[Epidemiological profile of rheumatoid arthritis]. / Perfil epidemiológico de la artritis reumatoide.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis affects approximately between 0.3 and 1.2% of the world population. In Latin America, different studies have estimated a prevalence between 0.2 and 0.5% in the population over 16 years of age. Objective: To identify the epidemiological profile of rheumatoid arthritis. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design carried out in an urban population of a social security institution in Mexico. The information of the clinical file of 373 patients was studied. The epidemiological profile included the sociodemographic dimension, family history, health, clinical, therapeutic, biochemical, extra-articular manifestations and complications. Statistical analysis percentages, means, confidence intervals for percentages and confidence intervals for averages were calculated. Results: The wrists were the most affected joints with 44.6% (95% CI: 39.5-49.6%). The extra-articular manifestation with the highest prevalence was asthenia with 9.9% (95% CI: 6.9-12.9%); predominant diagnosis according to ICD-10 was seropositive rheumatoid arthritis with 59.8% (95% CI: 54.8-64.8%), and the rheumatoid factor was highly positive in 78.3% (95% CI: 74.1-82.5%); predominant treatment was with combined therapy at diagnosis in 97.6% (95% CI: 96.0-99.1%). The duration of treatment was > 10 years in 34.1% (95% CI: 29.2-38.8%). Conclusion: This work has described the epidemiological profile of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis in different dimensions.

Introducción: la artritis reumatoide afecta aproximadamente entre 0.3 y 1.2% de la población mundial. En Latinoamérica diferentes estudios han estimado una prevalencia entre 0.2 y 0.5% en población mayor de 16 años de edad. Objetivo: identificar el perfil epidemiológico de la artritis reumatoide. Material y métodos: diseño transversal descriptivo llevado a cabo en población urbana de una institución de seguridad social en México. Se estudió la información del expediente clínico de 373 pacientes. El perfil epidemiológico incluyó la dimensión sociodemográfica, antecedentes heredofamiliares, de salud, clínicos, terapéuticos, bioquímicos, de manifestaciones extraarticulares y de complicaciones. Se calcularon porcentajes, promedios, e intervalos de confianza para porcentajes y promedios. Resultados: las muñecas fueron las articulaciones más afectadas con 44.6% (IC 95%: 39.5-49.6%). La manifestación extraarticular con más alta prevalencia fue la astenia con 9.9% (IC 95%: 6.9-12.9%); el diagnóstico predominante de acuerdo con el CIE-10 fue la artritis reumatoide seropositiva con 59.8% (IC 95%: 54.8-64.8%) y se encontró el factor reumatoide positivo alto en un 78.3% (IC 95%: 74.1%-82.5%); el tratamiento predominante fue con terapia combinada al diagnóstico en un 97.6%, (IC 95%: 96.0-99.1%). La duración del tratamiento fue > 10 años en el 34.1% (IC 95%: 29.2-38.8%). Conclusión: este trabajo ha descrito el perfil epidemiológico del paciente con artritis reumatoide en diferentes dimensiones.

[Chronic degenerative conditions as risk factors for lethal COVID-19Doenças crônicas degenerativas como fator de risco para letalidade por COVID-19]. / Enfermedades crónicas degenerativas como factor de riesgo de letalidad por COVID-19 en México.

Objective: To determine the relative risk of a lethal outcome associated with chronic degenerative conditions in patients with COVID-19. Methods: A cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records belonging to patients who tested positive for COVID-19 on RT-PCR while receiving care as outpatients or inpatients in a social security system facility between March 2020 and March 2021. Two study groups were formed. The exposed group was divided into four subgroups, each of which was diagnosed with one and only one chronic condition (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or chronic kidney disease); the unexposed group was obtained from the medical records of patients without comorbidities. A total of 1 114 medical records were examined using simple random sampling. Once the minimum sample size was reached, the relative risk was calculated for each chronic condition. Combinations of two, three, and four conditions were created, and each of them was included in the analysis. Results: In the absence of a chronic degenerative condition, the prevalence of a lethal outcome from COVID-19 is 3.8%; in the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 15.8%; in the presence of arterial hypertension, 15.6%; and in the presence of obesity, 15.0%. For diabetes and hypertension combined, the prevalence of a lethal outcome is 54.1%; for diabetes and obesity combined, 36.8%, and for obesity and hypertension combined, 28.1%. Conclusion: In patients with COVID-19, the relative risk of a lethal outcome is 4.17 for those with diabetes, 4.13 for those with hypertension, and 3.96 for those with obesity. For two chronic conditions combined, the relative risk doubles or triples. The relative risk of a lethal outcome is 14.27 for diabetes plus hypertension; 9.73 for diabetes plus obesity, and 7.43 for obesity plus hypertension. Chronic conditions do not present alone; they generally occur together, hence the significance of the relative risks for lethal outcomes presented in this paper.

Objetivo: Determinar o risco de letalidade conferido por doenças crônicas degenerativas em pacientes com COVID-19. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte em prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes com RT-PCR positivo para COVID-19 em atendimento ambulatorial ou hospitalar em uma instituição de previdência social, no período de março de 2020 a março de 2021. Foram constituídos dois grupos de estudo. O grupo exposto foi dividido em quatro subgrupos, cada um com diagnóstico único e exclusivo de uma doença crônica (diabetes, hipertensão, obesidade ou doença renal crônica). O grupo não exposto foi constituído por prontuários de pacientes sem comorbidades. Foram revisados 1.114 prontuários no total, utilizando técnica de amostragem aleatória simples. Uma vez obtido o tamanho mínimo da amostra, foi calculado o risco relativo para cada doença crônica. Foram realizadas combinações de 2, 3 e 4, tendo sido feita a análise com cada uma delas. Resultados: Na ausência de doença crônica degenerativa, a prevalência de letalidade na COVID-19 é de 3,8%; na presença de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, a letalidade é de 15,8%; na presença de hipertensão arterial, 15,6%; e na presença de obesidade, 15%. Quando tanto diabetes como hipertensão estão presentes, a letalidade é de 54,1%; com diabetes e obesidade, 36,8%; e obesidade com hipertensão, 28,1%. Conclusões: Em pacientes com COVID-19, o risco relativo de letalidade é de 4,17 naqueles com diabetes; 4,13 naqueles com hipertensão; e 3,96 naqueles com obesidade. Quando duas doenças crônicas são combinadas, o risco relativo dobra ou triplica. Para diabetes e hipertensão, o risco relativo de letalidade é 14,27; para diabetes e obesidade, 9,73; e para obesidade e hipertensão, 7,43. As doenças crônicas não ocorrem sozinhas (geralmente estão associadas), e nessa perspectiva os riscos relativos de letalidade apresentados neste artigo tornam-se relevantes.

