Promoção da saúde, prevenção de doenças e utilização de serviços: avaliação das ações de uma operadora de plano de saúde brasileira / Health promotion, disease prevention, and health service use: evaluation of the actions of a Brazilian private health plan operator

Resumo Introdução Trata-se de estudo de caso que teve como objetivo explorar a associação entre ações de promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares (DC) desenvolvidas por uma operadora de plano de saúde brasileira que adotou a Estratégia Saúde da Família, a utilização de serviços e os respectivos custos. Métodos Foram selecionados os beneficiários com idade maior ou igual a 30 anos, cadastrados nos programas até 31 de dezembro de 2004 em duas capitais. Foi realizada a descrição do perfil demográfico e dos fatores de risco para DC, bem como a avaliação do perfil de utilização de serviços e dos custos, entre 2004 e 2007. Resultados Verificou-se a redução do número médio de consultas por beneficiário e do custo médio com essas consultas no grupo cadastrado. O número de exames per capita aumentou, elevando esses custos. Em Curitiba, no Paraná, ocorreu aumento do número médio de internações por beneficiário e do custo médio, enquanto, em Goiânia, Goiás, ocorreu redução desses números. Conclusão Considerando que cerca de 25% da população brasileira possui plano de saúde, torna-se relevante incentivar a realização desses programas, em consonância com as políticas empreendidas pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS), além de avaliar a utilização dos serviços e os resultados na saúde dos indivíduos.

Abstract Introduction This article describes a case study which aimed to explore the association between health promotion actions and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CD). These actions were developed by a Brazilian health maintenance organization that has adopted the Family Health Strategy and the use of health services and their related costs. Methods The method involved the selection of beneficiaries from two capitals, aged 30 years or older, who subscribed until Dec 31, 2004. A description of the demographic profile and risk factors for CD was performed, as well as an evaluation of the profile of use of services and their corresponding costs between 2004 and 2007. Results There was a reduction in the average number of appointments per beneficiary and in the average cost of these appointments. There was an increase in the number of exams per capita, increasing assistance costs. In Curitiba, there was an increase in the average number of hospitalizations per beneficiary and in their average cost, whereas in Goiania a reduction of such numbers was observed. Conclusion Considering that approximately 25% of the Brazilian population is currently covered by health maintenance organizations, it is important to encourage the adoption of these programs, in agreement with the policies undertaken by the Ministry of Health, in addition to evaluating the use of health services and the outcomes in the health of individuals.

Sistemas de alocação de recursos a prestadores de serviços de saúde - a experiência internacional / Resource allocation systems for health service providers - the international experience

O artigo apresenta as formas tradicionais de alocação de recursos a prestadores de serviços de saúde e se concentra na apresentação e discussão de experiências alternativas encontradas no contexto internacional. Aponta, ainda, as tendências atuais formuladas nos países da OECD, que consistem na adoção de sistemas mistos ou complementados pelo ajuste por desempenho, sendo este predominantemente referido a resultados sobre a saúde da população, ou seja, à efetividade dos serviços de saúde. Ainda, destaca-se uma tendência a adotar sistemas de alocação de recursos diferenciados, segundo o nível de atenção do prestador: aos centros de atenção primária responsáveis pela saúde da população de um dado território, corresponde a alocação de recursos per capita ajustada por risco (ou, em alguns casos, por linhas de cuidado), enquanto os hospitais são em alguns casos remunerados por orçamento global ajustado por desempenho e, em outros, por pagamento prospectivo por procedimento.

This article presents the traditional ways of allocating resources to health service providers and focuses on the presentation and discussion of alternative experiences found in the international context. It also shows the current trends in the OECD countries, involving the adoption of mixed systems or performance-related bonuses, the latter being predominantly referred to the effects on the health of the population, i.e. the effectiveness of the health services. It further stresses the tendency to adopt resource allocation systems that are differentiated according to the level of care provider: to primary care centers, responsible for the health of the population of a given territory, a per capita adjusted for risk factor is granted (or, in some cases, resource allocation defined for lines of care), while in other cases hospitals are either paid according to a performance-adjusted global budget or through prospective payment per procedure.

