Clinical assessment and pathophysiology of Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury: a scoping review

Bothrops are one of the most common medically important snakes found in Latin America. Its venom is predominantly hemotoxic and proteolytic, which means that local lesion (edema and redness) and hemorrhagic symptoms are recurrent in envenoming by this snake. Although hemorrhage is usually the major cause of death, snakebite-related acute kidney injury is another potentially fatal clinical complication that may lead to chronic kidney disease. The present review highlights the main studies on Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury, including observational, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort human studies available up to December 2019. The following descriptors were used according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): on Medline/Pubmed and Google Scholar "acute kidney injury" or "kidney disease" and "Bothrops"; on Lilacs and SciELO "kidney disease" or "acute kidney injury" and "Bothrops". Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale was used to appraise the quality of the cross-sectional and cohort studies included. The selection of more severe patients who looked for health care units and tertiary centers is a risk of bias. Due to the methodological heterogeneity of the studies, a critical analysis of the results was performed based on the hypothesis that the design of the included studies influences the incidence of acute kidney injury. Fifteen human studies (total participants 4624) were included according to stablished criteria. The coagulation abnormalities (hemorrhagic symptoms, abnormal fibrinogen and activated partial thromboplastin time) were associated with acute kidney injury in the most recent studies reported. The findings observed in this review provide up-to-date evidence about the acute kidney injury pathogenesis following Bothrops syndrome. Studies pointed out that coagulation abnormalities comprise the major pathway for acute kidney injury development. This review may improve patient management by primary healthcare providers, allowing earlier diagnosis and treatment of Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury.(AU)

Global costs attributed to chronic kidney disease: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to discuss the global costs attributed to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its impact on healthcare systems of developing countries, such as Brazil. METHODS: This is a systematic review based on data from PubMed/Medline, using the key words "costs" and "chronic kidney disease", in January 2017. The search was also done in other databases, such as Scielo and Google Scholar, aiming to identify regional studies related to this subject, published in journal not indexed in PubMed. Only papers published from 2012 on were included. Studies on CKD costs and treatment modalities were prioritized. The search resulted in 392 articles, from which 291 were excluded because they were related to other aspects of CKD. From the 101 remaining articles, we have excluded the reviews, comments and study protocols. A total of 37 articles were included, all focusing on global costs related to CKD. RESULTS: Despite methods and analysis were diverse, the results of these studies were unanimous in alerting for the impact (financial and social) of CKD on health systems (public and private) and also on family and society. CONCLUSIONS: To massively invest in prevention and measures to slow CKD progression into its end-stages and, then, avoid the requirement for dialysis and transplant, can represent a huge, and not yet calculated, economy for patients and health systems all over the world.

Global costs attributed to chronic kidney disease: a systematic review

SUMMARY The aim of this study is to discuss the global costs attributed to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its impact on healthcare systems of developing countries, such as Brazil. This is a systematic review based on data from PubMed/Medline, using the key words "costs" and "chronic kidney disease", in January 2017. The search was also done in other databases, such as Scielo and Google Scholar, aiming to identify regional studies related to this subject, published in journal not indexed in PubMed. Only papers published from 2012 on were included. Studies on CKD costs and treatment modalities were prioritized. The search resulted in 392 articles, from which 291 were excluded because they were related to other aspects of CKD. From the 101 remaining articles, we have excluded the reviews, comments and study protocols. A total of 37 articles were included, all focusing on global costs related to CKD. Despite methods and analysis were diverse, the results of these studies were unanimous in alerting for the impact (financial and social) of CKD on health systems (public and private) and also on family and society. To massively invest in prevention and measures to slow CKD progression into its end-stages and, then, avoid the requirement for dialysis and transplant, can represent a huge, and not yet calculated, economy for patients and health systems all over the world.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é discutir os custos financeiros mundiais atribuídos à doença renal crónica (DRC) e suas repercussões sobre os sistemas de saúde em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada na base de dados do PubMed/Medline, utilizando os termos em inglês "costs" e "chronic kidney disease", em janeiro de 2017. A busca foi ampliada a outros bancos, como o Scielo e o Google Acadêmico, com o objetivo de identificar estudos locais relacionados ao assunto, publicados em revistas não indexadas no PubMed. Foram incluídos apenas artigos publicados a partir de 2012. Priorizaram-se estudos que abordavam os custos da DRC e das modalidades de tratamento. A busca resultou em 392 artigos, dos quais foram excluídos 291 por fugirem da temática principal desta revisão. Dos 101 restantes, foram excluídos revisões, comentários e protocolos. Foram incluídos 37 artigos cujo foco eram os custos globais relacionados à DRC. Apesar de os métodos e análises serem diversos, os resultados dos estudos são unânimes em alertar sobre o forte impacto, financeiro e social, da DRC que atinge os sistemas de saúde, públicos e privados, portadores da doença, familiares e a sociedade. Investir maciçamente em prevenção e nas medidas para retardar a progressão da DRC para os estágios finais e, consequentemente, evitar a necessidade de diálise e transplante, podem representar uma enorme, e ainda não calculada, economia para pacientes e sistemas de saúde do mundo todo.