Enfermedades crónicas degenerativas como factor de riesgo de letalidad por COVID-19 en México / Chronic degenerative conditions as risk factors for lethal COVID-19 / Doenças crônicas degenerativas como fator de risco para letalidade por COVID-19

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar el riesgo de letalidad de las enfermedades crónicas degenerativas en pacientes con COVID-19. Métodos. Se realizo un estudio de cohorte, en expedientes clínicos electrónicos de pacientes con RT-PCR positiva para COVID-19 en atención ambulatoria o intrahospitalaria en una Institución de Seguridad Social de marzo 2020 a marzo 2021. Se integraron 2 grupos de estudio, el grupo expuesto se dividió en cuatro subgrupos, cada uno con diagnóstico único y exclusivo de una patología crónica (diabetes, hipertensión, obesidad o enfermedad renal crónica); el grupo no expuesto lo integraron expedientes de pacientes sin comorbilidades. Se revisaron 1 114 expedientes en total utilizando técnica muestral aleatoria simple, una vez obtenido el tamaño mínimo de muestra se calculó el riesgo relativo para cada enfermedad crónica, se realizaron combinaciones de 2, 3 y 4, con cada uno de ellos se realizó el análisis. Resultados. En ausencia de enfermedad crónica degenerativa la prevalencia de letalidad en COVID-19 es 3,8%; en presencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 la letalidad es 15,8; en hipertensión arterial de 15,6%; y en obesidad 15,0%. Cuando se combinan diabetes e hipertensión la letalidad es 54,1%; en diabetes y obesidad 36,8%; y en obesidad e hipertensión 28,1%. Conclusiones. En pacientes con COVID-19 el riesgo relativo para letalidad de letalidad en diabetes es 4,17; en hipertensión 4,13; y en obesidad 3,96. Cuando se combinan dos enfermedades crónicas el riesgo relativo se duplica o triplica, para diabetes e hipertensión el riesgo relativo para letalidad es 14,2; para diabetes y obesidad 9,73; y para obesidad e hipertensión 7,43. Es verdad que las enfermedades crónicas no se presentan solas, generalmente se encuentra asociadas, y desde esa perspectiva los riesgos relativos para letalidad ofrecidos en este artículo adquieren relevancia.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the relative risk of a lethal outcome associated with chronic degenerative conditions in patients with COVID-19. Methods. A cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records belonging to patients who tested positive for COVID-19 on RT-PCR while receiving care as outpatients or inpatients in a social security system facility between March 2020 and March 2021. Two study groups were formed. The exposed group was divided into four subgroups, each of which was diagnosed with one and only one chronic condition (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or chronic kidney disease); the unexposed group was obtained from the medical records of patients without comorbidities. A total of 1 114 medical records were examined using simple random sampling. Once the minimum sample size was reached, the relative risk was calculated for each chronic condition. Combinations of two, three, and four conditions were created, and each of them was included in the analysis. Results. In the absence of a chronic degenerative condition, the prevalence of a lethal outcome from COVID-19 is 3.8%; in the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 15.8%; in the presence of arterial hypertension, 15.6%; and in the presence of obesity, 15.0%. For diabetes and hypertension combined, the prevalence of a lethal outcome is 54.1%; for diabetes and obesity combined, 36.8%, and for obesity and hypertension combined, 28.1%. Conclusion. In patients with COVID-19, the relative risk of a lethal outcome is 4.17 for those with diabetes, 4.13 for those with hypertension, and 3.96 for those with obesity. For two chronic conditions combined, the relative risk doubles or triples. The relative risk of a lethal outcome is 14.27 for diabetes plus hypertension; 9.73 for diabetes plus obesity, and 7.43 for obesity plus hypertension. Chronic conditions do not present alone; they generally occur together, hence the significance of the relative risks for lethal outcomes presented in this paper.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar o risco de letalidade conferido por doenças crônicas degenerativas em pacientes com COVID-19. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte em prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes com RT-PCR positivo para COVID-19 em atendimento ambulatorial ou hospitalar em uma instituição de previdência social, no período de março de 2020 a março de 2021. Foram constituídos dois grupos de estudo. O grupo exposto foi dividido em quatro subgrupos, cada um com diagnóstico único e exclusivo de uma doença crônica (diabetes, hipertensão, obesidade ou doença renal crônica). O grupo não exposto foi constituído por prontuários de pacientes sem comorbidades. Foram revisados 1.114 prontuários no total, utilizando técnica de amostragem aleatória simples. Uma vez obtido o tamanho mínimo da amostra, foi calculado o risco relativo para cada doença crônica. Foram realizadas combinações de 2, 3 e 4, tendo sido feita a análise com cada uma delas. Resultados. Na ausência de doença crônica degenerativa, a prevalência de letalidade na COVID-19 é de 3,8%; na presença de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, a letalidade é de 15,8%; na presença de hipertensão arterial, 15,6%; e na presença de obesidade, 15%. Quando tanto diabetes como hipertensão estão presentes, a letalidade é de 54,1%; com diabetes e obesidade, 36,8%; e obesidade com hipertensão, 28,1%. Conclusões. Em pacientes com COVID-19, o risco relativo de letalidade é de 4,17 naqueles com diabetes; 4,13 naqueles com hipertensão; e 3,96 naqueles com obesidade. Quando duas doenças crônicas são combinadas, o risco relativo dobra ou triplica. Para diabetes e hipertensão, o risco relativo de letalidade é 14,27; para diabetes e obesidade, 9,73; e para obesidade e hipertensão, 7,43. As doenças crônicas não ocorrem sozinhas (geralmente estão associadas), e nessa perspectiva os riscos relativos de letalidade apresentados neste artigo tornam-se relevantes.

