food was observed for sweets (r=0.67), cereal products (r=0.52), juices and sweetened beverages (r=0.50), vegetables (r=0.45) and fruits (r=0.44). In the study, cereal products, fruits, sweets, vegetables and juices and sweetened beverages consumed by the female subjects constituted respectively 26.6%, 12.8%, 11.4%, 9.1% and 8.8% of the total dietary GL. CONCLUSIONS: Lower dietary GL in the female students participating in the study can be achieved by limiting the intake of sweets and sweet beverages as well as consuming cereal products with a low GI. KEY WORDS: glycemic index, glycemic load, carbohydrates, students, diet.

Assessment of dietary flavonoid intake among 50-year-old inhabitants of Wroclaw in 2008.

BACKGROUND: In much epidemiological research, a positive impact of flavonoid intake on human health has been observed. The role of flavonoids in heart diseases and cancer prevention was described. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess dietary flavonoid intake among 50-year-old inhabitants of Wroclaw in 2008. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group included 1520 inhabitants of Wroclaw (879 women, 641 men) who participated in the Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program in 2008, which was organized by the Health Division of the Municipal Office in Wroclaw. The mean age of the women was 49.9 +/- 0.3 year old and of the men 50.0 +/- 0.2. To assess dietary flavonoid intake, the consumption of fruits, vegetables, tea, wine and chocolate was evaluated. To assess daily food intake, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used. The dietary flavonoid intake was evaluated using the database from 2007 "U.S. Department of Agriculture Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.1". RESULTS: The flavonoid intake from fruits and vegetables in women amounted respectively to 13.64 mg/day and 8.59 mg/day. The flavonoid intake from these products in men was respectively 9.56 mg/day and 6.54 mg/day. Fruits and vegetables provided respectively 2.2%, 1.4% of daily flavonoid intake in women and respectively 1.6%, 1.1% in men. The flavonoid intake provided by fruit juices amounted to 4.57 mg/day in women and 4.97 mg/day in men. Chocolate, in both women and men, was a source of 0.80 mg/day of total flavonoids. Fruit juices and chocolate provided respectively 0.7% and 0.1% of daily flavonoid intake in women and respectively 0.8% and 0.1% in men. Tea provided, in both women and men, 595 mg/day of total flavonoids (respectively 95.6% and 96.5% of daily total flavonoid intake). Total daily flavonoid intake in the investigated group amounted to 622.60 mg in women and 616.87 mg in men. CONCLUSIONS: This study assessed a higher dietary flavonoid intake in the investigated group in comparison with other studies results. The major source of these compounds, especially flavan-3-ols, was tea consumption. The authors concluded that increased fruit and vegetable consumption in the investigated group would increase anthocyanidin, flavanone and flavonol intake.

Assessment of atherogenicity of students daily diets of Wroclaw Medical University.

BACKGROUND: Results of the research indicate that excessive consumption of products that are a rich source of the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and cholesterol, and disturbed balance in the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake could affect the development of atherosclerotic lesions since the childhood. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the atherogenicity of the students diets, based on the content of various fatty acids (FA), their relative proportions, and the content of cholesterol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group included 127 students (female-100, male-27) of Wroclaw Medical University. Dietary habits in the study group were evaluated by the method of the three-day diet record including one weekend day. In total 381 dietary interviews: 300 from female and 81 from male were analyzed. RESULTS: The percentage of energy from SFA was higher than recommended 10%. The average percentage of energy from SFA in the diets of male and female was 14.3% and 15.6%. The average percentage of energy from MUFA in the diets of female and male was respectively 12.8% and 15.3%. The recommended average percentage of energy from MUFA is > or = 14% of daily energy requirements. The daily intake of cholesterol should be less than 300 mg/day. The average content of cholesterol in the diets of female was 278.7 mg/day, and male 428.1 mg/day. The Keys atherogenic score assessed in the diets of female was on average 49.2 with recommended values of 30.1-35.5, and 52.3 in the diets of male at the recommended values of 28.4-33.8. Atherogenicity estimated by P/S ratio in both students groups was 0.4 at the recommended values of > or =1. The recommended daily percentage of energy from PUFA is 6-10%. The percentage of energy from PUFA in the average diet of female was 5.3%, and 6.0% in the male diets. The sum of EPA and DHA in the female diets was average 0.1 g/day, and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was 5.8:1 (recommended 4:1). The sum of EPA and DHA in the male diets was 0.2 g/day, and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was 6.1:1. CONCLUSIONS: It was shown that studied students diets may promote the development of atherosclerotic lesions.

