The association between spouses' earnings and trends in income inequality in Brazil (1993-2015).

In this paper, we investigate how the diffusion of dual-earner couples has affected aggregate levels of inequality in Brazil. More specifically, we analyze trends in the association between spouses' earnings and assess their implications for earnings inequality among couples from 1993 to 2015. For this purpose, we use log-linear models to distinguish three components of the association between spouses' earnings: a) the correlation between spouses' earnings among dual-earner couples; b) the relationship between husbands' earnings and wives' labor force participation; and c) the proportion of dual-earner couples. Counterfactual simulations allow us to estimate how inequality would change if the trends in the association between spouses' earnings and each of its components had been different. We show that changes in the gradient of wives' employment and compositional effects related to the increasing prevalence of dual-earner couples contributed to limit the decline in inequality over the studied period.

Optimized allocation of forest restoration zones to minimize soil losses in watersheds.

Increase of water erosion is one of the main problems in watersheds all over the world and directly affects soil and water resources, causing economic and environmental losses. We proposed a combination of Genetic Algorithm and Erosion/Deposition modelling to allocate vegetation zones in order to reduce soil losses within watersheds. In this study, we have used Unit Stream Power Based Erosion Deposition (USPED) model to predict the spatial distribution of erosion and sediment deposition. Based on USPED estimates, Genetic Algorithm optimize site as well size of forest restoration zones in order to reduce soil losses. Proposed approach considered watershed entirely, in a cell-level optimization, to find the best possible arrangement of forest zones. For initial scenario, soil loss estimate was 2.045,55 ton. ha-1. year-1 and after optimization we achieved 52% reduction. Optimized forest zones formed connected and compacted patches, which enable field implementation. Methodology is also applicable to other watersheds around world.

A Taxonomy Proposal for the Assessment of the Changes in Soundscape Resulting from the COVID-19 Lockdown.

Many countries around the world have chosen lockdown and restrictions on people's mobility as the main strategies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. These actions have significantly affected environmental noise and modified urban soundscapes, opening up an unprecedented opportunity for research in the field. In order to enable these investigations to be carried out in a more harmonized and consistent manner, this paper makes a proposal for a set of indicators that will enable to address the challenge from a number of different approaches. It proposes a minimum set of basic energetic indicators, and the taxonomy that will allow their communication and reporting. In addition, an extended set of descriptors is outlined which better enables the application of more novel approaches to the evaluation of the effect of this new soundscape on people's subjective perception.

Self-efficacy assessment tools for individuals with depression: protocol for a systematic review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Depression is a common debilitating disease that affects individuals in all age groups. The impact of the diagnosis extends beyond the individual, with negative effects on mental health, physical health and social well-being. Self-efficacy has been referenced as an important aspect to the prognosis of mood disorders by conferring co-responsibility to the affected individual to face his/her health problems. Several assessment tools are found in the literature for measuring self-efficacy, but it is not yet clear which of these measures are more applicable to individuals with mood disorders, particularly depression. Thus, the aim of present study is to propose a systematic review to examine the psychometric properties and applicability of assessment tools designed to measure self-efficacy in individuals with symptoms and/or a diagnosis of depression. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This protocol is reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols statement and the review will be reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The evaluation of the psychometric properties of the health outcome measures will be conducted according to COSMIN guidelines. Two independent reviewers will perform the electronic searches in the PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, SCOPUS and CINAHL databases, followed by the use of the 'snowball' strategy. The inclusion criteria will be (1) instrument validation studies, (2) developed with individuals of any age (3) with symptoms or a diagnosis of depression. Two independent reviewers will analyse the titles and abstracts of the articles retrieved during the search for pre-selection, followed by full-text analyses to determine inclusion in the review based on the eligibility criteria. Cases of a divergence of opinion will be resolved by a third reviewer. Descriptive analysis of the articles will be performed (data on participants, characteristics, psychometric properties and clinical usefulness of the assessment tools). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The proposed systematic review will provide information on assessment tools employed to measure self-efficacy with regard to coping with depression, offering data on the psychometric properties, strong and weak points, and clinical applicability. As a secondary analysis of the literature, the approval of an ethics committee is not required. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42017078707.

Risk of behaviour suggestive of opioid abuse: a protocol for a systematic review of validated assessment tools.