Prevalencia del uso de medicina tradicional herbolaria y el perfil de uso en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 de una zona urbana

RESUMEN En México la interculturalidad en salud se plantea como una integración de dos sistemas de conocimiento, el conocimiento ancestral carente de bases científicas y que se transmite a través de las generaciones, y el modelo médico convencional. En múltiples estudios se describe que existe un gran porcentaje de médicos que han recibido pacientes que hacen uso de esta terapéutica. El objetivo fue identificar la prevalencia del uso de medicina tradicional herbolaria y el perfil de uso en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 en una zona urbana. Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal descriptivo en pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, pertenecientes a un sistema de seguridad social de la ciudad de Querétaro, en un periodo mayor a 6 meses. El plan de análisis estadístico incluyó promedios, porcentajes, intervalos de confianza para promedios e intervalos de confianza para porcentajes. Se identificó que la prevalencia de uso de la medicina tradicional herbolaria era de 22.2%, con una edad promedio de 60.98 años, con predominio en el sexo femenino y una escolaridad secundaria o menos, la planta más utilizada fue moringa en un 45%, el uso más frecuente para el control glucémico en un 97% y su consumo era como agua de tiempo en la mayoría de las plantas. En este estudio se pudo describir la prevalencia de uso en una zona urbana, así como el perfil de las personas que hacen uso de esta terapéutica, con la finalidad de generar nuevas informaciones y promover el estudio de estas prácticas.

ABSTRACT In Mexico the interculturality in health is posed as an integration of the two systems of knowledge, the ancient knowledge lacking scientific bases which is transmitted through generations, and the conventional medical model. In multiple studies, the existence of a great percentage of medical doctors that have received patients using this therapy is described. The objective was to identify the prevalence of the use of herbal traditional medicine and the profile of use in patients with diabetes type 2 in an urban zone. This was an observational, transversal descriptive study performed in patients with diagnostic of diabetes mellitus type 2, belonging to a system of social security in Queretaro city, in a period greater than 6 months. The plan of statistical analysis included averages, percentages, confidence intervals for averages and percentages. The prevalence of use of the herbal traditional medicine was 22.2% with and average age of 60.98 years old, with predominance of the female sex and a scholarship of middle school or less, the plant mostly used was moringa in a 45%, the most frequent use was the glycemic control in 97% and the consumption was as natural water in most plants. In this study, it was described the prevalence of the use in an urban zone, as well as the profile of the people that use this therapy, with the purpose of generate new information and promote the study of these practices.

Institutional cost of the patient with chronic kidney disease managed with hemodialysis. / Costo institucional del paciente con enfermedad renal crónica manejada con hemodiálisis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease cost is considered high for health systems due to the amount of supplies required for treatment and increasing prevalence. OBJECTIVE: Determine institutional cost of hemodialysis in chronic kidney disease. METHOD: Cost design from the institutional perspective, in patients with chronic kidney disease managed with hemodialysis. The sample size was 269 and the sample technique for consecutive cases. Annual fixed average cost (times and movements technique) and annual variable average cost (microcosting technique) adjusted by use of services, helped to identify annual average cost by function of production and service, the sum of these resulted in annual cost of care. Statistical analysis included averages and projections. RESULTS: The average annual cost of the patient with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis varies between $223,183 and $257,000; the cost in life is $1,198,968. The institutional total cost it corresponds to between 1.47% and 1.73% of the budget. CONCLUSIONS: Hemodialysis cost in chronic kidney disease is high for the institution, however, hemodialysis allows the survival of the patient.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El costo de la enfermedad renal crónica es alto para los sistemas de salud debido a los insumos y la prevalencia. OBJETIVO: Determinar el costo institucional del tratamiento del paciente con enfermedad renal crónica en manejo con hemodiálisis. MÉTODO: Estudio de costos desde la perspectiva institucional, realizado en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica manejada con hemodiálisis. El tamaño de muestra fue de 269 y la técnica muestral fue por casos consecutivos. El costo promedio fijo anual (técnica de tiempos y movimientos) y el costo promedio variable anual (técnica de microcosteo) ajustado por el perfil de uso de servicios identificaron el costo promedio anual por función de producción y servicio, y la suma de estos, el costo anual de la atención. El análisis estadístico incluyó promedios y proyecciones. RESULTADOS: El costo promedio anual del paciente con enfermedad renal crónica manejado con hemodiálisis varía entre $223,183 y $257,000; el costo en la vida es de $1,198,968. El costo total para la institución supone entre el 1.47% y el 1.73% del presupuesto. CONCLUSIONES: El costo de la hemodiálisis en la enfermedad renal crónica es alto para la institución; sin embargo, la hemodiálisis permite la supervivencia de los pacientes.

Risk factors for developing acute kidney injury in elderly patients / Factores de riesgo para desarrollar lesión renal aguda en pacientes ancianos

Background: The incidence of acute kidney injury in hospitalized elderly is a frequent event that makes them prone to complications and can even lead to death. Therefore, identifying risk factors for developing acute kidney injury becomes a priority in the process of care of the elderly. Objective: To identify the main risk factors for acute kidney injury in hospitalized elderly and, on the basis of those risk factors, calculate the probability of presentation. Methods: Case-control study nested in a cohort, which included patients of 60 years or older, admitted to the Internal Medicine service at an institution of social security in Querétaro, Mexico. Patients with acute kidney injury were identified as cases and patients without acute kidney injury were included in the control group. Acute kidney injury was diagnosed when there was an increased creatinine level ≥ 0.3 mg/dL (≥ 26.4 mmol/L) in a period < 48 hours. Results: Hypovolemia and infection were identified as risk factors for acute kidney injury and they were included into the model of multiple logistic regression (y = 1,111 + 1,063 [infection] + 1.422 [hypovolemia]), (p = 0.002). The highest probability of having acute kidney injury was 80%. Conclusions: Two factors for acute kidney injury and a prediction model were identified.

