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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100623.].
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Background: Economic data on congenital heart disease (CHD) in China are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the inpatient costs of congenital heart surgery and related healthcare policies from a hospital perspective. Method: We used data from the Chinese Database for Congenital Heart Surgery (CDCHS) to prospectively analyse the inpatient costs of congenital heart surgery from May 2018 to December 2020. The total expenditure was divided into 11 columns (medications, imaging, consumable items, surgery, medical cares, laboratory tests, therapy, examinations, medical services, accommodations, and others), and explored according to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (STAT) category, year, different age group, and CHD complexity. Authority economic data (index for gross domestic product [GDP], GDP per capita, per capita disposable income and average annual exchange rate of 2020 Chinese Yuan against US dollar) were accessed via the National Bureau of Statistics of China to better describe the burden. In addition, potential factors contributing to the costs were also investigated by using generalised linear model. Findings: All values are presented in 2020 Chinese Yuan (¥). A total of 6568 hospitalisations were enrolled. The median of overall total expenditure was ¥64,900 (≈9409 US Dollar [USD], interquartile range [IQR]: ¥35,819), with the lowest in STAT 1 (¥57,014 ≈ 8266 USD, [IQR]: ¥16,774) and the highest in STAT 5 (¥194,862 ≈ 28,251 USD, [IQR]: ¥130,010). The median costs during the 2018 to 2020 period were ¥62,014 (≈8991 USD, [IQR]: ¥32,628), ¥64,846 (≈9401 USD, [IQR]: ¥34,469) and ¥67,867 (≈9839 USD, [IQR]: ¥41,496). Regarding to age, the median costs were highest in the ≤1 month group (¥144,380 ≈ 20,932 USD, [IQR]: ¥92,584). Age, STAT category, emergency, genetic syndrome, delay sternal closure, mechanical ventilation time, and complications were significantly contributed to the inpatient costs. Interpretation: For the first time, the inpatient costs of congenital heart surgery in China are delineated in detail. According to the results, CHD treatment has achieved significant progress in China, but it still causes substantial economic burden to both families and society. In addition, ascending trend of the inpatient costs was observed during the period of 2018-2020, and the neonatal was revealed to be the most challenging group. Funding: This study was supported by the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS,2020-I2M-C&T-A-009), Capital Health Research and Development of Special Fund (2022-1-4032), and The City University of Hong Kong New Research Initiatives/Infrastructure Support from Central (APRC, 9610589).
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With the development of the economy, especially since the reform and opening up, the actual conditions that China's economic development faces have also changed, and the development goals have also been adjusted accordingly. However, since the reform and opening up, China's economy has still largely relied on the extended reproduction of the extension type. It basically develops along a high-input, low-efficiency path. The effectiveness of regional economic development has always been one of the most important debates in economics, and it has attracted great attention in different countries and regions around the world. So far, people have conducted a lot of theoretical and practical research on the effectiveness of regional development and put forward many practical countermeasures. However, it has achieved little in practice, and the original form of high growth and low efficiency has not been effectively reversed. In this paper, economic development is divided into two parts. The first part consists of the impact of changes in the quantity of factors of production on economic growth and the impact of the efficiency of economic growth on the entire economy. The second part consists of the annual average efficiency of economic growth. The average annual contribution of various production factors to economic growth and the economic growth efficiency of changes in the allocation of capital industries were 6.21%, 5.02%, 4.05%, 3.9%, and 3.3%, respectively in the past five years.