[Assessment of fruit and vegetable intake among the 50-year-old population of Wroclaw]. / Ocena spozycia warzyw i owoców w grupie 50-letnich mieszkanców Wroclawia.

Intake of fruit and vegetable among 50-year-old population of Wroclaw and the impact of education level on the consumption of fruits and vegetables was assessed. The study group was 50-year-old, 1520 inhabitants of Wroclaw (879 women and 641 men), who participated in 2008 in the Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention Program organized by the Health Division of the Municipal Office in Wroclaw. To assess fruit and vegetable intake Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used. The mean daily intake of vegetables and fruit was 289,4 g for women and 209,1 g for men. Women consumed significantly more vegetables, fruits, and the amounts of fruits and vegetables compared with men. The impact of educational level on fruit and vegetable consumption in the study group was found.

Assessment of dietary intake in a sample of Polish population - baseline assessment from the prospective cohort 'PONS' study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake of participants in the Polish-Norwegian Study (PONS). METHODS: The presented study comprised 3,862 inhabitants of Swietokrzyskie Province aged 45-64 (2,572 females and 1,290 males). Daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat and fatty acid were estimated using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS: Energy intake was significantly higher in males than females (1,461.4 vs 1,320.7 kcal/day), and in participants aged 45-54 than in those aged 55-64 (1,409.5 vs 1,338.5 kcal/day). The percentage of energy from saturated fatty acids was higher than dietary recommendations. Protein, fat and carbohydrate intakes were significantly higher in males compared to females, and in younger than in older group. Daily cholesterol intake was significantly higher in males compared to females and in younger than in older group. People with a higher level of education had a higher energy, protein and fat intake. CONCLUSION: Under-reporting of energy intake was observed in a significant percentage of participants, especially in males. Gender, age and education status had statistically significant impact on dietary intake. Increase in the intake of dietary fibre, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids with diet by the studied participants will make the diets more healthy.

Evaluation of mineral and vitamin intake in the diet of a sample of Polish population - baseline assessment from the prospective cohort 'PONS' study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate selected mineral and vitamin intake of the Polish-Norwegian Study (PONS) participants. METHODS: Daily mineral and vitamin intake of PONS study participants was estimated using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Overall, 3,862 inhabitants of Swietokrzyskie Province aged 45-64 (2,572 females and 1,290 males) enrolled in the study. RESULTS: Mean calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium intake were, in males: 660.6 mg/day, 15.4 mg/day, 218.5 mg/day, 889.3 mg/day, 2,453.4 mg/day and 2,571.5 mg/day, and in females: 703.6 mg/day, 13.9 mg/day, 220.8 mg/day, 916.3 mg/day, 2,497.3 mg/day and 2,301.8 mg/day, respectively. Iron and sodium intake was significantly higher in males compared to females. Calcium intake was lower in males than in females and in participants aged 55-64 then those aged 45-54. Estimated daily sodium intake was similar among individuals with and without hypertension. Mean vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, A and E were, in males: 80.1 mg/day, 1.3 mg/day, 1.5 mg/day, 1.6 mg/day, 8,454.0 IU/day and 5.4 mg/day and in females: 83.7 mg/day, 1.1 mg/day, 1.6 mg/day, 1.6 mg/day, 9,494.6 IU/day and 4.9 mg/day, respectively. Females had a higher intake of vitamin C and A , while males had higher thiamin and vitamin E intakes. Higher daily vitamin C intake was observed in the younger than in the older group, and in participants with higher education than those with a lower level of education. CONCLUSION: Significant differences were observed in daily intake of some vitamins and minerals by gender, age, level of education, and place of residence. Some participants had a lower intake of some minerals and vitamins than Polish recommendations.

Prevalence of obesity - baseline assessment in the prospective cohort 'PONS' study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population of Swietokrzyskie Province in Poland. METHODS: Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC) in the Polish-Norwegian Study (PONS) was measured in 2,567 females and 1,287 males. Anthropometric measurements included fat mass, height, weight, waist and hip circumference. BMI and WHR were calculated. RESULTS: Data showed that 52% of males and 42% of females were overweight (25.0 ≤ BMI<30.0 kg/m2), and the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) was 35% in both genders. The average BMI was higher in males (28.5 kg/m2) than in females (28.2 kg/m2). Analysis of WC showed that 36% of males and 45% of females had abdominal obesity, whereas measurements of WHR showed abdominal obesity in 64% of males and 79% of females. Generally, the prevalence of obesity was higher in the older age group (55-64 years) and in rural inhabitants. The prevalence of overweight increased with educational level, but the prevalence of obesity decreased with level of education in both males and females. CONCLUSIONS: Almost 80% of the PONS population were either overweight or obese; therefore, the PONS population is at increased risk of developing obesity-related diseases.