Introducción: la lesión renal aguda en pacientes ancianos hospitalizados es un evento frecuente que los predispone a complicaciones e incluso a la muerte. Es así que al atender a un anciano es prioritario identificar los factores de riesgo para presentar tal evento. Objetivo: identificar los principales factores de riesgo para lesión renal aguda en el anciano hospitalizado y a partir de ellos, calcular la probabilidad de presentación. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte que incluyó pacientes de 60 años o más, ingresados en el servicio de medicina interna de una institución de seguridad social en Querétaro, México. Se identificó como caso al paciente con lesión renal aguda y como control al paciente sin lesión renal aguda. La lesión renal aguda se diagnosticó cuando existió un incremento de la creatinina ≥ 0.3 mg/dL (≥ 26.4 mmol/L) en un tiempo < 48 horas. Resultados: se identificaron como factores de riesgo para lesión renal aguda la hipovolemia y la infección, se integraron al modelo de regresión logística múltiple (y = −1.111 + 1.063 [infección] + 1.422 [hipovolemia]) p = 0.002. La probabilidad más alta de presentar lesión renal aguda fue de 80%. Conclusiones: se identificaron dos factores para lesión renal aguda y un modelo de predicción.

Direct cost of medical care in patients with gonarthrosis. / Costo directo de la atención médica en pacientes con gonartrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost of medical care in patients with gonarthrosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cost study in patients over 40 years of age with gonarthrosis, diagnosed according to the radiological classification of Kellgren and Lawrence. The average annual cost (euros) was estimated taking the unit cost plus average use of services such as family medicine, imaging, laboratory, electrodiagnosis, orthopedics, hospitalization, physical therapy, surgery, nutrition, preoperative assessment and medication. Projections based on assumptions were made for three scenarios. RESULTS: Grade 2 gonarthrosis predominated at 39.7% (95% confidence interval, 33.8 - 45.6). The annual cost of care for a patient with gonarthrosis was €108.87 in the intermediate scenario, €86.73 in the lower cost scenario and €132.60 in the higher cost scenario. For a population of 119,530,753 inhabitants, with 10,937,064 gonarthrosis patients, the annual cost in the intermediate scenario was €1,190,685,273 and represented 4.48% of the health expenditure. CONCLUSION: The average annual cost of gonarthrosis is relatively low, but when related to prevalence and prevalence trends, it can become a serious problem for health services.

Cost of medical attention in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / Costo de la atención médica en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica

Background: The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a preventable entity, when it develops the patient suffers severe complications, with a high economic impact for the patient and for health services. Objetive: To determine the cost of medical care in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Using a cost design, the files of patients with COPD who attended the pulmonology clinic were analyzed. The size of the sample (n = 265) was calculated with the formula of averages of a finite population. The sample units were captured with the simple random technique. The study variables were: sociodemographic characteristics, characteristics of COPD, annual use profile, unit cost per service, total cost per service and total cost of medical care. The analysis plan included averages, percentages, confidence intervals and health expenditure projections. Results: The average annual cost of patient care with COPD was $ 89 479.08, of which $ 61 267.63 corresponded to medications. With a COPD prevalence of 25% in a population of 46 million, the calculated cost of care was $ 347 805 183 960. Conclusion: The cost of medical care in patients with COPD was high, at the expense of medications.

Introducción: la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es una entidad prevenible, cuando se desarrolla, el enfermo sufre complicaciones severas, con un alto impacto económico para el paciente y para los servicios de salud. Objetivo: determinar el costo de la atención médica en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). Métodos: con un diseño de costos se analizaron los expedientes de pacientes con EPOC que acudieron a consulta de neumología. El tamaño de la muestra (n = 265) se calculó con la fórmula de promedios de una población finita. Las unidades muestrales se capturaron con la técnica aleatoria simple. Las variables de estudio fueron: características sociodemográficas, características de la EPOC, perfil de uso anual, costo unitario por servicio, costo total por servicio y costo total de la atención médica. El plan de análisis incluyó promedios, porcentajes, intervalos de confianza y proyecciones del gasto en salud. Resultados: el costo promedio anual de la atención del paciente con EPOC fue $89 479.08, de los cuales $61 267.63 correspondieron a medicamentos. Con una prevalencia de EPOC de 25% en una población de 46 millones, el costo calculado de la atención fue $347 805 183 960. Conclusión: el costo de la atención médica en pacientes con EPOC fue alto en buena medida a expensas de los medicamentos.

Impacto económico institucional del programa Receta Resurtible con pacientes diabéticos / Institutional economic impact of the Receta Resurtible (Resupply Prescription) program in diabetic patients

Objetivo: determinar el impacto económico institucional del programa Receta Resurtible con pacientes diabéticos. Material y métodos: estudio de costos antes y después del programa Receta Resurtible con pacientes diabéticos. El costo promedio incluyó perfil de uso y costo unitario. El perfil de uso se determinó para Consulta externa, Farmacia y medicamentos. En el análisis se plantearon escenarios y se adoptaron supuestos. Resultados: el promedio de consultas antes y después se ubica en 6.45 y 4.73, respectivamente. La dotación de medicamentos fue 55.8% y 99%. El impacto del programa para una unidad de medicina familiar con 6400 pacientes diabéticos, de los cuales 18% se encuentra en el programa Receta Resurtible, permite un ahorro de $ 490 366 en la consulta de Medicina familiar y atención en Farmacia, sin embargo existe un incremento de $112 100 por consumo de medicamentos, el ahorro total en este escenario es de $378 266. Conclusión: el impacto económico del programa Receta Resurtible es benéfico para la institución.

