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1.
J Int AIDS Soc ; 23(10): e25629, 2020 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33107219

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: In 2017, the Aurum Institute, with support from Unitaid, launched an initiative to expand short-course therapy for the prevention of tuberculosis (TB) in 12 high-burden countries. This study aimed to investigate the importance of "catalytic" effects beyond the original project timeframe when estimating cost-effectiveness of such large investments. METHODS: We estimated the cost-effectiveness of the IMPAACT4TB (I4TB) initiative from a health system perspective, using a 10-year time horizon. We first conservatively estimated costs using a "top-down" approach considering only the direct health benefits of providing TB preventive therapy to people initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) through I4TB activities. We then re-estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness of I4TB incorporating the costs and health benefits of potential catalytic effects beyond the program itself. RESULTS: We estimated that TB preventive therapy through the I4TB initiative alone would prevent 14 201 cases of active TB and 1562 TB deaths over 10 years with an up-front investment of $52.5 million; the estimated incremental cost-effectiveness was $1580 per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. If this initiative could achieve its desired catalytic effects, an additional 375 648 cases and 41 321 deaths could be averted, at an incremental cost of $546 million and cost-effectiveness of $713 per DALY averted. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide donors with reasonable evidence of value for money to support investment in short-course TB preventive therapy for people initiating ART in high-burden settings. Our study also illustrates the importance of considering long-term secondary ("catalytic") effects when evaluating the cost-effectiveness of large-scale initiatives designed to change a global policy landscape.


Assuntos
Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Antituberculosos/economia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Tuberculose/complicações
2.
Trop Med Int Health ; 25(5): 624-634, 2020 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32034984

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To mitigate the economic burden of tuberculosis (TB), it is important to fully understand the costs of TB treatment from the patient perspective. We therefore sought to quantify the patient-incurred cost of TB treatment in rural Malawi, with specific focus on costs borne by patients requiring inpatient hospitalisation. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 197 inpatients and 156 outpatients being treated for TB in rural Malawi. We collected data on out-of-pocket costs and lost wages, including costs to guardians. Costs for inpatient TB treatment were estimated and compared to costs for outpatient TB treatment. We then explored the equity distribution of inpatient TB treatment cost using concentration curves. RESULTS: Despite free government services, inpatients were estimated to incur a mean of $137 (standard deviation: $147) per initial TB episode, corresponding to >50% of annual household spending among patients in the lowest expenditure quintile. Non-medical hospitalisation costs accounted for 88% of this total. Patients treated entirely as outpatients incurred estimated costs of $25 (standard deviation: $15) per episode. The concentration curves showed that, among individuals hospitalised for an initial TB episode, poorer patients shouldered a much greater proportion of inpatient TB treatment costs than wealthier ones (concentration index: -0.279). CONCLUSION: Patients hospitalised for TB in resource-limited rural Malawi experience devastating costs of TB treatment. Earlier diagnosis and treatment must be prioritised if we are to meet goals of effective TB control, avoidance of catastrophic costs and provision of appropriate patient-centred care in such settings.


OBJECTIFS: Pour atténuer la charge économique de la tuberculose (TB), il est important de bien comprendre les coûts du traitement de la TB du point de vue du patient. Nous avons donc cherché à quantifier les coûts encourus par les patients pour le traitement de la TB dans les zones rurales du Malawi, en mettant l'accent sur les coûts supportés par les patients nécessitant une hospitalisation. MÉTHODES: Nous avons mené une enquête transversale auprès de 197 patients hospitalisés et 156 patients ambulatoires traités pour la TB dans les régions rurales du Malawi. Nous avons collecté des données sur les dépenses payées directement de la poche et les pertes de salaire, y compris les coûts pour les gardiens des malades. Les coûts du traitement anti-TB des patients hospitaliser ont été estimés et comparés aux ceux des patients ambulatoires. Nous avons ensuite exploré la répartition des équités propres au coût du traitement de la TB des patients hospitalisés en utilisant des courbes de concentration. RÉSULTATS: Malgré les services gratuits du gouvernement, les patients hospitalisés encouraient en moyenne estimée de 137 $ (écart-type: 147 $) par épisode initial de TB, ce qui correspond à >50% des dépenses annuelles des ménages chez les patients du quintile de dépenses le plus bas. Les frais d'hospitalisation non médicaux représentaient 88% de ce total. Les patients traités entièrement en ambulatoire encouraient des coûts estimés à 25 $ (écart type: 15 $) par épisode. Les courbes de concentration ont montré que, parmi les personnes hospitalisées pour un premier épisode de TB, les patients les plus pauvres supportaient une proportion beaucoup plus élevée des coûts de traitement de la TB en hospitalisation que les plus riches (indice de concentration: -0,279). CONCLUSION: Les patients hospitalisés pour la TB dans les régions rurales pauvres du Malawi connaissent des coûts dévastateurs pour le traitement de la TB. Le diagnostic et le traitement précoces doivent être priorisés si nous voulons atteindre des objectifs de contrôle efficace de la TB, d'évitement des coûts catastrophiques et de prestation de soins appropriés centrés sur le patient dans de tels contextes .


Assuntos
Gastos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Malaui/epidemiologia , Masculino , População Rural , Tuberculose Pulmonar/economia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/terapia
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