Preoperative assessment using the five-factor modified frailty index: A call for standardized preoperative assessment and prehabilitation services in gynecologic oncology.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI) is associated with postoperative complications, readmissions or non-home discharge in gynecologic cancer patients undergoing surgery. METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of gynecologic cancer (cervical, uterine, or ovarian cancer) who underwent surgery between 2014 and 2018 were identified through the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. The 5-factor mFI was applied and patients classified into 6 categories (mFI groups 0,1,2, 3, 4 and 5). The incidence of 30-day complications, readmissions and non-home discharge was evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the association between mFI category and readmissions/ complications. Adjusted probabilities of events were calculated based on patient characteristics. RESULTS: At total of 31,181 gynecologic cancer cases were included in the analysis: N = 2968 (9.4%) cervical, N = 20,862 (66.4%) uterine, and N = 7351 (23.4%) ovarian cancers. Of all patients, 46.1% were in category 0, 36.5% category 1, and 1% category 3-5. Factors associated with increased mFI included older age, African American race, laparoscopic surgery and obesity. A significant dose-response relationship between higher mFI and readmission and 30-day complications was noted on adjusted multivariable analysis (adjusted OR 2.37 (1.65-3.45) and 2.10 (1.59-2.75) for readmissions and complications, respectively, in mFI category 3-5). These associations were consistent within each cancer type. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-factor mFI universally predicts postoperative readmissions, 30-day complications and non-home discharge in patients with gynecologic cancer. Incorporation of mFI into routine preoperative assessment can identify patients for non-surgical treatments, prehabiliatation and short term home assessments.

The Association of Socioeconomic Status and Discharge Destination with 30-Day Readmission after Ischemic Stroke.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the association of socioeconomic status and discharge destination with 30-day readmission after ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 30-day all-cause readmission among patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke in states of Arkansas, Iowa, and Wisconsin in 2016 and 2017 and New York in 2016 using Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Inpatient Databases. RESULTS: Among the 52301 patients included, 51.1% were female. The 30-day readmission rates were 10.2%, 8.2%, 9.3%, 10.4%, 11.6%, and 11.2% for age group 18-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, and ≥75 years, respectively (p<0.001). In Generalized Estimating Equation analysis, patients with Medicare and Medicaid insurance were more likely to be readmitted, compared with private insurance, (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 1.37, 95% CI 1.23-1.53; and aOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.09-1.45, respectively). Patients in the bottom quartile of zip code level median household income had higher 30-day readmission rate (12.4%) than those in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartile (10.3%, 10.1%, and 10.7%, respectively, p<0.001). Compared with those discharged home with self-care which had the lowest readmission rate (8.4%), patients who left against medical advice had the highest readmission rate (18.6%; aOR 2.23, 95% CI 1.75-2.83), followed by rehabilitation and skilled nursing facilities (13.2%; aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.22-1.46), and home with home health care (11.3%, aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.08-1.28). CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic status and discharged destination affect readmission after stroke. These results provide evidence to inform vulnerable patient population as targets for readmission prevention.