Objective: To determine the institutional economic impact of the Resupply Prescription program in diabetic patients. Material and methods: Study of costs before and after the Resupply Prescription program with diabetic patients. The average cost included usage profile and unit cost. The profile of use was determined for External consultation, Pharmacy and medication. In the analysis, scenarios were raised and assumptions were adopted. Results: The average of before and after consultations is located at 6.45 and 4.73, respectively. The medication provision was 55.8 and 99%. The impact of the program for a Family Medicine Unit with 6400 diabetic patients, of which 18% is in the Resupply Prescription program, allows a saving of $ 490 366 in the consultation of Family Medicine and Pharmacy, however there is a increase of $ 112 100 for drug consumption, the total saving in this scenario is $ 378 266. Conclusion: The economic impact of the Resupply Prescription program is beneficial for the institution.

Los grupos educativos para la salud y los motivos de abandono de los pacientes / Health educational groups and the reasons patients drop out

Introduction: Patients and health professionals in educational groups have contrasting views of the institutional world, its objectives and the role played by each group of people in health care. Objective: To investigate the reasons why patients drop out of the Educational Strategy Groups for self-care in a social security institution. Materials and methods: Qualitative phenomenological design. A total of 29 patients were interviewed. They had a diagnosis of overweight, obesity, hypertension or diabetes and were sent to educational groups. Some never appeared, some dropped out after just one educational session, while others attended the four sessions. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the Giorgi method. During the analysis the following categories were established: a) power to choose, b) need to be heard, c) perceptions of institutional functions. Results: The main drop-out motive for patients is dissatisfaction as they perceive that their needs or expectations for health care are not being met by the institution. The patients look for other services or activities that, in their own view, can solve their problem. They build this choosing power through the perception and definition they make of themselves, their health concepts and the institutional functions. Conclusion: An educational group is not considered to be a first option to solve the patient's health problem since it breaks the healing function assigned to the institutions through their appointments with their family doctor, the medicines, surgeries and visits to specialists

Introducción: En la interacción personal que se suscita entre los pacientes y el personal de salud en los grupos educativos se oponen visiones diferentes sobre el mundo institucional, sus objetivos y el papel que desempeñan ambos en el cuidado de la salud. Objetivo: Indagar los motivos de los pacientes para abandonar los grupos con estrategia educativa para el autocuidado de la salud de una institución de seguridad social. Materiales y métodos: Diseño cualitativo fenomenológico. Se entrevistó un total de 29 pacientes con diagnóstico médico de sobrepeso, obesidad, hipertensión y diabetes, referidos a grupos con sesiones educativas que nunca se insertaron en los grupos o que abandonaron el grupo después de haber tenido alguna sesión educativa o que terminaron las cuatro sesiones educativas. Para analizar los datos, se transcribieron y analizaron las entrevistas con el método de Giorgi. Durante el análisis se establecieron las siguientes categorías: a) poder de elección, b) necesidad de ser escuchado, c) percepción sobre la función institucional. Resultados: El principal motivo del paciente para abandonar las sesiones educativas es la insatisfacción que siente al percibir que sus necesidades o expectativas de atención a la salud no son cubiertas por la institución. El paciente busca otros espacios que, a su consideración, pueden solucionar su problema. El paciente construye este poder de elección a través de la percepción y definición que hace sobre sí mismo, su concepto de salud y las funciones institucionales para tal evento. Conclusiones: Los grupos con sesiones educativas no son considerados como primera opción por el paciente, ya que rompe con el concepto de función curativa que le asigna a las instituciones a través de las consultas con su médico familiar, el empleo de fármacos, los eventos quirúrgicos y las consultas con los especialistas

Costo de la atención médica de pacientes con síndrome de fragilidad vs. pacientes con pre-fragilidad / Cost of patients care with fragility syndrome vs. pre-frailty patients

Introducción: el síndrome clínico de fragilidad se ha relacionado con eventos adversos como caídas, discapacidad, el estado cognitivo, hospitalizaciones e incluso la muerte, implicando con ello un mayor uso de los servicios de salud y de recursos. Objetivo: determinar el costo de la atención médica de pacientes con síndrome de fragilidad vs. pre-fragilidad. Métodos: estudio de costos en pacientes adultos mayores adscritos a tres unidades de medicina familiar que recibieron atención de enero 2011 a mayo de 2013. Se incluyeron expedientes de pacientes adultos mayores. Se integraron dos grupos: frágiles y pre-frágiles. El tamaño de la muestra (n=64) se calculó con la fórmula de promedios para dos poblaciones. La técnica muestral fue aleatoria estratificada, empleando como marco de muestra el listado de pacientes adultos mayores. Se estudiaron características sociodemográficas, de salud, perfil de uso de los servicios de medicina familiar, rayos x y laboratorio, y costos (costo unitario, costo promedio y costo promedio total). El análisis estadístico incluyó promedios y porcentajes. Resultados: la prevalencia de la hipertensión arterial en el grupo de pre-frágiles es 80,7 % y en el grupo frágil 95,5 %. La enfermedad con mayor tiempo de evolución en el grupo de pacientes con pre-fragilidad es la hipertensión arterial con 12,13 años y en el grupo de fragilidad la diabetes con promedio de 15,50. En pacientes frágiles el promedio de glucosa es de 156,67 mg/dl. El costo promedio total en el paciente con fragilidad es de $1 911,02 y en el paciente pre-frágil de $1 802,48. Conclusiones: el costo promedio total en ambos grupos presenta mínima diferencia, y su costo se relaciona con la inclusión del tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas.

Introduction: the clinical syndrome of frailty has been linked to adverse events such as falls, disability, cognitive status, hospitalization and even death, implying greater use of health services and resources. Objective: determine the care cost of fragility syndrome patients vs. pre-frailty patients. Methods: acost study was conducted on elderly patients assigned to three family medicine units that received attention from January 2011 to May of 2013. Elderly patients' records were included. Two groups were formed: Pre-frail and fragile. The sample size (n = 64) was calculated with the average formula for two populations. The stratified random sampling technique was used as a framework for the list of elderly patients. Socio-demographic characteristics and other variables were studied: health, usage profile of family medicine services, x-rays and lab, and costs (unit cost, average cost and average total cost). Statistical analysis included averages and percentages. Results: the prevalence of hypertension is 80.7% in pre-frail group and 95.5% in the fragile group. Hypertension has the longest history in the pre- fragility group of patients with 12-13 years and diabetes has the longest history in the fragility group with average of 15, 50. In frail patients average glucose is 156.67 mg / dl. The total average cost in patients with fragility is $ 1 911.02 and $ 1 802.48 in pre-frail patients. Conclusions: the total average cost in both groups has minimal difference and its cost is related to the inclusion of treatment of chronic diseases.

