Health and health inequalities impact assessment for non-clinical measures to control COVID-19 in the Basque Country and Navarre (Spain).

This article describes the results of a health and health inequalities impact assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic control measures in the regions of the Basque Country and Navarre in Spain. A literature review was conducted on Pubmed and Web of Science (WoS) databases, in addition to individual semi-structured interviews and focus groups with experts, key informants and different profiles of citizens. A wide variety of social determinants of health have been affected by the measures, which included individual health-related behaviors, service disruption in formal care, educational settings, and health care provision. These changes have particularly affected certain population groups including children and adolescents, older people, those with health conditions and disabilities together with caregivers, women, as well as people with low levels of education, income, and resources. In future scenarios it will be necessary to pay attention to the potential impacts of policy responses on health inequalities to avoid an increase in existing health gaps.

Predicting healthy and unhealthy behaviors through physical education: A self-determination theory-based longitudinal approach.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relations between three dimensions of the structured teaching environment (promotion of theoretical knowledge, physical learning, and health improvement) in physical education (PE) and the adoption of health-related behaviors by students. The study adopted a two-occasion longitudinal design based on self-determination theory (SDT). PE students (N = 654, mean age = 16.13, SD = .77) completed measures of perceived structured teaching environment, satisfaction of basic psychological needs and motivation for PE, and healthy (physical activity, sport participation, and healthy eating) and unhealthy (consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs) behaviors at the beginning and end of the first year of post-compulsory secondary education. Path analysis of the proposed relations among variables supported SDT tenets and showed positive relations between the three dimensions of the structured teaching environment, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and autonomous motivation in PE. Autonomous motivation contributed to an explanation of variance in two healthy behaviors, physical activity and sport participation. However, no relation was found among motivation in PE, healthy eating, and consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. These results show negligible trans-contextual influence of SDT motivational factors in PE on other healthy behaviors beyond physical activity.

[Periodontal treatment needs in a Spanish school population]. / Necesidad de tratamiento periodontal de la población escolar Espanõla.

The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal treatment needs of the population under 20 years of age in Spain. 1469 young people, aged 7, 12 and 15-19 years, and representing the urban (60%) and rural (40%) population from Spain were evaluated using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (C.P.I.T.N.). In the first age group (7 years), 12% presented calculus or overhanging restorations, and 45% had bleeding upon probing only. In the age group of 12 years the proportion of individuals with calculus, overthanging restorations or moderate pocket depths was 39%, while 38% had gingivitis as their highest treatment need. In the oldest group (15-19 years) the number of subjects with bleeding upon probing decreased to 17%, while the percentage of individuals having moderate pockets, calculus or overhanging restorations increased to 67%. 1% of this youngsters had pockets of 6 mm. or over. At age 7, only 30% had "acceptable gingival health", and no more than 15% of the 18 year-olds reached this condition.

[Periodontal treatment needs in a Spanish school population. 2. Intraoral distribution of different signs]. / Necesidad de tratamiento periodontal de la población escolar Española. II. Distribución intrabucal de los diferentes signos.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the different periodontal disease indicators used in the C.P.I.T.N. per sextant in the Spaniard population under 20 years of age. We have examined a randomly chosen sample of 1450 school-aged individuals, 7, 12 and 15 to 19 years old. We have observed a healthy periodontium more frequently in the upper anterior region, calculus predominates in the lower incisors close followed by molars, and periodontal pockets of 4 mm or deeper were commonly found in the molar regions. We could'nt detect important deviations from this distribution pattern in the different age groups or between males and females.

[Caries prevalence and periodontal treatment needs in the same individuals]. / Prevalencia de caries y necesidad de tratamiento periodontal en los mismos individuos.