INTRODUCTION: Opioid use patterns of individuals with non-cancer pain are influenced by the behavioural dynamics of the individual in managing and properly following the prescription. The use of assessment tools for measuring the risk of behaviour suggestive of opioid abuse is important for health professionals who provide care to individuals with non-cancer pain. The aim of the proposed review is to analyse the psychometric properties of tools for measuring the risk of behaviour suggestive of opioid abuse in adults with non-cancer pain. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The review process will be based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols. The Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments will be used to analyse the assessment tools. Two independent reviewers will perform the literature search and analysis procedures. Searches will be performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases, and the 'snowball' strategy will be employed. The inclusion criteria will be (1) validation studies, (2) assessment tools designed exclusively for measuring the risk of behaviour suggestive of opioid abuse and (3) assessment tools designed for evaluation of adults with chronic non-cancer pain. The titles and abstracts of the studies retrieved from the databases will be analysed for the preselection of articles, which will be submitted to a full-text analysis to define the final sample. Divergence of opinion between two reviewers will be resolved by consulting a third reviewer. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The review will offer an overview of assessment tools available for measuring the risk of behaviour suggestive of opioid abuse, which is relevant to reducing the risk of deaths due to abusive consumption and for clinical management of adults with chronic non-cancer pain. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018081577.

Markov chains and cellular automata to predict environments subject to desertification.

The foremost objective of this study was to analyze the performance of a Markov chain/cellular automata model for predicting land use/land cover changes in environments predisposed to desertification. The study area is the Vieira river basin, located in Montes Claros (MG, Brazil). Land use/land cover prognosis was performed for the year 2005 so that this result could be compared with the ranked image for the same year, taken as ground truth. Kappa indices were used to evaluate the change level that occurred between these two cases. Results from cellular automata were evaluated from those of the Markov chain model. The latter proved to be efficient in the quantitative prediction of changes in land use/land cover. Regarding the cellular automata, an average performance was noted in the spatial distribution of classes. Specifically, with regard to desertification, the use of the CA-Markov model was effective at estimating the total area of the most susceptible class to this process, Bare Soil; however, it was inefficient in its spatialization. Even with the caveats related to the performance of cellular automata, the overall prediction capacity of CA-Markov models can be considered as good.

Problemas e conflitos bioéticos da prática em equipe da Estratégia Saúde da Família / Problems and bioethical conflicts in the work of a team from Estratégia Saúde da Família / Problemas y conflictos bioéticos de la práctica en equipo de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a gênese e expressão de problemas e conflitos éticos que emergem durante o trabalho de uma equipe da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Esta investigação qualitativa considera três etapas de operacionalização: etnografia, entrevista e grupo focal. O principal problema ético encontrado é o descompromisso de profissionais em relação a outros profissionais e paciente, o que, por consequência, desencadeia outros problemas éticos, como absenteísmo, procrastinação e fragmentação da equipe. A origem desses problemas está relacionada à ausência de razoável competência interpessoal, a necessidades profissionais não atendidas, à hierarquia e à pouca maturidade psicológica. Sendo assim, são necessárias estratégias de intervenção tanto na gênese quanto nos problemas e conflitos éticos para que o trabalho em equipe não se estabeleça em pseudoequipe em detrimento do cuidado.

Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the genesis and expression of ethical problems and conflicts that emerge during the work of a Estratégia Saúde da Família team (Family Health Strategy). This qualitative research considers three stages of operationalisation: ethnography, interview and focus group. The main ethical problem found is the lack of commitment of professionals in relation to other professionals and patients, which, consequently, triggers other ethical problems, such as absenteeism, procrastination and team fragmentation. The origin of these problems is related to the absence of reasonable interpersonal competence, unanswered professional needs, hierarchy and low psychological maturity. Thus, intervention strategies are necessary both in the genesis and in the problems and ethical conflicts in order that teamwork is not established in a pseudo-team at the expense of patient care.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la génesis y la expresión de los problemas y conflictos éticos que surgen durante el trabajo de un equipo de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar. Esta investigación cualitativa contempla tres etapas de operacionalización: etnografía, entrevista y grupo focal. El principal problema ético encontrado es la falta de compromiso de los profesionales en relación con otros profesionales y con el paciente, lo cual, en consecuencia, desencadena otros problemas éticos, tales como el absentismo laboral, la dilación profesional y la fragmentación del equipo. El origen de estos problemas está relacionado con la ausencia de una competencia interpersonal razonable, las necesidades no satisfechas de los profesionales, la jerarquía y la baja madurez psicológica. Por lo tanto, se necesitan estrategias de intervención, tanto en la génesis como en los problemas y conflictos éticos, para que el trabajo en equipo no se establezca en un pseudo-equipo en detrimento del cuidado.