[Health status of the elderly in primary health care practices using an integral geriatric assessment]. / Estado de salud en el adulto mayor en atención primaria a partir de una valoración geriátrica integral.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the health status of patients 60 years of age or over in Primary Health Care practices using an integral geriatric assessment. DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional study. LOCATION: Five primary care units, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; México. PARTICIPANTS: Elderly patient aged 60 years of age or over, who were seen in primary health care practices. Previously signed informed consent was given, with exclusion criteria being non-completion of the integral geriatric assessment. A technical sample of conglomerates and quota was used. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Medical dimension variables: visual, hearing (Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly), urinary incontinence (Consultation in Incontinence Questionnaire), nutritional condition (Mini Nutritional Assessment), personal clinical history, polypharmacy; mental impairment (Mini Mental State Examination), depression (Yesavaje); functional: basic (Katz) and instrumental (Lawton and Brody) activities of daily living, mobility (Up and go) and social (Social sources scale). The analysis included percentages and confidence intervals. RESULTS: In the medical dimensions; 42.3% with visual impairment, 27.7% hearing, 68.3% urinary incontinence, 37.0% malnutrition, and 54.7% polypharmacy. In the mental dimension: 4.0% severe mental impairment, and 11% depression: functional dimension: 2.0% total dependence of activities of daily living; 14.3% instrumental activities impairment; 29.0% mobility impairment, and 48.0% had moderately deteriorated social resources. CONCLUSION: The health status of the elderly seen in primary health care practices is characterized by independent patients with different levels of alterations in the medical dimensions, low levels in mental alteration, and moderately deteriorated social resources.

Institutional and familial cost of patients in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the cost of institutional and familial care for patients with chronic kidney disease replacement therapy with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. METHODS: a study of the cost of care for patients with chronic kidney disease treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was undertaken. The sample size (151) was calculated with the formula of the averages for an infinite population. The institutional cost included the cost of outpatient consultation, emergencies, hospitalization, ambulance, pharmacy, medication, laboratory, x-rays and application of erythropoietin. The family cost included transportation cost for services, cost of food during care, as well as the cost of medication and treatment materials acquired by the family for home care. The analysis included averages, percentages and confidence intervals. RESULTS: the average annual institutional cost is US$ 11,004.3. The average annual family cost is US$ 2,831.04. The average annual cost of patient care in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis including institutional and family cost is US$ 13,835.35. CONCLUSION: the cost of chronic kidney disease requires a large amount of economic resources, and is becoming a serious problem for health services and families. It's also true that the form of patient management in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is the most efficient in the use of institutional resources and family.

Institutional and familial cost of patients in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis / Custo institucional e da família do paciente em diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua

Objective: to determine the cost of institutional and familial care for patients with chronic kidney disease replacement therapy with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Methods: a study of the cost of care for patients with chronic kidney disease treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was undertaken. The sample size (151) was calculated with the formula of the averages for an infinite population. The institutional cost included the cost of outpatient consultation, emergencies, hospitalization, ambulance, pharmacy, medication, laboratory, x-rays and application of erythropoietin. The family cost included transportation cost for services, cost of food during care, as well as the cost of medication and treatment materials acquired by the family for home care. The analysis included averages, percentages and confidence intervals. Results: the average annual institutional cost is US$ 11,004.3. The average annual family cost is US$ 2,831.04. The average annual cost of patient care in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis including institutional and family cost is US$ 13,835.35. Conclusion: the cost of chronic kidney disease requires a large amount of economic resources, and is becoming a serious problem for health services and families. It's also true that the form of patient management in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is the most efficient in the use of institutional resources and family. .

Objetivo: determinar o custo da atenção institucional e familiar do paciente com doença renal crônica terminal em tratamento substitutivo com diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua. Métodos: foi desenvolvido um estudo de custo da atenção com pacientes com doença crônica renal em tratamento com diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua. A amostra foi de 151 pessoas, calculada com a fórmula das médias para população infinita. No custo institucional foi incluído o custo da consulta externa, urgências, internamento, ambulância, farmácia, medicamentos, laboratório, raios X e administração de eritropoetina. No custo da família foi considerado o custo do traslado para receber os serviços, o custo das refeições durante a atenção, além do custo dos medicamentos e do material para curativos comprados pela família no atendimento domiciliar. A análise foi com médias, porcentagens e intervalo de confiança. Resultados: o custo anual institucional é US$11.004,3. O custo anual da família foi em média de US$2.381,04. O custo anual, em média, da atenção do paciente com diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua, incluindo o custo institucional e familiar, é de US$13.835,35. Conclusão: o custo da doença renal crônica requer uma grande quantidade de recursos econômicos, convertendo-se em um sério problema para os serviços de saúde e a família. .

[Economic cost of polypharmacy in the elderly in primary health care]. / Costo económico de la polifarmacia en el adulto mayor en el primer nivel de atención.

OBJECTIVE: to quantify the economic cost of polypharmacy in the elderly. METHODS: cost study design, made in two first-level medical units. The study was conducted in 131 older adult patients with polypharmacy, chronic degenerative disease and at least one medical visit per year. The sample was calculated using the formula of finite population averages. The cost of polypharmacy was assessed in medical consultation, medicine and pharmacy services. The evaluation of the medical cost included the number of visits per year for the same unit cost, the cost of medicine considered the amount of drug per year for the same unit cost, and the cost of the service pharmacy took into account the number of times the pharmacy occupies the unit cost of the same. The statistical analysis included means, percentages and confidence intervals. RESULTS: in family practice the average annual cost is $1,263.26. In pharmacy the average annual cost is $229.91. The average time drug use is 4.37 months per year (95 % CI = 0.9-7.9), the annual average cost drugs is $708.00. Considering the three dimensions the annual cost of polypharmacy in the elderly is $2,201.17. CONCLUSIONS: the cost of polypharmacy is high and represents a significant economic impact.

