Effectiveness assessment of otosclerosis surgery.

CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological characteristics of otosclerosis and its treatment in Andalusia resemble those of other populations with similar socioeconomic levels. Two complementary approaches, such as questionnaires and pure-tone audiometry, are required to assess the effectiveness of otosclerosis surgery (OS) reliably and precisely. OBJECTIVES: We describe a new method to assess effectiveness in OS. It is based on the results of pure-tone audiometry and a specially designed quality of hearing questionnaire (QHQ). The objectives of the study are: (i) to report the general epidemiologic profile of otosclerosis in Andalusia; (ii) to study the effectiveness of OS in our community using conventional methods; and (iii) to study the outcomes of OS using the QHQ and to compare them to those obtained using conventional methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All 31 hospitals in the public healthcare system of Andalusia were studied. They were graded into four groups using a specially designed grouping system. The data were obtained from the minimum basic dataset. The prevalence of otosclerosis in Andalusia was calculated from the incidence data, the duration of the disease and life expectancy. To assess the effectiveness of OS, 475 clinical records from 15 hospitals representing all 4 groups were analysed. Effectiveness was assessed by conventional methods, using data obtained from pure-tone audiometry, and by using version 1.02 p of the QHQ. RESULTS: The incidence of clinical otosclerosis was 5.67 patients/100,000 inhabitants/year. The calculated prevalence was 0.287%. The number of cases increased progressively during the study period (p<0.001). The 15-45-year age group was the largest (62.2%) and 68.4% of patients were females. The most frequent type of otosclerosis was estapediovestibularis (fenestral), non-obliterative (91.8%). Only 48 cases (2.3%) of cochlear and 45 (2.2%) of obliterative otosclerosis were reported. The most frequently employed therapeutic procedures were stapedectomy and stapedotomy (75.70%). The average total and preoperative lengths of stay were 3.59 and 1.04 days, respectively. There were significant differences between the different types of otosclerosis. Improvement in the air-bone gap was 15.37+/-1.19 dB (n=164) and the overclosure or operative damage was 0.49+/-0.85 dB (n=164). A gap improvement of 10-40 dB was observed in 61.4% of patients. The > 65 years age group showed the best gap improvement but the largest variability. The quality of hearing measured by the QHQ showed that, in general, a better gap improvement was associated with a higher quality of hearing (Pearson correlation r=0.183; p<0.05). The 15-45-year age group had the worst gap improvement but, in contrast, the better quality of hearing.

[Conditions of maternal work and low birth weight in Mexico City]. / Condiciones de trabajo materno y bajo peso al nacer en la Ciudad de México.

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between maternal working conditions and low birth-weight in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Interviews of 2623 workers who gave birth in Mexico City hospitals during 1992 were analyzed. Information on the main biologic and social factors associated to low birth-weight was registered. Occupational stress was determined with the instrument designed by Karasek. Logistic regression models to evaluate the relationship between working conditions and low birth-weight were used, controlling by confounding variables. RESULTS: Low birth-weight was more frequent in workers with working periods of more than 50 h/week (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.17, 2.28) and with problems at work (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.0, 2.25). Lack of tangible social support was identified as a risk factor for low birth-weight (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.20, 2.33). Preventive working measures such as changes in tasks, shortening of working hours and leaves of absence due to illness did not show a beneficial effects on birth-weight, except for the maternity leave of absence. Mothers with no right to this had a 2.2 higher probability of giving birth to low weight children (95% CI = 1.66, 2.93). CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the importance of identifying the occupational risk factors during pregnancy.

Traditional birth attendants in Mexico: advantages and inadequacies of care for normal deliveries.

In Mexico, traditional birth attendants (TBAs) are an essential resource for health care, especially in small rural communities where they attend approximately 45% of all deliveries. Both rural and urban women seek care with the TBAs because, amongst other things, they share the same cultural codes. In this study, qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyze the concepts, resources and process of care during birth in rural areas of the state of Morelos. Results show that the socio-economic characteristics of the TBAs are similar to those of the patients, that they share the same precarious living conditions, and the resources to which they have access for providing care during births. When choosing a TBA as a health care provider, both the economic aspect and the importance of a shared symbolism come into play. We observed advantages in some of the traditional practices which should be incorporated into the medical system, for example protection through the massage of the perineum at the moment of expulsion. Nevertheless, there are inadequacies for which the implementation of training programs is fundamental, before articulate primary care programs using the TBAs can be promoted.

Epidemiología de la enfermedad de Chagas en la provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina / Epidemiology of the chases disease in Entre Rios province, Argentina

El presente trabajo resume una labor de evaluación epidemiológica para la enfermedad de Chagas, en la Provincia de Entre Ríos y en especial en su Departamento Uruguay, que se extendiera por más de 12 años. El rango etáreo de la muestra de población general estudiada fue de 5 a 65 años, y también se realizaron estudios sobre conscriptos entrerrianos, de entre 18 y 20 años (media de 19 años) y dadores de sangre del Departamento Uruguay (media 35 años). Excepto en estas dos últimas muestras poblacionales, en todas las demás se efectuaron visitas domiciliarias para la extracción de muestras, con la realización de un completo relevamiento de indicadores socioeconómicos, sanitarios, educativos, ambientales y culturales, y la inspección ocular de la vivienda en búsqueda de vectores y su grado de infestación. La presencia de anticuerpos para T. cruzi fue estudiada mediante cuatro técnicas serológicas (Hemoaglutinación indirecta; Aglutinación directa, Test de inmunofluorescencia indirecta y ELISA), y los individuos con serología positiva, sometidos a un estudio clínico y cardiológico. Los resultados indican una prevalencia provincial actual media de 4,6 por ciento de serología positiva, con una tendencia decreciente, al parecer relacionada con las campañas de fumigación, control de bancos de sangre y educación sanitaria, con un rango de 3,5 por ciento en el Dpto. Uruguay hasta un 6,8 por ciento en el Departamento Gualeguay. Al parecer, una asociación positiva se presenta entre seropositividad y baja estructura educacional, indisponibilidad de agua corriente, vivienda anterior precaria, techo de la vivienda anterior de paja o cartón y la presencia en las cercanías de criaderos de pollos parrilleros y gallinas ponedoras, en tanto que ninguna diferencia resultó significativa entre seropositivos y seronegativos para los indicadores de las siguientes variables del contexto de la población estudiada: conformación del núcleo familiar, tipo de baño, recolección de basura, tenencia de animales domésticos, ocupación laboral, disponibilidad de energía eléctrica y corrales aledaños. Sobre la base de los estudios cardiológicos, resultó bastante menor que la informada en la bibliografía, la asociación entre cardiopatologías por ECG de reposo y seropositividad, y ninguna en los 1.620 monitoreados por ECG de los 18.881 pre-conscriptos estudiados, lo que reafirma cuestionamientos recientes acerca de la utilidad de dicha técnica de diagnóstico cardiopatológico, para inducir una relación de cardiopatías con la infectación chagásica