Prevalence of hypertension in a sample of Polish population - baseline assessment from the prospective cohort 'PONS' study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in the studied population. METHODS: Presented results are a part of the Polish-Norwegian Study (PONS) project. The study group consisted of 3,862 inhabitants of Swietokrzyskie Province aged 45-64 years (2,572 females and 1,290 males). RESULTS: Prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension was evaluated in the studied population of 3,854 urban and rural inhabitants. Mean blood pressure in the whole studied population was 139.6/81.9 mmHg; of the studied population 61.7% were hypertensive. Hypertension was more prevalent in the studied males (70.63%) than in the females (57.24%). In both males and females, the older subgroups (55-64 y.o.) had significantly higher blood pressure than the younger subgroups (45-54). Education had a significant impact on the prevalence of hypertension, and the highest prevalence of hypertension was observed in the middle level educated groups of females and males. No significant difference was observed between rural and urban inhabitants. In both females and males, the prevalence of hypertension significantly decreased with level of education. Hypertension was well-controlled in only 13.8% of the subjects. More studied females than males achieved good control of blood pressure (14.09 vs. 12.7%), and better control of blood pressure was significantly more frequent in better those who were better educated. Hypertension was not diagnosed in 23.2% of studied population. Significantly, more males than females had undiagnosed hypertension (30.4 vs. 19.5%). No significant difference between rural and urban populations was observed. Interestingly, both in females and males, the better educated groups had more undiagnosed hypertension than those who were well-educated. CONCLUSIONS: The studied group had a high prevalence of hypertension (61.7%), which was less frequent and better controlled in the studied females than in the males. No significant difference was observed between the urban and rural populations. Level of education had significant impact on the prevalence of hypertension.

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and IFG in the prospective cohort 'PONS' study - baseline assessment.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in the Polish-Norwegian Study (PONS) population in Poland. METHODS: The presented results are part of the PONS project, and cover information from 3,854 people aged 45-64 (2,567 females and 1,287 males) who are inhabitants of Swietokrzyski Province. RESULTS: In the study group there were 62.8% participants with normoglycaemia, 28.9% participants with IFG and 8.4% participants with diabetes. In those with diabetes, there were 95 participants (2.5%) whose diabetes was unknown prior to this study. Among 5.9% patients with known diabetes 52.9% of the participants had a fasting blood glucose level of ≥ 126 mg%. There were 46.8% males and 70.8% females with normoglycaemia, 41.0% males and 22.8% females with IFG, and 12.2% males and 6.4% females with diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in participants in the older age group (55-64) compared to younger participants (45-54). The prevalence of diabetes decreased with increasing education and was higher among overweight or obese participants compared to normal weight participants. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in study population was generally high, but especially high in males, and the awareness of diabetes in the population was generally low. Among participants with known diabetes more than half was not well controlled.

[Assessment of dietary intake of lower secondary school students from Olesnica]. / Ocena sposobu zywienia gimnazjalistów z Olesnicy.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the dietary intake of lower secondary school students. The study group involved 133 students from lower secondary school in Olesnica, including 65 girls and 48 boys. The study was performed by means of 3-day food records. Daily Food Ration (DFR) in the investigated girls were found not to fulfill the daily requirement for monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, calcium, iron, copper as well as thiamin and niacin. Average DFR of the investigated boys filled the daily requirements for nutrients. The percentage of energy from fats and carbohydrates in the average DFR of the investigated subjects was incompatible with the requirements. The daily requirements for energy were fulfilled in too high percentage by the intake of fats while the percentage of energy coming from carbohydrates was too low. The composition of fatty acids in mean DFR of girls and boys was wrong. Both study groups revealed too high intake of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol.

Assessment of fruit and vegetable intake among the population of junior high school students from Olesnica.

The aim of this study was to assess fruit and vegetable intake among the population of junior high school students. 113 students from Junior High School No. 2 in Olesnica participated in the research. In order to assess the intake of fruit and vegetables, the method of food frequency questionnaire was used. It was stated that vegetables appearing most frequently in the diet of girls were: tomatoes, carrots, cucumbers and fresh vegetable salads, and in the meals of boys were: tomatoes, fresh vegetable salads, cucumbers and vegetable salads. Boys and girls declared that the most often consumed fruits were: apples, oranges, mandarins and bananas. The mean daily total consumption of fruit and vegetables by the junior high school students was 358.5 g/day. Compared with current dietary recommendations, intakes of fruit and vegetables were too low.