[Resource allocation systems for health service providers - the international experience]. / Sistemas de alocação de recursos a prestadores de serviços de saúde - a experiência internacional.

This article presents the traditional ways of allocating resources to health service providers and focuses on the presentation and discussion of alternative experiences found in the international context. It also shows the current trends in the OECD countries, involving the adoption of mixed systems or performance-related bonuses, the latter being predominantly referred to the effects on the health of the population, i.e. the effectiveness of the health services. It further stresses the tendency to adopt resource allocation systems that are differentiated according to the level of care provider: to primary care centers, responsible for the health of the population of a given territory, a per capita adjusted for risk factor is granted (or, in some cases, resource allocation defined for lines of care), while in other cases hospitals are either paid according to a performance-adjusted global budget or through prospective payment per procedure.

[An analysis of use of the health services by financing system: Brazil 1998-2008]. / Uma analise da utilização de serviços de saúde por sistema de financiamento: Brasil 1998 -2008.

This article analyzes the use of health services from the perspective of financing based on PNAD/IBGE micro-data related to 1998, 2003 and 2008. Among the main results, the following can be highlighted: 1) The Unified Health System (SUS) continues to be the major financing agent of most consultations and hospitalizations in Brazil; its participation increased significantly between 1998 and 2003 and remained almost stable between 2003 and 2008; 2) SUS participation in financing the use of the health services has been predominant in all Brazilian regions, especially in the North and North-East, which feature the most precarious socio-economic and health conditions; 3) SUS is the major financing agent of the two extreme levels of complexity of health care: primary care and high complexity services. 4) In spite of a significant rise in utilization rates of SUS services for consultations and hospitalizations, great inequities can still be observed between the population that exclusively uses SUS and that which has private health insurance; 5) There has been an increase in the use of SUS health services by part of the population with private health insurance plans.

Uma analise da utilização de serviços de saúde por sistema de financiamento: Brasil 1998 -2008 / An analysis of use of the health services by financing system: Brazil 1998-2008

Este artigo analisa, a partir de microdados de 1998, 2003 e 2008 da PNAD/IBGE, a utilização de serviços de saúde sob a perspectiva de seu financiamento Entre os principais resultados da análise, destacam-se os seguintes: 1) o SUS continua financiando a maioria dos atendimentos e das internações realizados no País, participação que aumentou significativamente entre 1998 e 2003, mantendo-se praticamente estável entre 2003 e 2008; 2) a participação do SUS no financiamento da utilização dos serviços de saúde foi preponderante em todas as regiões, sendo maior nas regiões Norte e Nordeste com situações sanitárias e sócio-econômicas mais precárias; 3) o SUS é o principal financiador dos dois níveis extremos de complexidade da atenção à saúde: o de atenção básica e o da alta complexidade; 4) apesar do aumento verificado nas taxas de utilização do SUS, para atendimentos e internações, ainda persistem grandes inequidades no uso de serviços de saúde entre a população atendida pelo SUS e a população beneficiaria de planos e seguros de saúde privados; 5) foi observado um aumento na utilização de serviços do SUS por parte dessa população com asseguramento privado.

This article analyzes the use of health services from the perspective of financing based on PNAD/IBGE micro-data related to 1998, 2003 and 2008. Among the main results, the following can be highlighted: 1) The Unified Health System (SUS) continues to be the major financing agent of most consultations and hospitalizations in Brazil; its participation increased significantly between 1998 and 2003 and remained almost stable between 2003 and 2008; 2) SUS participation in financing the use of the health services has been predominant in all Brazilian regions, especially in the North and North-East, which feature the most precarious socio-economic and health conditions; 3) SUS is the major financing agent of the two extreme levels of complexity of health care: primary care and high complexity services. 4) In spite of a significant rise in utilization rates of SUS services for consultations and hospitalizations, great inequities can still be observed between the population that exclusively uses SUS and that which has private health insurance; 5) There has been an increase in the use of SUS health services by part of the population with private health insurance plans.