Rendimento do Trabalho das Esposas e Tendências da Desigualdade de Renda no Brasil (1992-2014) / Female Laborforce Participation and Tendencies Affecting Income Inequality in Brazil (1992-2014) / Revenus du Travail des Épouses et Tendances des Inégalités de Revenus au Brésil (1992-2014) / Los Ingresos Laborales de las Mujeres Casadas y las Tendencias de las Desigualdades Económicas en Brasil (1992-2014)

RESUMO Nas últimas décadas, as mulheres que viviam em união conjugal foram as principais responsáveis pelo aumento da participação feminina no mercado de trabalho no Brasil. Isso se traduziu na crescente contribuição dos rendimentos do trabalho das esposas para a renda das famílias. Neste artigo, argumentamos que essas tendências ajudaram a diminuir a desigualdade de renda entre as famílias desde a década de 1990. Usando dados das PNADs, decompomos a desigualdade da renda domiciliar per capita, medida pelo coeficiente de variação ao quadrado, segundo: a) fontes da renda domiciliar (rendimentos do trabalho do marido, rendimentos do trabalho da esposa e outras rendas); e b) tipos de família (chefiadas por casais ou não). A partir dessas decomposições desenvolvemos análises contrafactuais para verificar o impacto dos rendimentos do trabalho das esposas nas tendências da desigualdade de renda no Brasil entre 1992 e 2014. Apesar do aumento da associação entre os rendimentos dos cônjuges, o efeito líquido das mudanças nos rendimentos das esposas durante o período analisado foi equalizador.

ABSTRACT Women living with their spouses have served as the main sector of society driving the increase in female laborforce participation in Brazil in recent decades. Such a phenomenon is reflected in the growing contribution made by women to family income levels. The following article argues that such trends have helped to reduce income inequality among families as of the 1990s. Harnessing data from the PNADs (Brazilian National Household Surveys), we examine household income inequality per capita, measured by the coefficient of variation squared, according to a) sources of household income (husband's earnings, wife's earnings and other income); and b) family type (whether or not the family is headed by a couple or not). We use this information to develop counterfactual analyses to examine the impact of women's earnings on income inequality trends in Brazil from 1992 to 2014. With the growing parity of earnings between spouses, the net result of the shifts in women's earnings during the period under analysis had a balancing effect.

RÉSUMÉ Lors des dernières décennies, les femmes vivant en union conjugale ont été les principales responsables de l'augmentation de la participation féminine au marché du travail brésilien. Cela s'est traduit par la contribution croissante des revenus du travail des épouses au revenu des familles. Dans cet article, nous défendrons l'argument de ce que ces tendances ont contribué à faire diminuer les inégalités de revenus parmi les familles depuis les années 1990. Sur la base de données des PNAD (enquêtes domiciliaires), nous avons décomposé les inégalités de revenu des ménages per capita, mesurées par le coefficient de variation au carré, selon : a) les sources de revenu des ménages (revenus du travail de l'époux, revenus du travail de l'épouse et autre revenus) ; et b) les types de familles (dirigées par des couples ou non). Sur cette base, nous avons développé des analyses contrefactuelles pour vérifier l'impact des revenus du travail des épouses sur les tendances des inégalités de revenus au Brésil entre 1992 et 2014.

RESUMEN En las últimas décadas, las mujeres que vivían en unión conyugal fueron las principales responsables del aumento de la participación femenina en el mercado laboral brasileño. Esta realidad se tradujo en una creciente contribución de los ingresos laborales que obtenían las mujeres a la situación económica de las familias. En este artículo, argumentamos que esas tendencias ayudaron a disminuir las desigualdades de ingresos entre las familias desde la década de 1990. Tomando como base los datos de las Encuestas Nacionales por Muestra de Domicilios (PNAD) del Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Brasil, desglosamos las desigualdades de los ingresos per cápita por hogar, medidas por el coeficiente de variación al cuadrado, según: a) fuentes de ingresos familiares (ingresos laborales del marido, ingresos laborales de la mujer y otros ingresos); e b) tipos de familias (encabezadas por matrimonios o no). A partir de estos desgloses, desarrollamos análisis contrafactuales para comprobar el impacto de los ingresos laborales de las mujeres casadas en las tendencias de las desigualdades económicas en Brasil entre 1992 y 2014. A pesar del aumento de la asociación entre los ingresos de los cónyuges, el impacto neto de los cambios en las contribuciones económicas de las mujeres casadas durante el período analizado fue ecualizador.

