Quality indicators of hospitalized children influenced by clinical pharmacist services: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Care for children who are hospitalized can be optimized if the pharmacist, in conjunction with the multidisciplinary team, promotes the rational use of medicines. In this sense, the evaluation of the quality of these clinical services through indicators is important in the planning, decision making of pharmacists and managers of these services. OBJECTIVE: To characterize which health indicators were influenced by the pharmaceutical clinical services for the care of children in hospitals. METHODS: A systematic review was performed. The search for data was made on the bases: Cochrane, Embase, Lilacs, Pubmed and Web of Science. Then, the search included studies in which evaluated the impact of pharmaceutical clinical services on clinical, economic and humanistic outcomes. RESULTS: The search resulted in 11 included studies. In this review, four pharmaceutical clinical services were found: pharmacotherapy review, multiprofessional team interventions, antimicrobial stewardship program and pharmaceutical services at discharge hospital. The most influenced outcome indicators were length of hospital stay, with average time in the group that received the pharmacotherapy review service, and interventions multiprofessional team with a 6.45-day vs. 10.83 days in the control group; hospital readmissions with a significant reduction of non-scheduled readmission of 30 days in the ntimicrobial stewardship program; reduction of hospital costs and caregiver satisfaction. CONCLUSION: In this study, we can highlight that pharmacotherapy review, multiprofessional team interventions and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program that significantly reduced the clinical results of length of hospital stay and hospital readmission, as well as a significant reduction of hospital costs.

The Pharmacoeconomic Impact of Pharmaceutical Care in the Hospital: Protocol for an Overview of Systematic Reviews.

BACKGROUND: The clinical activities developed by pharmacists in a hospital environment can improve health outcomes and generate savings for hospitals. However, to determine whether pharmaceutical interventions are cost effective, it is essential to define a method according to which cost-effectiveness is intended to be measured. In addition, the quality of economic assessments and the amount of information present in systematic reviews in the literature make it difficult to analyze the effects of this intervention. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to provide an overview of systematic reviews on the pharmacoeconomic impact of the performance of pharmaceutical care in hospitals. METHODS: A systematic search of the Cochrane Library databases, PubMed or MEDLINE, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Open Thesis will be performed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. The search will involve the use of keywords determined using the Medical Subject Headings database to define the search terms and include the following terms: "pharmacoeconomics," "pharmaceutical care," and "hospital." The study designs to be included will be systematic reviews of good quality. Studies will be included that address pharmacoeconomics; studies that evaluated pharmaceutical care in hospitals; and studies published in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. The primary outcome sought in the systematic reviews will be the cost ratio in monetary units and the outcomes in monetary or natural units. The secondary economic outcomes considered will be determined based on factors associated with the drugs and translated into benefit, efficacy, or utility. RESULTS: It is intended to start this overview in January 2023. Thus far, only previous searches have been carried out to contextualize the theme and build the protocol. CONCLUSIONS: This overview will determine the pharmacoeconomic impact of pharmaceutical care interventions in the hospital environment. In addition, this study will point out which clinical outcomes in natural units are impacted by the performance of pharmaceutical care and the strengths and limitations of each approach. It will also identify gaps in the literature and areas for future work. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42019140665; https://tinyurl.com/bddwnz43.

Cost-effectiveness of medication reconciliation performed by a pharmacist in pediatrics of a hospital: A randomized clinical trial protocol linked to a pharmacoeconomic study.

INTRODUCTION: Each patient admitted to the hospital is subject to one medication error per day, since the occurrence of this one with the potential to cause harm is three times more common in pediatric hospitalized patients than in adults. These harms can result from inaccurate or incomplete drug use histories when patients undergo a clinical evaluation, which jeopardizes patient safety and compromises hospitalization costs. Thus, medication reconciliation (MC) emerges as a possible solution to avoid the occurrence of these in pediatric patients and directly contributes to reducing costs in the hospital environment and increasing quality of life). Therefore, this study proposes to determine whether pharmacist-led medication reconciliation is a cost-effective strategy to improve health outcomes in pediatric patients. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial will be carried out, over eight months, to carry out the cost analysis. Micro-costing pharmacoeconomic model through a questionnaire and clinical interview to collect the variables necessary for the study and comparison of the control and intervention groups. Participants in this study will be children aged 0 days to 12 years, admitted to the hospital. The perspective adopted will be that of the hospital. To assess the economic outcomes of MC, the cost-effect pairs will be categorized and visually represented in the cost-effectiveness plan to compare the intervention and control groups. Monte Carlo simulation and univariate sensitivity analysis will be performed to test the robustness of the findings. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The clinical trial was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Sergipe (CAAE: 19625319.6.0000.5546 and opinion number: 3,630,579). This protocol fully adhered to the recommendations of the 2010 CONSORT Declaration and was registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC): RBR-25dnqsk.