Custo do tratamento de pacientes com histórico de tabagismo em hospital especializado em câncer / Cost of treating patients with smoking history in a specialized cancer hospital / Costo del tratamiento de pacientes con historia de tabaquismo en hospital especializado en cáncer

OBJETIVO: Descrever o custo do tratamento dos cânceres de pulmão, laringe e esôfago de pacientes com histórico de tabagismo. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal não-concorrente de três coortes com histórico de tabagismo em um hospital especializado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, entre 2000 e 2006. A amostra foi composta por 127 casos de câncer de pulmão, 80 de câncer de laringe e 35 de câncer de esôfago. A seleção dos cânceres foi realizada por meio da análise da freqüência e do valor monetário das hospitalizações, ponderados pela fração atribuível ao fumo na população. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários. Os pacientes foram classificados conforme o perfil de tabagismo, o diagnóstico principal, o estádio e as comorbidades. A análise estatística incluiu a distribuição log-normal para ajustar os valores do custo e a correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes eram fumantes pesados e foram diagnosticados em estádios avançados. A carga tabágica foi elevada e 92 por cento dos pacientes com câncer de pulmão, 72 por cento com câncer de laringe e 94 por cento com câncer de esôfago foram diagnosticados em estádios avançados. As comorbidades mais freqüentes foram as doenças cardíacas e as respiratórias. O custo médio foi de R$ 28.901, R$ 37.529 e R$ 33.164 para câncer de pulmão, laringe e esôfago, respectivamente. Os principais direcionadores do custo foram a radioterapia e a hospitalização. Observou-se associação entre estádios avançados e menor custo para câncer de pulmão e de esôfago. CONCLUSÕES: Sendo radioterapia e hospitalização os principais direcionadores do custo total, pacientes em estádios mais graves apresentaram custos menores provavelmente pela redução das opções terapêuticas.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the costs of treating lung, laryngeal and esophageal cancer among patients with histories of smoking. METHODS: A longitudinal non-concurrent study on three cohorts with histories of smoking at a specialized hospital was carried out in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, between 2000 and 2006. The sample was composed of 127 cases of lung cancer, 80 of laryngeal cancer and 35 of esophageal cancer. These cancers were selected through analyzing the frequencies and monetary values of the hospital admissions, weighted according to the fraction attributable to smoking among the population. Data were gathered from the medical files. Patients were classified according to their smoking profile, primary diagnosis, stage and comorbidities. The statistical analysis included the log-normal distribution to adjust for cost values and the Spearman correlation. RESULTS: The patients were heavy smokers and were diagnosed at advanced stages. The burden from smoking was high, and 92 percent, 72 percent and 94 percent of lung, laryngeal and esophageal cancer patients, respectively, were diagnosed at advanced stages. The most frequent comorbidities were heart diseases and respiratory diseases. The mean costs of lung, laryngeal and esophageal cancers were R$ 28,901, R$ 37,529 and R$ 33,164, respectively. The main cost drivers were radiotherapy and hospitalization. There was an association between advanced stage and lower cost for lung and esophageal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Since radiotherapy and hospitalization were the main total cost drivers, patients at more severe stages presented lower costs, probably because of the reduction in the number of therapeutic options.

OBJETIVO: Describir el costo del tratamiento de los cánceres de pulmón, laringe y esófago de pacientes con historia de tabaquismo. MÉTODOS: Estudio longitudinal no concurrente de tres cohortes con historia de tabaquismo en un hospital especializado en la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro, Sureste de Brasil, entre 2000 y 2006. La muestra fue compuesta por 127 casos de cáncer de pulmón, 80 de cáncer de laringe y 35 de cáncer de esófago. La selección de los cánceres fue realizada por medio del análisis de la frecuencia y del valor monetario de las hospitalizaciones, ponderados por la fracción atribuible al tabaco en la población. Los datos fueron colectados de los prontuarios. Los pacientes fueron clasificados conforme el perfil de tabaquismo, el diagnóstico principal, la fase y las comorbilidades. El análisis estadístico incluyó la distribución log-normal para ajustar los valores del costo y la correlación de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes eran fumadores pesados y fueron diagnosticados en fases avanzadas. La carga tabáquica fue elevada y 92 por ciento de los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón, 72 por ciento con cáncer de laringe y 94 por ciento con cáncer de esófago fueron diagnosticados en fases avanzadas. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron las enfermedades cardíacas y las respiratorias. El costo promedio fue de R$ 28.901, R$ 37.529 y R$ 33.164 para cáncer de pulmón, laringe y esófago, respectivamente. Los principales responsables por el costo fueron la radioterapia y la hospitalización. Se observó asociación entre fases avanzadas y menor costo para cáncer de pulmón y de esófago. CONCLUSIONES: Siendo la radioterapia y hospitalización los principales responsables por el costo total, los pacientes en fases más graves presentaron costos menores probablemente por la reducción de las opciones terapéuticas.