Migração no voleibol brasileiro: a perspectiva de atletas e treinadores de alto rendimento / Migration in brazilian volleyball: perspectives of highperformance athletes and coaches / Migración en el voleibol brasileño: la perspectiva de atletas y entrenadores de alto rendimiento

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o discurso de atletas e treinadores de voleibol de alto rendimento sobre o processo de migração nesta modalidade, face às diversas conquistas das seleções, a espetacularização e a atratividade despertadas por esse esporte. A metodologia utilizada é descritiva e de natureza qualitativa, utilizando um roteiro de entrevista com treinadores e atletas das equipes Unilever/RJ e RJX/RJ. Como resultado, encontramos como categorias de análise para os treinadores as discussões sobre sua necessidade de encontrar bons atletas aliada à gestão financeira. Já para os jogadores, a experiência internacional, a distância da família e ascensão financeira e profissional são fatores que os fazem imigrar. Concluímos que os obstáculos encontrados pelos envolvidos abrangem principalmente aspectos culturais, econômicos e políticos

This study looks into discourses of high-performance Brazilian volleyball athletes and coaches about the process of migration given the several achievements of Brazil's national teams as well as spectacularization and attractiveness aroused by that sport. The methodology is descriptive and qualitative, using an interview script with coaches and athletes of Unilever and RJX ­ volleyball teams from the state of Rio de Janeiro. As a result, we found discussions about coaches' needs to find good athletes coupled with financial management as categories of analysis for them. For players, in turn, international experience, distance from families and financial and professional rise are factors that cause them to migrate. We found that obstacles encountered by the people are mainly cultural, economic and political

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el discurso de atletas y entrenadores de voleibol de alto rendimiento sobre el proceso migratorio en esta modalidad, frente a las diversas conquistas de las selecciones, el espectáculo y el atractivo que despierta este deporte. La metodología utilizada es descriptiva y de naturaleza cualitativa, usando un programa de entrevistas con entrenadores y atletas de los equipos Unilever/RJ y RJX/ RJ. Como resultado, encontramos como categorías de análisis para los entrenadores las discusiones sobre sus necesidades de encontrar buenos atletas y sobre la gestión financiera. En cuanto a los jugadores, la experiencia internacional, la distancia de la familia y la mejoría financiera y profesional son factores que los hacen emigrar. Llegamos a la conclusión de que los obstáculos encontrados por los implicados se refieren principalmente a los aspectos culturales, económicos y políticos

Problemas éticos e justiça social na Estratégia Saúde da Família / Ethical issues and social justice in the Estratégia Saúde da Família / Problemas éticos y justicia social en la Estratégia Saúde da Família

Resumo Estudo de abordagem qualitativa objetivou identificar problemas éticos na perspectiva de membros de equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família de capitais brasileiras, relacionando-os ao campo teórico da justiça social. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 33 membros de quatro equipes dos municípios de Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, Natal e Salvador. Os dados foram submetidos à técnica de análise de conteúdo em sua modalidade temática e emergiram duas categorias fundamentais. A primeira envolveu os principais problemas éticos identificados pelos participantes no cotidiano das equipes, e a segunda reuniu os funcionamentos que puderam ser identificados a partir do posicionamento dos participantes com relação à construção de relações éticas no campo da justiça social. Conclui-se que os conflitos éticos no âmbito da atenção básica à saúde interferem no processo de trabalho e que sua abordagem pela perspectiva da justiça social pode favorecer seu enfrentamento no cotidiano das equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família.

