Nurse-led follow-up of patients after oesophageal or gastric cardia cancer surgery: a randomised trial.

Between January 2004 and February 2006, 109 patients after intentionally curative surgery for oesophageal or gastric cardia cancer were randomised to standard follow-up of surgeons at the outpatient clinic (standard follow-up; n=55) or by regular home visits of a specialist nurse (nurse-led follow-up; n=54). Longitudinal data on generic (EuroQuol-5D, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30) and disease-specific quality of life (EORTC QLQ-OES18), patient satisfaction and costs were collected at baseline and at 6 weeks and 4, 7 and 13 months afterwards. We found largely similar quality-of-life scores in the two follow-up groups over time. At 4 and 7 months, slightly more improvement on the EQ-VAS was noted in the nurse-led compared with the standard follow-up group (P=0.13 and 0.12, respectively). Small differences were also found in patient satisfaction between the two groups (P=0.14), with spouses being more satisfied with nurse-led follow-up (P=0.03). No differences were found in most medical outcomes. However, body weight of patients of the standard follow-up group deteriorated slightly (P=0.04), whereas body weight of patients of the nurse-led follow-up group remained stable. Medical costs were lower in the nurse-led follow-up group (2600 euro vs 3800 euro), however, due to the large variation between patients, this was not statistically significant (P=0.11). A cost effectiveness acceptability curve showed that the probability of being cost effective for costs per one point gain in general quality-of-life exceeded 90 and 75% after 4 and 13 months of follow-up, respectively. Nurse-led follow-up at home does not adversely affect quality of life or satisfaction of patients compared with standard follow-up by clinicians at the outpatient clinic. This type of care is very likely to be more cost effective than physician-led follow-up.

The role of socio-economic status in the decision making on diagnosis and treatment of oesophageal cancer in The Netherlands.

In the United States (USA), a correlation has been demonstrated between socio-economic status (SES) of patients on the one hand, and tumour histology, stage of the disease and treatment modality of various cancer types on the other hand. It is unknown whether such correlations are also involved in patients with oesophageal cancer in The Netherlands. Between 1994 and 2003, 888 oesophageal cancer patients were included in a prospective database with findings on the diagnostic work-up and treatment of oesophageal cancer. Socio-economic status of patients was defined as the average net yearly income. Linear-by-linear association testing revealed that oesophageal adenocarcinoma was more frequently observed in patients with higher SES and squamous cell carcinoma in patients with lower SES (P=0.02). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed no correlation between SES and staging procedures and preoperative TNM stage. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for stent placement was 0.82 (95% CI 0.71-0.95), indicating that with an increase in SES by 1200 [euro], the likelihood that a stent was placed declined by 18%. Patients with a higher SES more frequently underwent resection or were treated with chemotherapy (OR: 1.15; 95% CI 1.01-1.32 and OR: 1.16; 95% CI 1.02-1.32, respectively). Socio-economic factors are involved in oesophageal cancer in The Netherlands, as patients with a higher SES are more likely to have an adenocarcinoma and patients with a lower SES a squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, the correlations between SES and different treatment modalities suggest that both patient and doctor determinants contribute to the decision on the most optimal treatment modality in patients with oesophageal cancer.

A comparison of the costs and effects of liver transplantation for acute and for chronic liver failure.

Little is known about costs and cost-effectiveness of liver transplantation (LTx) for acute liver failure compared to costs and cost-effectiveness of LTx for chronic liver failure. In this study, costs of acute and of chronic LTx patients were determined in a retrospective study. Files of 100 consecutive patients who underwent LTx in 1993-1997 were studied. Costs up to 1 year after LTx were Euro 107,675 (chronic liver failure) and Euro 90,792 (acute liver failure). The difference was mainly caused by higher hospitalisation costs and higher personnel costs for chronic liver failure. Medication costs for acute liver failure were higher, due to a high administration rate of expensive anti-HBs immunoglobulin therapy in patients with viral hepatitis B. LTx for chronic liver failure is more costly and seems to be more cost-effective than LTx for acute liver failure, since 1-year survival is higher in patients who underwent transplantation for chronic liver failure.

CT assessment of resectability prior to transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal/gastroesophageal junction carcinoma.