Avaliação da satisfação dos usuários de um serviço de saúde público-privado no nordeste do Brasil e a judicialização da saúde / Evaluation of patient’s satisfaction in a public-private health facility in Northeastern Brazil and the judicialization of healthcare

Este artigo tem por escopo analisar o grau de satisfação dos usuários de um serviço público-privado de saúde do Nordeste do Brasil, bem como o nível de conhecimento sobre seus direitos e a procura pelo Judiciário para garanti-los. Foram avaliadas as respostas dadas a um questionário aplicado junto a 67 pacientes atendidos pelo Núcleo de Assistência Médica Integrada, da Universidade de Fortaleza, conveniado ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os pacientes entrevistados mostraram satisfação com os serviços oferecidos, considerando-os como bons ou excelentes. O principal problema evidenciado foi a dificuldade de acesso a medicações fornecidas pelo SUS e a falta de conhecimento dos direitos relacionados à saúde. Observou-se uma baixa procura pela Justiça para questões ligadas à saúde, o que pode se explicar, por um lado, pelo reduzido grau de conhecimento dos direitos relacionados a tal campo e pela baixa escolaridade da maior parte dos entrevistados. A melhora do grau de satisfação pode contribuir para reduzir a judicialização, muito embora usuários mais bem informados possam se mostrar mais exigentes e recorrer mais à Justiça. Soluções alternativas de resolução de conflitos, como a mediação e a justiça restaurativa, podem contribuir para diminuir a busca pelo Judiciário.

This article aims to analyze the degree of satisfaction of users of a public-private healthcare service in the Northeast of Brazil, as well as their level of knowledge about their rights and about the judicial procedure used to guarantee these rights. The analysis was based on the responses to a questionnaire applied to 67 patients who are users of a healthcare assistance center that is part of the Brazilian National Public Health System, at Universidade de Fortaleza. The users showed satisfaction with the services offered, seeing them as good or excellent. The main problem highlighted was the difficulty of access to medications provided by the public health system and the lack of knowledge on health-related rights. There was a low demand for justice related to health issues; this can be explained by both the low level of knowledge on the rights related to this field and the low educational level of most respondents. The improvement of the degree of satisfaction can help reduce the judicialization, even though more knowledgeable users might become more demanding and appeal more to justice. Alternative solutions for resolving disputes, such as mediation and restorative justice, can help reduce the appeal to justice.

Compreensão e reconhecimento da Rede Cegonha pela estratégia saúde da família / Understanding and recognition of the Stork Network for Family Health Strategy

Estudo qualitativo de perspectiva Hermenêutica Dialética que investigou o conhecimento da Estratégia Saúde da Família sobre a Rede Cegonha, e analisou a efetividade do Programa na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Foram entrevistados 06 agentes comunitários de saúde, 06 enfermeiros e 06 médicos. O Programa é reconhecido como rede temática de atenção à saúde, e está presente na atenção primária, mas é frágil na articulação entre níveis de atenção e gera falha no acolhimento da gestante anteparto e na contrarreferência pós-parto. Conclui-se que a Rede Cegonha não está efetivamente implementada.