Objetivo: determinar el costo económico de la polifarmacia en el adulto mayor. Métodos: estudio de costos en dos unidades de medicina familiar. Se estudió una muestra de 131 adultos mayores con polifarmacia, enfermedades crónicas degenerativas y con al menos una consulta al año. La muestra se calculó con la fórmula de población finita para promedios. El costo de polifarmacia fue evaluado en tres dimensiones: consulta médica, medicamentos y servicio de farmacia. La evaluación de la consulta médica incluyó el número de atenciones al año por el costo unitario de la misma; el costo de medicamentos, la cantidad anual de este por el costo unitario del mismo y el costo del servicio de farmacia, el número de ocasiones que se ocupa la farmacia por el costo unitario de las mismas. Resultados: el costo anual de la consulta médica fue de $1263.26 y el de farmacia, de $229.91. El tiempo de uso de medicamentos fue de 4.37 meses al año y el costo anual en fármacos, de $708.00. El costo anual de la polifarmacia en el adulto mayor fue de $2201.17. Conclusiones: la polifarmacia representa un importante costo e impacto económico.

Perfil de uso de los servicios del módulo DiabetIMSS por pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2 / Service use profile of DiabetIMSS module by patients with type 2 diabetes

Resumen:

Introducción: el programa DiabetIMSS tiene por objetivo el manejo y control de pacientes diagnosticados con diabetes mellitus 2 a través de intervenciones multidisciplinarias.

Objetivo: identificar el perfil de uso de los servicios del módulo DiabetIMSS por pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2.

Metodología: estudio transversal descriptivo en pacientes inscritos al módulo DiabetIMSS. Para el tamaño de la muestra se utilizó la fórmula de porcentajes para población finita (n=125), las unidades muestrales se eligieron al azar. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, de salud y enfermedades asociadas. El perfil de uso del paciente en el módulo DiabetIMSS se implementó mediante la utilización anual de los servicios de salud. El plan de análisis incluyó promedios, porcentaje e intervalos de confianza.

Resultados: el promedio anual más alto de uso de los servicios del módulo DiabetIMSS se tuvo en la atención de enfermería otorgando 10.26 consultas y 10.24 del médico familiar. En la consulta que brinda el médico familiar, laboratorio y enfermería, el porcentaje anual de uso del módulo es del 100% de los pacientes inscritos. Para una población de 100 pacientes atendidos en el programa de DiabetIMSS se requieren al año 1 026 atenciones de enfermería.

Conclusión: la falta de equipo multidisciplinario propio para el módulo dificulta las acciones de cada uno de los servicios involucrados, por lo que el perfil de uso de la población incorporada a DiabetIMSS se sigue quedando mayoritariamente con el médico familiar y enfermería, quedando en segundo plano la atención multidisciplinaria.

Abstract:

Introduction: the DiabetlMSS program is aimed to control and manage patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes through multidisciplinary interventions.

Objective: to identify the use profile of DiabetlMSS module services by type 2 diabetes patients.

Methodology: cross-sectional, descriptive study in patients enrolled in DiabetlMSS module. For the sample size, the formula for finite population percentages was used (n = 125), the sampling units were randomly selected. Sociodemographic, health and associated-diseases variables were analyzed. The usage profile of DiabetlMSS module patients was operationalized through annual health services use. The analysis plan included averages, percentages and confidence intervals.

Results: the highest annual average use of DiabetlMSS module services was nursing care 10.26 consultations and 10.24 medical consultations. The annual percentage use of family physician consultation, laboratory and nursing services is 100% of the enrolled patients. For a population of 100 patients treated in the DiabetlMSS program 1026 nursing consultations are required annually.

Conclusions: the lack of multidisciplinary team for the module itself hinders the actions of each of the services involved, so that the profile use of the DiabetlMSS enrolled patients still remains mostly with the family physician and nursing staff leaving in the background the multidisciplinary attention.

Costo del proceso diagnóstico del cáncer de mama en las Unidades de Medicina Familiar del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Querétaro, México / Cost of the diagnostic process for breast cancer in the Family Medicine Units of the Mexican Social Security Institute

Objetivo: determinar el costo del proceso diagnóstico del cáncer de mama. Métodos: estudio de costos, en mujeres de 40 años y más, de enero a diciembre del 2010 de las unidades de medicina familiar del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. La muestra se calculó con la fórmula de promedios para población infinita para un total de 245 mujeres. El costo se estimó mediante la técnica de tiempos y movimientos y consulta de expertos; el costo por uso de intervención se calculó con el uso promedio por intervención multiplicado por el costo unitario del mismo. El costo total del proceso diagnóstico se obtuvo de la suma de los costos de cada uno de las intervenciones. El plan de análisis incluyó promedios, porcentajes e intervalos de confianza. Resultados: el costo promedio del proceso diagnóstico fue de $852,45. Conclusión: el proceso diagnóstico de cáncer de mama incluye tamizaje y casos confirmados. El costo del proceso diagnóstico es relativamente bajo ofreciendo mejores perspectivas para el paciente y el sistema de salud.

Objective: to determine the cost of the diagnostic process for breast cancer. Methods: costs were calculated, in women 40 years and older, from January to December 2010 of the Family Medicine Units of the Mexican Social Security Institute. The sample was calculated with the formula for infinite population averages for a total of 245 women. The cost was estimated by time and motion technique and expert consultation, the intervention cost was calculated using the average usage per intervention multiplied by the unit cost thereof. The total cost of the diagnostic process was obtained from the sum of the costs of each of the interventions. The analysis plan included means, percentages and confidence interval. Results: the average cost of the diagnostic process was $852.45. Conclusions: the diagnostic process for breast cancer include screening and confirmatory cases. The cost of the diagnostic process is low, offers better prospects for the patient and the health system.