Abstract This qualitative study aimed to identify ethical problems from the perspective of the team members of the Estratégia Saúde da Família (Family Health Strategy) in Brazilian state capitals, linking such issues to the theoretical field of social justice. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 33 members of 4 teams in the cities of Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, Natal and Salvador. The data were subjected to the thematic modality of the content analysis technique, and two main categories emerged. The first involved the main ethical problems in the daily life of the teams identified by the participants, while the second described the functioning that could be identified from the position of the participants with regard to the construction of ethical relations in the field of social justice. It concludes that ethical conflicts in the context of primary health care interfere with the work process and that an approach from the perspective of social justice may allow Estratégia Saúde da Família teams to tackle such issues in their everyday work.

Resumen Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo identificar los problemas éticos desde la perspectiva de los miembros de los equipos de la Estratégia Saúde da Família (Estrategia de Salud de la Familia) en las capitales brasileñas, al relacionarlos con el campo teórico de la justicia social. Las entrevistas semiestructuradas se llevaron a cabo con 33 miembros de cuatro equipos de los municipios de Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, Natal y Salvador. Los datos fueron sometidos a la técnica de análisis de contenido en su modalidad temática y emergieron dos categorías fundamentales. La primera involucró los principales problemas éticos identificados por los participantes en la vida diaria de los equipos y la segunda reunió los funcionamientos que pudiesen identificarse a partir de la colocación de los participantes con respecto a la construcción de relaciones éticas en el campo de la justicia social. Se concluyó que los conflictos éticos en el contexto de la atención básica a la salud interfieren con el proceso de trabajo y que su enfoque desde la perspectiva de la justicia social puede favorecer su enfrentamiento en el día a día de los equipos de la Estratégia Saúde da Família.

Matching Dietary Amino Acid Balance to the In Silico-Translated Exome Optimizes Growth and Reproduction without Cost to Lifespan.

Balancing the quantity and quality of dietary protein relative to other nutrients is a key determinant of evolutionary fitness. A theoretical framework for defining a balanced diet would both reduce the enormous workload to optimize diets empirically and represent a breakthrough toward tailoring diets to the needs of consumers. Here, we report a simple and powerful in silico technique that uses the genome information of an organism to define its dietary amino acid requirements. We show for the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that such "exome-matched" diets are more satiating, enhance growth, and increase reproduction relative to non-matched diets. Thus, early life fitness traits can be enhanced at low levels of dietary amino acids that do not impose a cost to lifespan. Exome matching also enhanced mouse growth, indicating that it can be applied to other organisms whose genome sequence is known.

Itaipu royalties: The role of the hydroelectric sector in water resource management.

For countries dependent on hydroelectricity, water scarcity poses a real risk. Hydroelectric plants are among the most vulnerable enterprises to climate change. Investing in the conservation of the hydrographic basin is a solution found by the hydropower sector. Given the importance of the Itaipu plant to the energy matrix of Brazil and Paraguay, the aim of this study is to review the current distribution of royalties from Itaipu, using the hydrographic basin as a of criterion of analysis. Approximately 98.73% of the Itaipu basin is in Brazil. The flow contributes 99% of the total electricity generated there, while the drop height of the water contributes only 1%. Under the current policy, royalties are shared equally between Brazil and Paraguay. In the proposed approach, each country would receive a percentage for their participation in the drop height and water flow in the output of the turbines, which are intrinsic factors for electricity generation. Thus, Brazil would receive 98.35% of the royalties and Paraguay, 1.65%. The inclusion of the hydrographic basin as a criterion for the distribution of royalties will promote more efficient water resource management, since the payment will be distributed throughout the basin of the plant. The methodology can be applied to hydroelectric projects worldwide.

Syncope in the young athlete: Assessment of prognosis in subjects with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Syncope is a common but concerning event in young athletes. Although mostly due to benign reflex causes, syncope may be arrhythmic and precede sudden cardiac death. Efforts must therefore be made to distinguish post-exertional syncope from syncope during exercise, which can be an ominous sign of a possible underlying heart disease, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Prevention requires cooperation between physician and athlete, in order to identify individuals at risk and to protect them from sudden death. Solving this diagnostic dilemma may lead to recommendations for athletes to be cleared to play or disqualified from competitive sports, and presents challenging and controversial decisions to the health care provider that can prove difficult to implement. Although exercise contributes to physical and psychological well-being, there are insufficient data to indicate whether an athlete with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy diagnosed after a syncopal episode can safely resume competitive physical activity. The purpose of this study was to review the literature on syncope in young athletes and its relationship to individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in order to enable accurate assessment of prognosis and the possibility of resuming competitive sports.