Cost of treating patients with smoking history in a specialized cancer hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the costs of treating lung, laryngeal and esophageal cancer among patients with histories of smoking. METHODS: A longitudinal non-concurrent study on three cohorts with histories of smoking at a specialized hospital was carried out in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, between 2000 and 2006. The sample was composed of 127 cases of lung cancer, 80 of laryngeal cancer and 35 of esophageal cancer. These cancers were selected through analyzing the frequencies and monetary values of the hospital admissions, weighted according to the fraction attributable to smoking among the population. Data were gathered from the medical files. Patients were classified according to their smoking profile, primary diagnosis, stage and comorbidities. The statistical analysis included the log-normal distribution to adjust for cost values and the Spearman correlation. RESULTS: The patients were heavy smokers and were diagnosed at advanced stages. The burden from smoking was high, and 92%, 72% and 94% of lung, laryngeal and esophageal cancer patients, respectively, were diagnosed at advanced stages. The most frequent comorbidities were heart diseases and respiratory diseases. The mean costs of lung, laryngeal and esophageal cancers were R$ 28,901, R$ 37,529 and R$ 33,164, respectively. The main cost drivers were radiotherapy and hospitalization. There was an association between advanced stage and lower cost for lung and esophageal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Since radiotherapy and hospitalization were the main total cost drivers, patients at more severe stages presented lower costs, probably because of the reduction in the number of therapeutic options.

[The cost of tobacco-related diseases for Brazil's Unified National Health System]. / Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Unico de Saúde.

This study aimed to identify the direct costs of hospitalizations due to three smoking-related groups of diseases - cancer and circulatory and respiratory diseases - in Brazil's Unified National Health System (SUS) in 2005. For cancer, the cost of chemotherapy was also included. The study derived cost estimates using administrative databases, relative risks, smoking prevalence, and smoking-attributable fraction. According to the estimates, smoking- attributable medical expenditures for the three disease groups amounted to R$338,692,516.02 (approximately U$185 million), accounting for 27.6% of total medical expenditures. Considering all hospitalizations and chemotherapy provided by the National Health System, tobacco-related diseases accounted for 7.7% of total medical expenditures. These costs also represented 0.9% of expenditures by federally funded public health services. This study provides a conservative estimate of smoking-related costs and suggests the need for continued research on comprehensive approaches to measure the total burden of smoking for society.

Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde / The cost of tobacco-related diseases for Brazil's Unified National Health System

Este estudo teve como objetivo calcular os custos diretos de internações por doenças tabaco-relacionadas em 2005, sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para três grupos de doenças: câncer, aparelhos circulatório e respiratório. Para o câncer, os custos com quimioterapia também foram considerados. Foram utilizados dados das bases administrativas dos sistemas de informação do SUS e indicadores epidemiológicos, como prevalência e riscos relativos de cada doença analisada. Os custos atribuíveis ao tabagismo foram de R$ 338.692.516,02, representando 27,6 por cento dos custos totais dos procedimentos analisados para os três grupos. Se consideradas as internações e procedimentos de quimioterapia pagos para todas as patologias, os custos alcançaram 7,7 por cento dos custos totais. Ainda, 0,9 por cento das despesas com ações e serviços de saúde financiados com recursos próprios da esfera federal podem ser atribuídos ao tabagismo em 2005. Os resultados são conservadores para o Brasil e sugerem a necessidade de dar continuidade às pesquisas que mensurem a carga total do tabagismo sob a perspectiva da sociedade.