The aim of this study was to determine whether dental caries and periodontal disease occur frequently in the same subjects 1469 young people, aged 7, 12 and 15-19 years, and representing the urban (60%) and rural (40%) population from Spain were evaluated. Dental caries and periodontal treatment needs were registered according to the index D.M.F.T. and C.P.I.T.N., following the criteria of WHO. We have found a highly significant relation between both variables, average D.M.F.T. scores increased as periodontal treatment needs were more advanced. Those subjects with lower codes of C.P.I.T.N. presented also lower D.M.F.T. scores, while these individuals with higher D.M.F.T. scores, based on a great number of open carious lesions, were more affected for periodontal disease. It does not support either a directly synergistic or antagonistic correlation in the prevalence of these two diseases in the same subjects. Dental health status is at a certain time an end result of years of varying dental health behaviour. In industrialized countries a variety of factors seems to determine the prevalence of dental caries and/or periodontal disease: dietary habits, access to fluorides, efficacy of oral hygiene measures, utilization of dental health care services. These data and ideas supported the strategy of preventing the dental caries and periodontal disease simultaneously.

[Relationship of dental treatment and oral hygiene to caries prevalence and need for periodontal treatment]. / Relación entre el tratamiento dental y la higiene oral con la prevalencia de caries y necesidad de tratamiento periodontal.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between differences in dental attendance and oral hygiene patterns and dental caries and periodontal treatment needs. 1469 young people, aged 7, 12 and 15-19 years, and representing the urban (60%) and rural (40%) population from Spain were evaluated. Dental caries and periodontal treatment needs were registered according to the index D.M.F.T. and C.P.I.T.N., following the criteria of W.H.O. Regular dental attendance was observed in 16.6% of subjects examined, and only 9.4 saw a dentist regularly for dental prophylaxis. Statistical analyses showed that while the more frequent the dental visits, the lower the rate of caries, and periodontal treatment needs, the higher, however, the average number of fillings and the D.M.F.T. scores. These individuals had the higher number of functioning teeth, restored or sound, but they also had the disadvantage of having higher levels of disease experience. By the other way the individuals who saw the dentist regularly for dental prophylaxis presented the lower caries rate and periodontal treatment needs, the fewer tooth loss, and also an important reduction in the D.M.F.T. scores. Similar observations had been made in the individuals who brush their teeth frequently or with a correct technique. The results suggested that while frequent dental visits do not apparently help to prevent the onset of further dental disease, we can achieve this goal with regular preventive oriented dental therapy.

[Presence of caries and periodontal disease in Spanish students. Overview of results obtained in different localities]. / Presencia de caries y enfermedad periodontal en los escolares Españoles, visión global de los resultados obtenidos en las distintas localidades.

Results of our survey in 11 locations of Spain are assembled in an overview showing percentages of persons according to the highest C.P.I.T.N. code defected for each one, the prevalence of caries-free-children and mean D.M.F.T. scores. We have also studied the differences between urban and rural populations. Rural children presented higher D.M.F.T. an D.T. scores.

[Epidemiological study of periodontal disease in an Oviedo school population]. / Estudio epidemiológico de patología periodontal en la población escolar de Oviedo.

1,276 young people, between 6-20 years old, representing the urban school population from Oviedo (Spain) were evaluated by the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (C.P.I.T.N.). From this population: 1. 66.1% were found to have bleeding on probing, without evidence of attachment loss (gingivitis), or presence of local irritants. This population represented a treatment need of improving oral hygiene. 2. 29.6% had moderate attachment loss (probing pocket depths between 4-5 mm.) and/or presence of local irritants. They were determined to need scaling and root planing. 3. 0.7% had probing pocket depths higher than 6 mm., which requires a more complex specialized type of therapy. Based on these treatment needs, the number of treatment hours was determined, estimating that it would be necessary to spend 1649 hrs. to diagnose and treat this detected periodontal conditions. 93% of this time could be provided by dental auxiliary personnel. The therapeutic needs were higher in males and clearly augmented with age.

[Early diagnosis of periodontal disease]. / Diagnostico precoz de la enfermedad periodontal.

Early diagnosis is necessary if the prevalence of periodontal disease is to be brought under control. For periodontal screening in dental practice we propose to employ the C.P.I.T.N. system, combined with examination of two or four dental bite-wing radiographs. Both of these procedures can be accurately applied in general dental practice conditions. The screening is not time consuming and can yield very important diagnostic data.