Justiça social e equidade em saúde: uma abordagem centrada nos funcionamentos / Social justice and equity in health: an approach centered in the functionings

Trata-se de um ensaio de natureza teórica que objetiva defender uma concepção de justiça social voltada aos funcionamentos dos indivíduos, articulando a discussão da justiça com o debate sobre equidade em saúde. Na introdução, são discutidas as circunstâncias da justiça, abordando a questão da escassez dos recursos no campo da saúde. No primeiro item, analisa-se a noção da equidade em saúde, apresentando os principais enfoques abordados, em particular o conceito de equidade em saúde proposto por Margaret Whitehead, amplamente utilizado na saúde coletiva. No segundo item, apresenta-se, brevemente, a Abordagem das Capacitações desenvolvida por Amartya Sen e Martha Nussbaum, que recuperam a noção aristotélica de funcionamento. Ao final, critica-se essa abordagem e defende-se a Perspectiva dos Funcionamentos (PF), proposta por Maria Clara Dias, aplicada ao campo da saúde. Dessa forma, os concernidos da justiça são sistemas funcionais e o que se quer igualar para propósitos de justiça é a integridade funcional dos seres vivos. São apresentadas algumas vantagens dessa perspectiva, considerada aquela que melhor preenche os requisitos de uma concepção de justiça extensiva a todos no Brasil.

Abstract This is a theoretical article that aims to defend a conception of social justice facing functionings of individuals, articulating the justice discussion with the debate on health equity. In the introduction, we discuss the circumstances of justice, addressing the issue of lack of resources in the health field. The first item analyzes the concept of health equity, presenting the main approaches used, in particular, the concept of health equity proposed by Margaret Whitehead, widely used in public health. The second item presents briefly the Capability Approach developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, which recover the Aristotelian notion of operation. Finally, this approach is criticized and the Perspective of Functionings (PF), proposed by Maria Clara Dias, applied to the field of health, is defined. Therefore, the justice concerned are functional systems and what we want to match for justice purposes is the functional integrity of living beings. Some advantages of this perspective-considered the one that best meets the requirements of a broad conception of justice to all individuals in Brazil-are exposed.

[Strategies by civil society organizations for access to breast cancer drugs in the Brazilian Unified National Health System]. / Estratégias de instituições da sociedade civil no acesso a medicamentos para câncer de mama no SUS.

This study aims to identify and analyze strategies by civil society organizations working with breast cancer (CSOs) on access to drugs in Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) and the main social actors. A qualitative approach used the snowball technique, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation. Thematic analysis was based on the following categories: access to drugs for breast cancer treatment, relationship between CSOs and government, relationship between CSOs and the pharmaceutical industry, and other strategies used by CSOs. The results showed that civil society organizations have influenced access to drugs for breast cancer in the SUS and that their main strategies have focused on pressuring government at all levels. Meanwhile, the pharmaceutical industry sponsors some CSOs in order to strengthen them and expand its own market. The main difficulties in access to such drugs involve insufficient services, unequal treatment, and inclusion of technology in the SUS.

Estratégias de instituições da sociedade civil no acesso a medicamentos para câncer de mama no SUS / Strategies by civil society organizations for access to breast cancer drugs in the Brazilian Unified National Health System / Estrategias de las instituciones de la sociedad civil sobre el acceso a medicamentos para el cáncer de mama en el Sistema Único de Salud brasileño

Esta pesquisa objetiva identificar e analisar as estratégias de instituições da sociedade civil dedicadas ao câncer de mama (ISC-CM) no acesso a medicamentos no SUS e seus principais atores sociais. Utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa, empregando-se os métodos de análise de redes sociais e bola-de-neve e as técnicas de observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise temática baseou-se nas categorias: acesso a medicamentos para tratamento de câncer de mama; relacionamento das ISC-CM com o Estado; relacionamento das ISC-CM com a indústria farmacêutica; e outras estratégias utilizadas por ISC-CM no acesso a medicamentos. Os resultados mostraram que as ISC-CM têm influenciado o acesso a medicamentos para câncer de mama no SUS e sua principal estratégia é a pressão sobre o Estado. A indústria farmacêutica patrocina algumas dessas instituições para fortalecê-las com o intuito de ampliar seu mercado. As principais dificuldades no acesso a medicamentos se referem à deficiência de serviços, à iniquidade dos tratamentos oferecidos, e à inclusão de tecnologias no SUS.