This study aimed to identify the direct costs of hospitalizations due to three smoking-related groups of diseases - cancer and circulatory and respiratory diseases - in Brazil's Unified National Health System (SUS) in 2005. For cancer, the cost of chemotherapy was also included. The study derived cost estimates using administrative databases, relative risks, smoking prevalence, and smoking-attributable fraction. According to the estimates, smoking- attributable medical expenditures for the three disease groups amounted to R$338,692,516.02 (approximately U$185 million), accounting for 27.6 percent of total medical expenditures. Considering all hospitalizations and chemotherapy provided by the National Health System, tobacco-related diseases accounted for 7.7 percent of total medical expenditures. These costs also represented 0.9 percent of expenditures by federally funded public health services. This study provides a conservative estimate of smoking-related costs and suggests the need for continued research on comprehensive approaches to measure the total burden of smoking for society.

[Healthcare structure and quality among inpatient care providers for health plans in Brazil]. / Estrutura e qualidade assistencial dos prestadores de serviços hospitalares à saúde suplementar no Brasil.

This study aimed to characterize inpatient care providers for health plans in Brazil, considering that knowledge on healthcare providers is still incipient, particularly in relation to healthcare structure and quality. A national survey was performed, focusing on 3,817 hospitals. A stratified sample of 83 hospitals was selected, and data were collected from September to December 2006 using interviews with hospital administrators. Hospital care was characterized using variables related to installed capacity and services output, as well as practices and structures for healthcare quality assurance and control. The final sample consisted of 74 hospitals, representing an estimated universe of 3,799 hospitals. Inpatient care providers for health plans, mainly for the Unified National Health System (SUS), showed limited presence of structures and practices for improving management and healthcare quality.

[Conflicts and impasses in the judicialization of the supply of medicines: circuit court rulings on claims brought against the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2005]. / Conflitos e impasses da judicialização na obtenção de medicamentos: as decisões de 1 feminine instância nas ações individuais contra o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2005.

Based on an analysis of individual claims for provision of medicines brought by users of the Unified National Health System (SUS) against the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the year 2005, this study aims to discuss the action and behavior of the court system in ruling on these suits. The study adopted a semi-qualitative exploratory documental research design, analyzing key aspects related to the claims, such as type of medication claimed by the plaintiff, wording of the court rulings, and the key elements used by judges in trying the cases. According to the analysis of the lawsuits and the concepts of judicialization and official standardization of medicines, the study concludes that when ruling on the provision of medicines, the court system grants the claims as submitted without considering the standardization of medicines adopted by the Ministry of Health, thus exercising excessive court intervention in health policy.

Estrutura e qualidade assistencial dos prestadores de serviços hospitalares à saúde suplementar no Brasil / Healthcare structure and quality among inpatient care providers for health plans in Brazil

Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar os prestadores de serviços hospitalares no setor de saúde suplementar, uma vez que o conhecimento sobre tais prestadores ainda é incipiente, particularmente em relação à estrutura e à qualidade assistencial. Foi realizado um inquérito nacional, tendo como universo de interesse 3.817 hospitais. Uma amostra estratificada de 83 hospitais foi selecionada. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre setembro e dezembro de 2006, por meio de entrevistas com os dirigentes dos hospitais. Para a caracterização assistencial dos hospitais, foram contempladas variáveis relativas à capacidade instalada e produção de serviços, bem como às práticas e estruturas de garantia e monitoramento da qualidade do cuidado. A amostra final pesquisada resultou em 74 hospitais, correspondendo a um universo estimado de 3.799 unidades. Os hospitais prestadores de serviços para operadoras, majoritariamente provedores de serviços ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), apresentaram baixa presença de estruturas e práticas de qualificação da gestão e de monitoramento da qualidade assistencial.