Qualitative study of Dialectical Hermeneutics perspective that investigated the knowledge of the Family Health Strategy on the Stork Network, and analyzed the effectiveness of the Program in Primary Health Care. We interviewed 06 community health workers, 06 nurses and 06 doctors. The program is recognized as a thematic network of health care, and is present in primary care, but it is fragile on the relationship between levels of care and generates failure host of antepartum pregnant and postpartum counter. We conclude that the Stork Network is not effectively implemented. Descriptors: Primary Health Care; Maternal and Child Care Services; Stork Network.

Estudio cualitativo de dialécticas Hermenéutica perspectiva que investigó el conocimiento de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia en la Red Ciqüena, y analizó la efectividad dei Programa de Atención Primaria de Salud. Entrevistamos a 06 trabajadores de la salud de la comunidad, 06 enfermeras y 06 médicos. El programa es reconocido como una red temática de la asistencia sanitaria, y está presente en la atención primaria, pero es frágil en la relación entre los niveles de atención y genera anfitrión fracaso de preparto y postparto embarazada contrario. Llegamos a la conclusión de que la Red Cigüena no se aplique con eficacia.

Evidence-Based Medicine in judicial decisions concerning right to healthcare / A Medicina Baseada em Evidências na jurisprudência relativa ao direito à saúde

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze, from the examination of decisions issued by Brazilian courts, how Evidence-Based Medicine was applied and if it led to well-founded decisions, searching the best scientific knowledge. Methods The decisions made by the Federal Courts were searched, with no time limits, at the website of the Federal Court Council, using the expression “Evidence-Based Medicine”. With regard to decisions issued by the court of the State of São Paulo, the search was done at the webpage and applying the same terms and criterion as to time. Next, a qualitative analysis of the decisions was conducted for each action, to verify if the patient/plaintiff’s situation, as well as the efficacy or inefficacy of treatments or drugs addressed in existing protocols were considered before the court granted the provision claimed by the plaintiff. Results In less than one-third of the decisions there was an appropriate discussion about efficacy of the procedure sought in court, in comparison to other procedures available in clinical guidelines adopted by the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) or by private health insurance plans, considering the individual situation. The majority of the decisions involved private health insurance plans (n=13, 68%). Conclusion The number of decisions that did consider scientific evidence and the peculiarities of each patient was a concern. Further discussion on Evidence-Based Medicine in judgments involving public healthcare are required.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar, a partir do exame de decisões proferidas por tribunais brasileiros, como a Medicina Baseada em Evidências foi aplicada e se conduziu a decisões bem fundamentadas, sob a perspectiva do melhor conhecimento científico. Métodos Analisaram-se decisões de Tribunais Federais selecionadas pela busca, sem limitação temporal, no sítio do Conselho da Justiça Federal, dedicado à pesquisa unificada de jurisprudência, contendo a expressão “Medicina Baseada em Evidências”. Quanto aos acórdãos da Corte Paulista, a busca foi feita em sua página na internet dedicada à pesquisa de jurisprudência, também por meio da expressão “Medicina Baseada em Evidências”, e sem limitação temporal. Efetuou-se, a seguir, uma análise qualitativa da discussão efetuada em cada processo, verificando se nela se apreciaram a situação do paciente/autor da ação, e a eficácia ou ineficácia de tratamentos ou medicamentos constantes em protocolos já existentes, antes de se deferir a medida buscada em juízo. Resultados Verificou-se que em menos de um terço das decisões examinadas houve uma discussão adequada da eficácia do procedimento buscado judicialmente, em comparação com os disponibilizados em protocolos clínicos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde e por planos privados de saúde, à luz da situação individual do autor da ação. A maioria das decisões envolvia planos de saúde (n=13, 68%). Conclusão O número de decisões em que se deu maior consideração à evidência científica e às peculiaridades dos pacientes foi preocupante. É necessário ampliar a discussão da Medicina Baseada em Evidências nos processos envolvendo a saúde pública.