The ability of preoperative CT to assess resectability and to stage carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction was studied in 71 patients who underwent transhiatal esophagectomy. Patients with preoperatively proven distant metastases who did not have surgery were not included in the present study. At surgery the tumor invaded adjacent mediastinal or abdominal structures in 18 patients (prevalence 25%), but was nonresectable in only 7 of these 18 patients (39%). Invasions of the tracheobronchial tree, the aorta, and the diaphragm were correctly detected on CT in 5 of 6, 1 of 2, and 2 of 10 patients. There were four false-positive results on CT; tracheobronchial invasion and pericardial invasion were incorrectly predicted in one and three patients, respectively. Invasion of adjacent structures was correctly assessed on CT in 58 (82%) patients and the depth of tumor invasion was correctly determined in 49 (69%) patients. Computed tomography correctly staged 57% of patients according to the classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Understaging (31%) occurred more often than overstaging (11%). In the present study, computed tomography was not effective in assessing non-resectability by diagnosing invasion because of the relatively low prevalence of invasion of adjacent structures and the fact that invasion was often not associated with nonresectability. In assessing invasion itself, CT was accurate in diagnosing tracheobronchial involvement, but was limited in diagnosing invasion of other adjacent structures. In assessing stage grouping, CT was limited in detecting either diaphragmatic invasion or lymph node involvement.

Improved assessment of supraclavicular and abdominal metastases in oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction carcinoma with the combination of ultrasound and computed tomography.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate ultrasound and computed tomography in the assessment of distant metastases, supraclavicular and abdominal, in 113 patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus and gastrooesophageal junction. Ultrasound and computed tomographic findings were compared with the cytological data in 29 patients and with the surgical data in 84 patients. In assessing distant metastases, ultrasound and computed tomography had a sensitivity of 61% and 70%, and a specificity of 93% and 85%, respectively (p = 1.0). When ultrasound and computed tomography were combined the sensitivity increased to 83% and the specificity decreased to 81%. There was no significant difference in the assessment of supraclavicular metastases (p = 0.8), coeliac metastases (p = 1.0) or liver and other non-lymphatic abdominal metastases (p = 1.0) on ultrasound or computed tomography. The results show that both ultrasound and computed tomography should be used for assessment of distant metastases and abnormalities confirmed by image-guided biopsy.

Assessment of distant metastases with ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy and cytologic study in carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction.

The use of ultrasound (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for the assessment of distant metastases was prospectively studied in 135 consecutive patients with carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Patients with accessible lesions on US and computed tomographic (CT) studies of the supraclavicular regions and the abdomen underwent US-guided FNAB. In patients with multiple lesions biopsies were preferentially performed on enlarged supraclavicular nodes. Forty-nine patients underwent US-guided FNABs of 53 lesions. A cytologic diagnosis was established in 46 of 53 (87%) biopsies. Seven of 53 (13%) biopsies were nondiagnostic. Distant metastases were diagnosed by means of cytologic study in 33 of 135 (24%) patients. Supraclavicular metastases were diagnosed in 22 patients and abdominal metastases were diagnosed in 12 patients, including one patient who also had supraclavicular metastases. US-guided FNAB can improve the selection of patients for surgical and nonsurgical treatment by diagnosing distant metastases in an important number of patients.

Supraclavicular lymph node metastases in carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: assessment with CT, US, and US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

The preoperative assessment of supraclavicular lymph node metastases was prospectively studied in 100 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Findings at computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), and palpation were compared, and US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nodes with a small axis of 5 mm or greater was performed. Supraclavicular metastases were detected on CT scans in 11 of 13 patients (85%) and on US scans in 14 of 16 patients (88%) but were palpable in only three of the 16 patients (19%). The predictive value of a supraclavicular node indicating metastases was .74 at US and .85 at CT. Metastases were diagnosed in 10 of 46 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (22%) and five of 50 patients (10%) with adenocarcinoma. Nodes with metastases had a round configuration, with a statistically significant greater short-axis to long-axis ratio than that of benign nodes (0.89 vs 0.54; P = .05). In four of 16 patients (25%) with supraclavicular metastases proved with cytologic examination, neither CT nor US of the mediastinum and abdomen showed enlarged nodes.