The Patterns and Outcomes of Inter-Hospital Transfer Among Medicare Patients with Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Inter-hospital transfer for ischemic stroke is an essential part of stroke system of care. This study aimed to understand the national patterns and outcomes of ischemic stroke transfer. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective study examined Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years undergoing inter-hospital transfer for ischemic stroke in 2012. Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare 30-day and one-year mortality between transferred patients and direct admissions from the emergency department (ED admissions). Among 312,367 ischemic stroke admissions, 5.7% underwent inter-hospital transfer. Using this value as cut-off, the hospitals were classified into receiving (n = 411), sending (n = 559), and low-transfer (n = 1863) hospitals. Receiving hospitals were larger than low-transfer and sending hospitals as demonstrated by the median bed number (371, 189, and 88, respectively, p < 0.001); more frequently to be certified stroke centers (75%, 47%, and 16%, respectively, p < 0.001); and less commonly located in the rural area (2%, 7%, and 24%, respectively, p < 0.001). For receiving hospitals, transfer-in patients and ED admissions had comparable mortality at 30 days (10% vs 10%; adjusted HR [aHR]=1.07; 95% CI, 0.99-1.14) and 1 year (23% vs 24%; aHR=1.03; 95% CI, 0.99-1.08). For sending hospitals, transfer-out patients, compared to ED admissions, had higher mortality at 30 days (14% vs 11%; aHR=1.63; 95% CI, 1.39-1.91) and 1 year (30% vs 27%; aHR=1.33; 95% CI, 1.20-1.48). For low-transfer hospitals, overall transfer-in and transfer-out patients, compared to ED admissions, had higher mortality at 30 days (13% vs 10%; aHR=1.46; 95% CI, 1.33-1.60) and 1 year (28% vs 25%; aHR=1.27; 95% CI, 1.19-1.36). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals in the US, based on their transfer patterns, could be classified into 3 groups that shared distinct characteristics including hospital size, rural vs urban location, and stroke certification. Transferred patients at sending and low-transfer hospitals had worse outcomes than their ED admission counterpart.

Survival rates of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting to a pediatric rheumatologist in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 30% of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients present with musculoskeletal symptoms and are often referred first to a pediatric rheumatologist. We examined the survival and causes of death of these patients presenting to a pediatric rheumatologist and compared the rates with that reported in the hematology-oncology literature. PROCEDURE: We used the Pediatric Rheumatology Disease Registry, including 49,023 patients from 62 centers, newly diagnosed between 1992 and 2001. Identifiers were matched with the Social Security Death Index censored for March 2005. Deaths were confirmed by death certificates, referring physicians, and medical records. Causes of death were derived by chart review or from the death certificate. RESULTS: There were 7 deaths of 89 patients (7.9%, 95% confidence interval: 3.9%-15.4%) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a 5-year survival rate of 95.5% (88.3 to 98.3) and 10-year survival rate of 89.8% (79.0% to 95.2%). The causes of death were sepsis (bacterial and/or fungal) in 4 (57%) patients, the disease in 2 (29%) and post bone-marrow transplantation in 1 (14%). CONCLUSION: The overall survival of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia seen first by pediatric rheumatologists is higher than the range reported in the pediatric oncology literature for the same period of diagnosis.

Effect of Medicare Part D on potentially inappropriate medication use by older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To empirically estimate changes of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use attributable to the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit. DESIGN: Difference-in-difference strategy in the quasi-experimental design with a control group. SETTING: U.S. nationally representative community-dwelling sample of older adults. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand seven hundred seventy-four adults aged 65 and older in the 2005 and 2006 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys were followed up for 2 years with five rounds of interviews. MEASUREMENTS: PIM use was identified based on the 2002 Beers criteria. Analyses were conducted for likelihood of PIM use and number of PIM prescriptions using logit models and negative binomial models, respectively. RESULTS: There was a trend of less likelihood of PIM use for all older adults from 2005 to 2006 (odds ratio=0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.52-0.86). After accounting for this secular trend and potential confounders, no significant difference of the likelihood of PIM use was found between Part D enrollees and nonenrollees, although enrollees were found to use significantly more PIM prescriptions in round 5 (in 2006) than nonenrollees (incidence rate ratio=1.56, 95% CI=1.08-2.25). CONCLUSION: This initial evidence suggests that Medicare Part D could result in more PIM use in older enrollees than in nonenrollees, although the overall likelihood of PIM use has decreased in all older community-dwelling adults. Future research is needed to examine the effect over the longer term and focusing on particular categories of PIMs.

Mortality outcomes in pediatric rheumatology in the US.