Tipo de violencia familiar que percibe el adulto mayor / Type of familiar violence that the greater adult perceives

Resumen

Objetivo: identificar el tipo de violencia familiar que percibe el adulto mayor derechohabiente de una institución de seguridad social en Querétaro.

Metodología: diseño transversal descriptivo, analítico, se analizaron 395 encuestas de adultos mayores (60 años y más) derechohabientes —previo consentimiento informado—, que: recibían visitas domiciliarias de enfermería, o acudieron a consulta con su médico familiar, sin problemas físicos que impidiera contestar la encuesta, sin consumo de bebidas etílicas, se eliminaron cinco entrevistas que no cumplían parámetro de edad. El tamaño de muestra se calculó con la fórmula para porcentajes en población finita, se utilizó la hipótesis que establece que 6 % de los adultos mayores se perciben con violencia familiar. Se utilizó la técnica muestral por cuota. Variables de estudio: sociodemográficas, aspectos de salud y tipo de violencia percibida (psicológica, sexual, abandono o negligencia). Plan de análisis: frecuencias, porcentajes e intervalo de confianza 95 %.

Resultados: promedio de edad 66.56 años, predominó género femenino 55.7 %, escolaridad primaria 46.3 %, amas de casa, viviendo con el esposo(a) 39.2%, 59.0 % padece alguna enfermedad crónica. 42.3 % de la población se percibió con violencia psicológica, 68.4 % de los divorciados se percibe con violencia psicológica, así como 45.0 % de los que tenían escolaridad primaria.

Conclusión: la violencia que más percibe el adulto mayor es la psicológica seguida por abandono o negligencia.

Summary

Objective: to identify type of family violence perceived by the elderly entitled to a social security institution in Queretaro.

Methodology: descriptive, analytical cross-sectional design, 395 surveys of elderly (60 years and older) users were analyzed — previous informed consent—, who: received nursing home visits or went to consultation with his family physician, without physical problems that prevented them to answering the survey, without alcohol use, five interviews that did not fulfill age parameter were eliminated. The sample size was calculated with the formula for finite population percentage, the hypothesis that states that 6 % of elderly perceive family violence was used. The technique of sampling by quota was used. Study variables: sociodemografic, aspects of health and type of perceived violence (psychological, sexual, abandonment or negligence). Analysis plan; frequencies, percentage and confidence interval 95 %.

Results: average of age 66.56 years, predominated female 55.7 %, elementary schooling 46.3 %, housewives, living with couple 39.2 %, the 59.0 % suffer some chronic disease. 42.3 % of population were perceived with psychological violence, 68.4 % of the divorced ones are perceived with psychological violence.

Conclusion: the violence that elderly perceive the most is the psychological one followed by abandonment or negligence.

[Cost per capita in outpatients by gender]. / Costo anual per cápita en primer nivel de atención por género.

The objective of this study is to identify the annual cost per capita by gender in first level of attention. It is a cost study in Family Physician Units in Mexico. The information corresponded to the year of 2004 and the study divided in the use profile and cost attention. USE PROFILE OF SERVICES: it was studied 1,585 clinical registries of patients, use profile defined by average and attention reasons by department, gender and age group. COST ATTENTION: considered in American dollars it included fixed unit cost (departmentalization adjusted by productivity), variable unit cost (micro cost technical), department unite cost by type attention, and department unit cost by age and gender. The life expectancy was of 73 years for men and 78 for women. Three scenes were identified. The annual cost per capita is superior among woman [US$73.24 (IC 95% $11.38 - $197.49)] than in man [$ 53.11 (IC 95% 2.51 - 207.71)]. The conclusion found that in the first level of attention the cost per capita is greater in woman than in man.

Costo anual per cápita en primer nivel de atención por género / Cost per capita in outpatients by gender

El objetivo de este artículo es estimar el costo per cápita anual por género en primer nivel de atención. MÉTODOS: estudio de costo realizado en Unidades de Medicina Familiar en México. La información correspondió al año 2004 y el estudio se dividió en perfil de uso y costo de la atención. PERFIL DE USO DE LO SERVICIOS: se estudiaron los registros clínicos de 1,585 pacientes adscritos a unidades de medicina familiar. El perfil de uso se definió mediante el promedio y los motivos de atención por departamento, género y grupo de edad. COSTO DE LA ATENCIÓN: estimado en dólares estadounidenses incluyó costo unitario fijo (departamentalización ajustada por productividad), el costo unitario variable (técnica de microcosteo), costo unitario por departamento y motivo de atención, y costo unitario por departamento, quinquenio y género. La esperanza de vida fue de 73 años para los hombres y 78 para las mujeres. Se identificaron tres escenarios. RESULTADOS: el costo anual per capita es superior en la mujer US $73.24 (IC 95 por ciento $11.38 - $197.49) que en el hombre $ 53.11 (IC 95 por ciento 2.51 - 207.71). CONCLUSIÓN: en primer nivel de atención el costo per cápita en las mujeres es mayor que en los hombres, información valiosa en el proceso de planeación de los servicios de salud.

The objective of this study is to identify the annual cost per capita by gender in first level of attention. It is a cost study in Family Physician Units in Mexico. The information corresponded to the year of 2004 and the study divided in the use profile and cost attention. USE PROFILE OF SERVICES: it was studied 1,585 clinical registries of patients, use profile defined by average and attention reasons by department, gender and age group. COST ATTENTION: considered in American dollars it included fixed unit cost (departmentalization adjusted by productivity), variable unit cost (micro cost technical), department unite cost by type attention, and department unit cost by age and gender. The life expectancy was of 73 years for men and 78 for women. Three scenes were identified. The annual cost per capita is superior among woman [US$73.24 (IC 95 percent $11.38 - $197.49)] than in man [$ 53.11 (IC 95 percent 2.51 - 207.71)]. The conclusion found that in the first level of attention the cost per capita is greater in woman than in man.