Healthcare use among immigrants and natives in Sweden on disability pension, before and after changes of regulations.

Background: There is limited knowledge regarding psychiatric healthcare utilization around the time of granting disability pension (DP) due to common mental disorders (CMD) among immigrants and if this is related to social insurance regulations. The aim was to evaluate patterns of psychiatric healthcare utilization before and after DP due to CMD among immigrants and natives. A second aim was to evaluate if such patterns differed before and after changes in social insurance regulations in Sweden in 2008. Methods: All 28 354 individuals living in Sweden with incident DP due to CMD, before (2005-06; n = 24 298) or after (2009-10; n = 4056) changes in regulations of granting DP, were included. Patterns of psychiatric in- and specialized outpatient healthcare utilization during a 7-year window around DP granting were assessed by Generalized Estimating Equations estimating multivariate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Prevalence rates of psychiatric inpatient care were comparable among immigrants and natives, lower in non-Western immigrants (Africa, Asia and South-America). Three years after DP, non-Western immigrants in comparison to natives and Western immigrants had a stronger decrease in inpatient psychiatric healthcare: OR 0.48 (CI 0.38-0.62), 0.76 (0.70-0.83) and 1.01 (0.76-1.34), respectively. After 2008, a strong reduction in outpatient psychiatric healthcare after DP granting was observed, similarly in immigrants and natives. Conclusions: Non-Western immigrants showed a different pattern of inpatient specialized healthcare after DP granting in comparison to natives. After changes in social insurance regulations, the decline in outpatient psychiatric healthcare following DP granting was comparable in immigrants and natives.

Long-term use of benzodiazepines: Definitions, prevalence and usage patterns - a systematic review of register-based studies.

BACKGROUND: Numerous treatment guidelines recommend that long-term use of benzodiazepines (BZD) should be avoided primarily due to development of tolerance and a risk for BZD dependence. Despite this, long-term BZD use remains a controversial subject in clinical patient care with "for and against" debates. However, there is no explicit understanding of what is meant by long-term BZD use in real world. The aim of this study was to assess different definitions, usage patterns, prevalence and other characteristics of long-term BZD use based on published register-based studies. Synthesis of these characteristics is essential to derive a meaningful definition of long-term BZD. METHODS: Systematic review of register-based studies on long-term BZD use published in 1994-2014. RESULTS: Fourty-one studies met our predetermined inclusion criteria. The length of BZD use defined as "long-term" varied in these studies ranging from one month to several years. The most common definition was six months or longer during a year. The prevalence of long-term BZD use in the general population was estimated to be about 3%. The relative proportion of long-term BZD users (all definitions) in adult BZD users ranged from 6% to 76% (mean 24%; 95% CL 13-36%). The estimates were higher in studies only on the elderly (47%; 95% CL 31-64%). Long-term use involved typically steady treatment with low BZD doses. However, in elderly patients long-term BZD use and exceeding recommended doses was relatively common. Several characteristics associated with long-term use were found. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term BZD use is common and a clinical reality. Uniform definitions for "long-term", which is in line with population-based evidence, is needed to have more comparable results between studies. Our systematic review suggests that duration of BZD treatment over six months, the most common definition for long-term BZD use in the included studies. As also recommended previously, it is a useful starting point for further analyses on disadvantages but also potential advantages associated with long-term BZD use.

Risk of homicidal behaviour among persons convicted of homicide.

We studied the risk of homicidal behaviour among persons convicted of homicide using an epidemiological method. The results showed that male homicide offenders are at least 10 times more likely to commit a homicide when compared with general male population. This odds ratio was about 150-fold among offenders who had committed at least four previous aggravated violent crimes as well as homicide.