This study aimed to characterize inpatient care providers for health plans in Brazil, considering that knowledge on healthcare providers is still incipient, particularly in relation to healthcare structure and quality. A national survey was performed, focusing on 3,817 hospitals. A stratified sample of 83 hospitals was selected, and data were collected from September to December 2006 using interviews with hospital administrators. Hospital care was characterized using variables related to installed capacity and services output, as well as practices and structures for healthcare quality assurance and control. The final sample consisted of 74 hospitals, representing an estimated universe of 3,799 hospitals. Inpatient care providers for health plans, mainly for the Unified National Health System (SUS), showed limited presence of structures and practices for improving management and healthcare quality.

Conflitos e impasses da judicialização na obtenção de medicamentos: as decisões de 1ª instância nas ações individuais contra o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2005 / Conflicts and impasses in the judicialization of the supply of medicines: circuit court rulings on claims brought against the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2005

Partindo-se de uma análise das ações judiciais individuais para o fornecimento de medicamentos propostas por usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) contra o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no ano de 2005, este estudo tem como objetivo discutir a atuação e o comportamento do Poder Judiciário no julgamento dos referidos processos judiciais. O estudo corresponde a uma pesquisa documental exploratória, de caráter quali-quantitativo, na qual foram analisados alguns aspectos relacionados às ações judiciais, tais como, o tipo de medicamento pleiteado, o teor das decisões proferidas e os fundamentos mais freqüentes utilizados pelos magistrados no julgamento das ações. Com base no resultado da análise das ações, do conceito de judicialização e da padronização oficial em matéria de medicamentos, concluiu-se que, ao decidir sobre o fornecimento de medicamentos, o Poder Judiciário concede os pedidos formulados sem considerar a padronização de medicamentos adotada pelo Ministério da Saúde, exercendo assim uma excessiva intervenção na política de saúde.

Based on an analysis of individual claims for provision of medicines brought by users of the Unified National Health System (SUS) against the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the year 2005, this study aims to discuss the action and behavior of the court system in ruling on these suits. The study adopted a semi-qualitative exploratory documental research design, analyzing key aspects related to the claims, such as type of medication claimed by the plaintiff, wording of the court rulings, and the key elements used by judges in trying the cases. According to the analysis of the lawsuits and the concepts of judicialization and official standardization of medicines, the study concludes that when ruling on the provision of medicines, the court system grants the claims as submitted without considering the standardization of medicines adopted by the Ministry of Health, thus exercising excessive court intervention in health policy.

Mecanismos de microrregulação aplicados por operadoras de planos de saúde sobre hospitais privados / Mechanisms of microregulation of private hospitals by health plan operators

OBJETIVO: Analisar os mecanismos de microrregulação aplicados pelas operadoras de planos de saúde nas práticas de gestão da clínica e de qualificação assistencial em hospitais prestadores de serviços. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em inquérito de abrangência nacional, cujo universo foi constituído pelos hospitais prestadores de serviços às operadoras de planos de saúde em 2006. Foi construída uma amostra de 83 unidades, estratificada segundo macrorregião do Brasil e tipo de hospital. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de aplicação de questionário em entrevista aos dirigentes dos hospitais. RESULTADOS: A microrregulação que as operadoras de planos de saúde exercem sobre os hospitais em termos da qualificação da assistência foi muito baixa ou quase nula. A atuação das operadoras foi majoritariamente destinada ao intenso controle da quantidade de serviços utilizados pelos pacientes. Os hospitais que prestavam serviços a operadoras de planos de saúde não constituíam micro-sistemas de saúde paralelos ou suplementares ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Observou-se que os prestadores hospitalares privados eram majoritariamente vinculados ao SUS. Entretanto, não pertenciam à rede alguma de prestadores privados, ainda que fossem objeto de forte regulação da utilização de seus serviços, exercida pelas operadoras de planos de saúde. A intervenção das operadoras de planos de saúde enquanto gestoras de sistemas de cuidado foi incipiente ou quase ausente. Aproximadamente a metade dos hospitais declarou adotar diretrizes clínicas, enquanto apenas 25,4 por cento afirmaram exercer a gestão da patologia e 30,5 por cento mencionaram a gestão dos casos. CONCLUSÕES: As relações contratuais entre hospitais e operadoras de planos de saúde se constituem em contratos meramente comerciais com pouca ou nenhuma incorporação de aspectos relativos à qualidade da assistência contratada, limitando-se, em geral, a aspectos como definição de valores, de prazos e procedimentos ...

