High-resolution density assessment assisted by deep learning of Dendrophyllia cornigera (Lamarck, 1816) and Phakellia ventilabrum (Linnaeus, 1767) in rocky circalittoral shelf of Bay of Biscay.

This study presents a novel approach to high-resolution density distribution mapping of two key species of the 1170 "Reefs" habitat, Dendrophyllia cornigera and Phakellia ventilabrum, in the Bay of Biscay using deep learning models. The main objective of this study was to establish a pipeline based on deep learning models to extract species density data from raw images obtained by a remotely operated towed vehicle (ROTV). Different object detection models were evaluated and compared in various shelf zones at the head of submarine canyon systems using metrics such as precision, recall, and F1 score. The best-performing model, YOLOv8, was selected for generating density maps of the two species at a high spatial resolution. The study also generated synthetic images to augment the training data and assess the generalization capacity of the models. The proposed approach provides a cost-effective and non-invasive method for monitoring and assessing the status of these important reef-building species and their habitats. The results have important implications for the management and protection of the 1170 habitat in Spain and other marine ecosystems worldwide. These results highlight the potential of deep learning to improve efficiency and accuracy in monitoring vulnerable marine ecosystems, allowing informed decisions to be made that can have a positive impact on marine conservation.

Estudios del despoblamiento rural en Chile: aproximaciones hacia un marco analítico desde la ecología política latinoamericana / Estudos do despovoamento rural no Chile: abordagens para um quadro analítico da ecologia política latino-americana / Studies of rural depopulation in Chile: approaches towards an analytical framework from Latin American political ecology

Resumen El objetivo de este este trabajo fue hacer una revisión documental sobre el despoblamiento rural para ubicar sus principales antecedentes, corrientes y visiones de estudio en Latinoamérica y otros espacios geográficos, con énfasis en Chile para exponer la forma en que la relación entre extractivismo y despoblamiento rural ha sido tratada con la intención de contrastar los resultados con los insumos teóricos de la ecología política latinoamericana y de plantear un análisis integral de este fenómeno. Los resultados muestran que en Chile los factores que han impulsado históricamente el despoblamiento de zonas rurales fueron la dictadura militar, los planes de ordenamiento territorial, industrialización y urbanización, la transformación de la estructura agraria, el cambio climático y el extractivismo. Se constató que los estudios sobre este último factor han omitido la forma en que se produce el despoblamiento, en general en contextos de estructuras de poder desigual y de tensiones territoriales entre distintos modelos de desarrollo y de formas de habitar el espacio. Se propone el campo de la ecología política latinoamericana para abordar los procesos de despoblamiento rural vinculados al extractivismo, cuyos insumos teóricos pueden contribuir a la comprensión más amplia del problema y a la construcción de respuestas con y desde los propios territorios.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma revisão documental sobre o despovoamento rural para localizar os principais antecedentes, correntes e visões de estudo na América Latina e outros espaços geográficos. A ênfase foi colocada no Chile para expor a forma como tem sido tratada a relação entre extrativismo e despovoamento rural, com a intenção de contrastar os resultados com os aportes teóricos da ecologia política latino-americana e propor uma análise abrangente desse fenômeno. Os resultados mostram que no Chile os fatores que historicamente impulsionam o despovoamento das áreas rurais têm sido a ditadura militar, os planos de ordenamento territorial, a industrialização e a urbanização, a transformação da estrutura agrária, as mudanças climáticas e o extrativismo. Constatou-se que os estudos sobre este último fator têm omitido a forma como ocorre o despovoamento, regularmente em contextos de estruturas de poder desiguais e tensões territoriais entre diferentes modelos de desenvolvimento e formas de habitar o espaço. O campo da ecologia política latino-americana se propõe a abordar os processos de despovoamento rural vinculados ao extrativismo, cujos aportes teóricos podem contribuir para uma compreensão mais ampla do problema e a construção de respostas com e a partir dos próprios territórios.

Abstract The goal was to conduct a documentary review on rural depopulation in order to identify the main antecedents, trends and visions in studies in Latin America and other geographical spaces. Emphasis was placed on Chile to expose the way in which the relationship between extractivism and rural depopulation has been treated, with the intention of contrasting the results with the theoretical inputs of Latin American political ecology and proposing a comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon. Results show that, in Chile, factors historically driving the depopulation of rural areas include the military dictatorship, the territorial ordering plans, industrialization and urbanization, the transformation of the agrarian structure, climate change and extractivism. It was found that studies on this last factor have omitted the way in which depopulation occurs, regularly in contexts of unequal power structures and territorial tensions between different development models and ways of inhabiting space. The field of Latin American political ecology is proposed in order to address the processes of rural depopulation linked to extractivism, since its theoretical inputs can contribute to a broader understanding of the problem and to the construction of responses with and from the territories themselves.

Economic burden of osteoporotic fractures in US managed care enrollees.

OBJECTIVES: To examine healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and costs in a population of managed care enrollees who experienced an osteoporotic fracture. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using the Optum Research Database (January 2007 to May 2017). METHODS: All-cause and osteoporosis-related HRU and costs were analyzed in patients 50 years and older with a qualifying index fracture and continuous enrollment with medical and pharmacy benefits for 12 months preindex (baseline period). RESULTS: Of 1,841,263 patients with fractures during the identification period, 302,772 met eligibility criteria. Two-thirds (66.6%) were 65 years and older, 71.6% were women, and 41.2% were commercial (not Medicare Advantage) enrollees. The most common fracture sites were spine (21.9%), radius/ulna (19.5%), and hip (13.7%). Mean (SD) total all-cause healthcare cost was $34,855 ($56,094), with most paid by health plans ($31,863 [$55,025]) versus patients ($2992 [$2935]). Most healthcare costs were for medical ($31,766 [$54,943]) versus pharmacy ($3089 [$6799]) services. Approximately 75% of patients received rehabilitation services (mean [SD] cost = $18,025 [$41,318]). Diagnosis of index fracture during an inpatient stay versus an outpatient visit (cost ratio, 2.16; 95% CI, 2.13-2.19) and fractures at multiple sites (cost ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.21-1.26) were the leading predictors of cost. Kaplan-Meier estimated cumulative second-fracture rates were 6.6% at 1 year, 12.3% at 2 years, 16.9% at 3 years, and 20.9% at 4 years after index fracture. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a significant economic burden associated with fractures, including a high total all-cause cost of care. Early identification and treatment of patients at high risk of fractures are of paramount importance to reduce fracture risk and associated healthcare costs.