This study aims to identify and analyze strategies by civil society organizations working with breast cancer (CSOs) on access to drugs in Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) and the main social actors. A qualitative approach used the snowball technique, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation. Thematic analysis was based on the following categories: access to drugs for breast cancer treatment, relationship between CSOs and government, relationship between CSOs and the pharmaceutical industry, and other strategies used by CSOs. The results showed that civil society organizations have influenced access to drugs for breast cancer in the SUS and that their main strategies have focused on pressuring government at all levels. Meanwhile, the pharmaceutical industry sponsors some CSOs in order to strengthen them and expand its own market. The main difficulties in access to such drugs involve insufficient services, unequal treatment, and inclusion of technology in the SUS.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar y analizar las estrategias de las instituciones de la sociedad civil, dedicadas al cáncer de mama (ISC-CM), sobre el acceso a los medicamentos en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) y sus actores sociales. Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo, mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas, de bola de nieve, y observación participante. El análisis temático se basó en las categorías: acceso a los medicamentos para el tratamiento del cáncer de mama; relación de ISC-CM con el Estado; relación de ISC-CM con la industria farmacéutica; y otras estrategias usadas por el ISC-CM. Los resultados mostraron que el ISC-CM ha influido en el acceso a los medicamentos para el cáncer de mama en el SUS y sus principales estrategias se han centrado en la presión sobre el Estado. Por otro lado, la industria farmacéutica patrocina algunos ISC-CM para fortalecerlos a fin de ampliar su mercado. Las principales dificultades en el acceso a los medicamentos se refieren a los servicios de discapacidad, la falta de equidad de los tratamientos que se ofrecen y la inclusión de la tecnología en el SUS.

Justiça como práxis, capacidades humanas e saúde / Justice as praxis, human capabilities and health

Este trabalho objetiva discutir uma perspectiva de justiça voltada para as capacidades e necessidades dos indivíduos e sua aplicação no campo da saúde. Na introdução, são feitas duas observações gerais, com o intuito de contextualizar o tema da justiça distributiva ou social. Em seguida, explicita-se a visão ontológica dos seres humanos adotada nesta reflexão, baseada nos escritos do jovem Karl Marx. Em terceiro lugar, defende-se uma perspectiva da justiça - entendida como práxis - e sua aplicação no campo da saúde. Finalmente, são feitas algumas considerações, ressaltando a importância de estudos que conectem as reflexões sobre as teorias de justiça contemporâneas e as políticas públicas e, em especial, no campo da Saúde Coletiva, a partir da tradição marxista...

This article discusses a perspective of justice focused on the capabilities and needs of individuals and their application in the field of health. In the introduction, two general observations are made in order to contextualize the theme of distributive or social justice. Next, the ontological view of human beings based on the writings of the young Karl Marx is outlined. Thirdly, a perspective of justice - understood as praxis - and its application in the field of health are defended. Finally, some concluding remarks are made, which emphasize the importance of studies that connect the reflections on contemporary theories of justice and public policy and in particular in the field of public health within the Marxist tradition...

MobiPag: integrated mobile payment, ticketing and couponing solution based on NFC.

Mobile payments still remain essentially an emerging technology, seeking to fill the gap between the envisioned potential and widespread usage. In this paper, we present an integrated mobile service solution based on the near field communication (NFC) protocol that was developed under a research project called MobiPag. The most distinctive characteristic of Mobipag is its open architectural model that allows multiple partners to become part of the payment value-chain and create solutions that complement payments in many unexpected ways. We describe the Mobipag architecture and how it has been used to support a mobile payment trial. We identify a set of design lessons resulting from usage experiences associated with real-world payment situations with NFC-enabled mobile phones. Based on results from this trial, we identify a number of challenges and guidelines that may help to shape future versions of NFC-based payment systems. In particular, we highlight key challenges for the initial phases of payment deployments, where it is essential to focus on scenarios that can be identified as more feasible for early adoption. We also have identified a fundamental trade-off between the flexibility supported by the Mobipag solution and the respective implications for the payment process, particularly on the users' mental model.