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mechanisms employed by health plan operators for microregulation of clinical management and health care qualification within care-providing hospitals. METHODS: A nation-wide cross-sectional study was carried out. The universe consisted of hospitals which provided care to health plan operators in 2006. A sample of 83 units was selected, stratified by Brazilian macroregion and type of hospital. Data were obtained by means of a questionnaire administered to hospital managers. RESULTS: Microregulation of hospitals by health plan operators was minimal or almost absent in terms of health care qualification. Operator activity focused predominantly on intense control of the amount of services used by patients. Hospitals providing services to health plan operators did not constitute health micro-systems parallel or supplementary to the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS - Brazilian National Health System). The private care-providing hospitals were predominantly associated with SUS. However, these did not belong to a private care-provider network, even though their service usage was subject to strong regulation by health plan operators. Operator intervention in the form of system management was incipient or virtually absent. Roughly one-half of investigated hospitals reported adopting clinical directives, whereas only 25.4 percent reported managing pathology and 30.5 percent reported managing cases. CONCLUSIONS: Contractual relationships between hospitals and health plan operators are merely commercial contracts with little if any incorporation of aspects related to the quality of care, being generally limited to aspects such as establishment of prices, timeframes, and payment procedures.

Mechanisms of microregulation of private hospitals by health plan operators.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mechanisms employed by health plan operators for microregulation of clinical management and health care qualification within care-providing hospitals. METHODS: A nation-wide cross-sectional study was carried out. The universe consisted of hospitals which provided care to health plan operators in 2006. A sample of 83 units was selected, stratified by Brazilian macroregion and type of hospital. Data were obtained by means of a questionnaire administered to hospital managers. RESULTS: Microregulation of hospitals by health plan operators was minimal or almost absent in terms of health care qualification. Operator activity focused predominantly on intense control of the amount of services used by patients. Hospitals providing services to health plan operators did not constitute health micro-systems parallel or supplementary to the Sistema Unico de Saúde (SUS - Brazilian National Health System). The private care-providing hospitals were predominantly associated with SUS. However, these did not belong to a private care-provider network, even though their service usage was subject to strong regulation by health plan operators. Operator intervention in the form of system management was incipient or virtually absent. Roughly one-half of investigated hospitals reported adopting clinical directives, whereas only 25.4% reported managing pathology and 30.5% reported managing cases. CONCLUSIONS: Contractual relationships between hospitals and health plan operators are merely commercial contracts with little if any incorporation of aspects related to the quality of care, being generally limited to aspects such as establishment of prices, timeframes, and payment procedures.

O mix público-privado no Sistema de Saúde Brasileiro: financiamento, oferta e utilização de serviços de saúde / The public-private mix in the Brazilian Health System: financing, delivery and utilization of health services

O artigo analisa o mix público-privado do sistema de saúde brasileiro a partir da oferta, utilização e financiamento dos serviços de saúde. Contempla os subsídios públicos para o setor privado. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, baseado em dados secundários provenientes de bases de dados oficiais. Mostra que existem desigualdades na oferta e na utilização de serviços em prol da população com plano de saúde, em decorrência da peculiar inserção do setor suplementar, que oferece cobertura suplementar e duplicada ao sistema público (SUS), sem desconsiderar que outros fatores podem determinar o uso de serviços de saúde e aumentar as desigualdades. A análise é feita com base na tipologia de mix público-privado desenvolvida pela OECD em 2004, que auxilia a compreensão das desigualdades que ocorrem em cada tipo de mix, e mostra que as que ocorrem no sistema de saúde brasileiro se dão pelo fato de a cobertura de serviços ofertados pelo segmento de seguro privado ser duplicada à cobertura de serviços do SUS. Ainda, as desigualdades verificadas no sistema de saúde brasileiro ocorrem num sistema de saúde em que o financiamento público ao SUS é minoritário e existem grandes subsídios públicos para o setor privado.