OBJECTIVE: To describe mortality rates, causes of death, and potential mortality risk factors in pediatric rheumatic diseases in the US. METHODS: We used the Indianapolis Pediatric Rheumatology Disease Registry, which includes 49,023 patients from 62 centers who were newly diagnosed between 1992 and 2001. Identifiers were matched with the Social Security Death Index censored for March 2005. Deaths were confirmed by death certificates, referring physicians, and medical records. Causes of death were derived by chart review or from the death certificate. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined. RESULTS: After excluding patients with malignancy, 110 deaths among 48,885 patients (0.23%) were confirmed. Patients had been followed up for a mean +/- SD of 7.9 +/- 2.7 years. The SMR of the entire cohort was significantly decreased (0.65 [95% CI 0.53-0.78]), with differences in patients followed up for > or =9 years. The SMR was significantly greater for systemic lupus erythematosus (3.06 [95% CI 1.78-4.90]) and dermatomyositis (2.64 [95% CI 0.86-6.17]) but not for systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (1.8 [95% CI 0.66-3.92]). The SMR was significantly decreased in pain syndromes (0.41 [95% CI 0.21-0.72]). Causes of death were related to the rheumatic diagnosis (including complications) in 39 patients (35%), treatment complications in 11 (10%), non-natural causes in 25 (23%), background disease in 23 (21%), and were unknown in 12 patients (11%). Rheumatic diagnoses, age at diagnosis, sex, and early use of systemic steroids and methotrexate were significantly associated with the risk of death. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the overall mortality rate for pediatric rheumatic diseases was not increased. Even for the diseases and conditions associated with increased mortality, mortality rates were significantly lower than those reported in previous studies.

Electronic Health Record Analysis of the Primary Care of Adults with Intellectual and Other Developmental Disabilities.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Adults with intellectual and other developmental disabilities (IDD) are at risk for sub-optimal primary health care. Electronic Health Record (EHR) analyses are an under-utilized resource for studying the health and primary care of this population. METHODS: This was a case-control EHR analysis of adults with IDD provided primary care through the Cleveland Clinic between 2005 and 2008. The IDD cohort was identified by relevant ICD-9 codes in problem list and encounter diagnoses. A comparison cohort matched by age, sex, race, and insurance was also specified. Demographic, health and health service characteristics of the two cohorts were compared. FINDINGS: The IDD cohort consisted of 1267 individuals, mean age 39 years, 54% male, 78% Caucasian. Age, sex, racial, and health insurance characteristics were similar in the 2534 individuals in the comparison cohort. Individuals with IDD were significantly more likely to carry diagnoses of epilepsy, constipation, osteoporosis, obesity, and hyperlipidemia; but were significantly less likely to bear diagnoses of hypertension, diabetes, osteoarthritis, heart failure, coronary heart disease, and COPD. Despite a lower mean BMI, individuals with IDD were more likely to be labeled obese. Only genetic consultation rates were higher in the IDD cohort. DISCUSSION: Health services research related to persons with IDD is becoming more feasible as large health systems adopt EHRs. Further analyses from this dataset will investigate whether variations in disease rates in adults with IDD represent true differences in disease prevalence versus disparities in health care.

Breast reduction: does the tumescent technique affect reimbursement?

BACKGROUND: Breast reduction is a very common procedure within the field of plastic surgery, with many techniques. These techniques include differences in the location of the pedicles and of the scars. Another variation on the technique for breast reduction relates to preoperative infiltration of an epinephrine solution to reduce blood loss and operative time. The authors' technique for breast reduction and its effect on insurance reimbursement has not previously been discussed in a large prospective study. METHODS: The authors performed a prospective study to compare a cohort of 50 patients undergoing a traditional breast reduction without infiltration of epinephrine followed by electrocautery for resection versus 50 patients receiving tumescent infiltration of epinephrine followed by sharp resection. RESULTS: The patients who underwent the tumescent technique for breast reduction had shorter operative times and similar blood loss and pain compared with the traditional technique. The use of tumescence did not cause a significant difference in the weight of the amount resected when compared with the dry, pathologic weight. CONCLUSIONS: In the first large prospective cohort study involving this technique, the authors can demonstrate the many advantages of the tumescent technique and refute their concern that tumescence can cause inaccurate weight measurements that might interfere with insurance reimbursement based on resected weight.