Higher risk of death from COVID-19 in low-income and non-White populations of São Paulo, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Little evidence exists on the differential health effects of COVID-19 on disadvantaged population groups. Here we characterise the differential risk of hospitalisation and death in São Paulo state, Brazil, and show how vulnerability to COVID-19 is shaped by socioeconomic inequalities. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study using hospitalised severe acute respiratory infections notified from March to August 2020 in the Sistema de Monitoramento Inteligente de São Paulo database. We examined the risk of hospitalisation and death by race and socioeconomic status using multiple data sets for individual-level and spatiotemporal analyses. We explained these inequalities according to differences in daily mobility from mobile phone data, teleworking behaviour and comorbidities. RESULTS: Throughout the study period, patients living in the 40% poorest areas were more likely to die when compared with patients living in the 5% wealthiest areas (OR: 1.60, 95% CI 1.48 to 1.74) and were more likely to be hospitalised between April and July 2020 (OR: 1.08, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.12). Black and Pardo individuals were more likely to be hospitalised when compared with White individuals (OR: 1.41, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.46; OR: 1.26, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.28, respectively), and were more likely to die (OR: 1.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.19; 1.07, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.10, respectively) between April and July 2020. Once hospitalised, patients treated in public hospitals were more likely to die than patients in private hospitals (OR: 1.40%, 95% CI 1.34% to 1.46%). Black individuals and those with low education attainment were more likely to have one or more comorbidities, respectively (OR: 1.29, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.39; 1.36, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.45). CONCLUSIONS: Low-income and Black and Pardo communities are more likely to die with COVID-19. This is associated with differential access to quality healthcare, ability to self-isolate and the higher prevalence of comorbidities.

[External serology quality control programs developed in Latin America with the support of PAHO from 1997 through 2000]. / Programas de control externo de calidad en serología desarrollados en América Latina con el apoyo de la OPS entre 1997 y 2000.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of serological screening of blood donors in five groups of blood banks in Latin America that participated over the 1997-2000 period in an external serology control project developed with support from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). METHODS: With assistance from PAHO, the Serology Authority of the Pro-Blood Foundation/Blood Center of São Paulo (Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo), of São Paulo, Brazil, carried out the external quality control project and served as its "organizing center" (OC). The OC developed five external serology quality control "programs" (ESQCPs), or external evaluation activities, for the respective groups of participating blood banks. There was one ESQCP each in 1997, 1999, and 2000, and there were two in 1998. In these five programs, the number of participating blood banks ranged from 13 to 21, and the number of countries ranged from 11 to 16. In each program, the OC used a set of 24 blinded sera samples with different reactivities for the various infectious agents for which screening is obligatory in Brazil. Each participating institution in each program received a sera set, to be processed using that institution's standard screening procedures. After returning its results to the OC, each participant received an answer key for the sera set, to be used in evaluating its own performance. All the individual results were kept strictly confidential. At the end of each program, the OC prepared and sent to all the participants a final report that contained information on the overall results from that program. RESULTS: An analysis of the five programs showed that there was a lack of homogeneity among the countries with respect to the strategies and the parameters used in screening blood donors. Few laboratories screened for human T-cell-lymphotropic virus (beginning with the 1997 program, the respective rates were 17%, 27%, 35%, 39%, and 45%). Rates of screening were also low for antibodies to the hepatitis B core antigen (again, beginning with the 1997 program, the rates were 42%, 27%, 39%, 50%, and 60%). There were also important differences with respect to which tests and which combinations of tests were used, making it hard to compare the types of screening done. In the five programs, with the various tests used, the overall rate of false positive results fluctuated around 2%. The highest false positive rate for any of the tests, 4.6%, was for antibodies against the hepatitis C virus. The lowest false positive rate, 0.4%, was for antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi. CONCLUSIONS: These results show the need for PAHO to continue using these external quality control programs as well as other activities in order to strengthen the procedures for serological screening blood banks in Latin America, until there is more uniformity in the procedures that the countries use.

Programas de control externo de la calidad en serología desarrollados en América Latina con el apoyo de la OPS entre 1997 y 2000 / External serology quality control programs developed in Latin America with the support of PAHO from 1997 through 2000

OBJETIVOS: Con el apoyo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), desarrollamos entre 1997 y 2000 cinco programas de control externo de la calidad en serología (PCECS) en los que participaron entre 13 y 21 bancos de sangre de 11 a 16 países de América Latina. El objetivo fue evaluar el desempeño de los bancos de sangre con respecto al tamizaje serológico realizado en donantes de sangre. MÉTODOS: Como herramienta de trabajo utilizamos conjuntos de 24 muestras de sueros anónimos con reactividades variables para los parámetros de uso obligatorio en el tamizaje serológico de donantes de sangre en Brasil. En cada PCECS enviamos un multipanel a cada institución participante para que lo procesara en las mismas condiciones de su rutina de tamizaje. Cada participante recibió la clave del multipanel para autoevaluación, después de haber devuelto los resultados obtenidos en su laboratorio. Se mantuvo siempre la más estricta confidencialidad sobre los resultados obtenidos individualmente. Al terminar de cada programa, el Centro Organizador (Superintendencia de Serología de la Fundaçäo Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de Säo Paulo) elaboró un informe final que contenía toda la información obtenida en el programa y que fue enviado a los participantes. RESULTADOS: En el análisis de los cinco PCECS se observó falta de homogeneidad entre los países con respecto a las estrategias y a los parámetros utilizados en el tamizaje de donantes de sangre. Pocos laboratorios practicaron el tamizaje de los virus linfotrópico de células T humanas (HTLV) (17 por ciento, 27 por ciento, 35 por ciento, 39 por ciento y 45 por ciento, respectivamente y en orden creciente para los cinco PCECS) y de anticuerpos contra el antígeno nuclear del virus de la hepatitis B (anti-HBc) (42 por ciento, 27 por ciento, 39 por ciento, 50 por ciento y 60 por ciento). También se observaron diferencias importantes en cuanto a las pruebas o combinaciones de pruebas utilizadas, lo cual puede dificultar el estudio comparativo de los tipos de tamizaje. El número total de resultados positivos falsos osciló alrededor del 2 por ciento, correspondiendo el mayor valor al tamizaje de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatatis C (anti-VHC) (4,6 por ciento) y el menor a anti-Trypanosoma cruzi (0,4 por ciento). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo demuestran la necesidad de continuar las acciones de la OPS en América Latina para reforzar los procedimientos de...