This paper analyzes the public-private mix in the Brazilian Health System from the perspective of health care delivery, utilization and financing. Moreover, this quantitative study based on secondary data from official databases contemplates the subsidies granted by the government to the private sector. It shows the existence of some inequalities favoring the population having private health plans, a result of the peculiar participation of the private sector in the Brazilian Health System not only offering supplementary care but duplicating the coverage offered by the public system (called SUS). The analysis is made on the basis of the classification of public-private mix in Health Systems developed by the OECD in 2004, that helps understanding the kinds of inequalities occurring in each type of public-private mix. The inequalities that occur in the Brazilian system must be understood as the result of the duplicated coverage offered by the private market and of the weak public funding for the SUS while granting important subsidies to the private sector.

[The public-private mix in the Brazilian Health System: financing, delivery and utilization of health services]. / O mix público-privado no Sistema de Saúde Brasileiro: financiamento, oferta e utilização de serviços de saúde.

This paper analyzes the public-private mix in the Brazilian Health System from the perspective of health care delivery, utilization and financing. Moreover, this quantitative study based on secondary data from official databases contemplates the subsidies granted by the government to the private sector. It shows the existence of some inequalities favoring the population having private health plans, a result of the peculiar participation of the private sector in the Brazilian Health System not only offering supplementary care but duplicating the coverage offered by the public system (called SUS). The analysis is made on the basis of the classification of public-private mix in Health Systems developed by the OECD in 2004, that helps understanding the kinds of inequalities occurring in each type of public-private mix. The inequalities that occur in the Brazilian system must be understood as the result of the duplicated coverage offered by the private market and of the weak public funding for the SUS while granting important subsidies to the private sector.

An analysis of equity in Brazilian health system financing.

Health care in Brazil is financed from many sources--taxes on income, real property, sales of goods and services, and financial transactions; private insurance purchased by households and firms; and out-of-pocket payments by households. Data on household budgets and tax revenues allow the burden of each source except firms' insurance purchases for their employees to be allocated across deciles of adjusted per capita household income, indicating the progressivity or regressivity of each kind of payment. Overall, financing is approximately neutral, with progressive public finance offsetting regressive payments. This last form of finance pushes some households into poverty.

Estudo de satisfação dos beneficiários de planos de saúde de hospitais filantrópicos / Consumer satisfaction study in philanthropic hospital health plans

Este trabalho é resultado de uma pesquisa que tem por objetivo identificar e analisar os argumentos e raciocínios que justificam a satisfação dos beneficiários com os planos. A metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa utilizada no estudo se baseia na técnica de discussão em grupo (focus group) para cuja realização foram definidos: os critérios para a escolha dos planos analisados pelos grupos de discussão, a definição da distribuição e da composição dos grupos, a técnica de recrutamento, a infra-estrutura e a dinâmica dos encontros. Os beneficiários podem ser classificados em grupos de acordo com a classe social que pertencem, o local de moradia e, principalmente, a relação que estabelecem com a administração do plano, o que nos possibilitou elaborar uma tipologia de beneficiários dos planos. Inicialmente, apresentamos como os beneficiários vêem e utilizam o SUS e, a partir dos tipos de planos, foi possível avaliarmos a satisfação dos beneficiários com os diversos aspectos do serviço de saúde e identificar que aspectos mais contribuem para a satisfação dos usuários.

This paper presents the findings of research aimed at identifying and analyzing the argumentation and rationale that justify the satisfaction of consumers with their health plans. The qualitative method applied used the focus group technique, for which the following aspects were defined: the criteria for choosing the health plans which were considered, the composition of the group and its distribution, recruitment strategy, and infrastructure and dynamics of the meetings. The health plan beneficiaries were classified into groups according to their social class, the place where they lived, mainly, the relationship that they established with the health plan operators which enabled us to develop a typology for the plan beneficiaries. Initially, we indicated how the health plan beneficiaries assess and use the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), and, then, considering the types of plans defined, we evaluated their degree of satisfaction with the different aspects of health care, and identified which aspects mostly contributed explain their satisfaction.