Tabagismo no Brasil: percepções dos resultados de pesquisas domiciliares / Smoking in Brazil: insights from the results of the household surveys / Tabaquismo en Brasil: percepciones de los resultados de encuestas en hogares

Introdução: o uso do tabaco em suas diferentes formas continua a ser uma das principais causas de morte evitáveis no Brasil. Com uma história de sucesso notável, o Brasil alcançou uma das maiores reduções significativas na prevalência do tabagismo desde 1990. No entanto, é preocupante que a taxa de declínio do consumo de tabaco tenha diminuído nos últimos anos, conforme sugerem as pesquisas. Objetivos: o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar os resultados de três pesquisas domiciliares realizadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Métodos: foi realizada a comparação da prevalência do uso de tabaco entre entrevistados com 18 anos ou mais, assim como foi avaliada a porcentagem de mudanças na prevalência entre 2008, 2013 e 2019, usando dados de três pesquisas: The Global Tobacco Adult Survey, do ano de 2008, e a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Brasil, dos anos de 2013 e 2019. Além disso, analisamos a prevalência no Brasil e seus estados de acordo com idade, gênero, nível educacional e raça. Resultados: a prevalência do tabagismo ativo diminuiu 19% entre 2008 e 2013, passando de 18,2% (IC 95%: 17,7;18,7%), em 2008, para 14,7% (IC 95%: 14,2;15,2%), em 2013. No entanto, em 2019, a prevalência foi de 12,6% (IC 95%: 12,2;13,0%), revelando uma redução de 14,3%. O tabagismo foi maior entre a população com baixo nível de escolaridade, status de renda mais baixo e raça/cor da pele preta e parda. Conclusão: a prevalência do tabagismo diminuiu no Brasil nas últimas três décadas. No entanto, recentemente, houve uma redução na intensidade da queda, exigindo atenção e análise cuidadosa das estratégias de prevenção e abandono do tabagismo.(AU)

Smoking among Brazilian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The social distancing measures during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in mental suffering among adolescents, leading to risky consumption of psychoactive substances such as tobacco. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with tobacco use among adolescents during the COVID-19 social distancing period in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study used data from ConVid Adolescentes survey in Brazil. METHODS: Tobacco use was assessed before and during social distancing. The explanatory variables investigated were sex, age, race/skin color, type of school, maternal education, region of residence, adherence to social restriction measures, number of close friends, sleep quality during the pandemic, mood, passive smoking, use of alcoholic beverages during the pandemic, sedentary behavior, and physical activity. A logistic regression model was used for the data analysis. RESULTS: Tobacco use by adolescents did not change during the pandemic (from 2.58% to 2.41%). There was a higher chance of tobacco use among adolescents aged between 16 and 17 years, self-reported black ones, residing in the South and Southeast regions, reported feeling sad and loneliness, had sleeping problems that worsened, were using alcoholic beverages during the pandemic, and were passive smokers at home. Adolescents whose mothers had completed high school or higher, had strict social restrictions, and increased their physical activity during the pandemic had a lower chance of tobacco use. CONCLUSION: Tobacco uses during the COVID-19 pandemic was higher in vulnerable groups, such as black adolescents and those with mental suffering.

Violência física contra mulheres perpetrada por parceiro íntimo: análise do VIVA Inquérito 2017 / Physical violence against women by an intimate partner: analysis of VIVA Survey 2017

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar a violência física por parceiro íntimo sofrida por mulheres adultas atendidas nos serviços públicos de urgência e emergência do Brasil. Estudo transversal utilizando dados do VIVA Inquérito 2017. Foram calculados as frequências e os intervalos de confiança das características da vítima, da violência e do agressor. As associações das características foram identificadas por meio da análise de correspondência simples (ACS). A maioria das mulheres atendidas se autodeclarou da raça/cor da pele negra (70,2%) e foi vítima de agressor do sexo masculino (96,3%). A maioria das violências ocorreu em residência (71,1%) por meio de força corporal (74,1%). Na ACS, destaca-se a associação entre a faixa etária de 40 a 59 anos, escolaridade de até 08 anos de estudo, consumo de álcool pela vítima e violência por meio de armas (perfil 2); e a associação da faixa etária de 18 a 24 anos, raça/cor da pele negra, ausência de atividade remunerada, agressão em via pública e lesões de maior gravidade (perfil 4). Existem diferentes perfis de VPI para mulheres em diferentes contextos. O enfrentamento à VPI necessita de Políticas Públicas que considerem essas diferenças na construção de ações que foquem as mulheres e os perpetradores da violência.

Abstract This article aims to characterize physical violence by an intimate partner suffered by adult women treated in public urgency and emergency services in Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the VIVA Survey 2017. The proportions and 95% confidence intervals of the characteristics of the victim, violence, and perpetrator were calculated. The associations of characteristics were identified through Simple Correspondence Analysis (SCA). More than half of the assisted women self-declared their race/skin color to be black (70.2%) and were the victim of a male perpetrator (96.3%). Most violence occurred at home (71.1%) through physical force (74.1%). In the SCA, an association was found among the variables of age group, between 40 and 59 years; level of education, up to 08 years of study; alcohol consumption by the victim; and violence by weapons (Profile 2). An association was also found among the variables of age group, between 18 and 24 years; black race/skin color; lack of paid work; aggression on public places; and more serious injuries (Profile 4). There are different intimate partner violence (IPV) profiles for women in different contexts. Confronting IPV requires Public Policies that consider these differences in the construction of actions that focus on women and perpetrators of violence.

Prevalência de violência sexual em escolares no Brasil: dados da pesquisa nacional de saúde do escolar 2019 / Prevalencia de la violencia sexual en estudiantes en Brasil: datos de la encuesta nacional de salud escolar 2019 / Prevalence of sexual violence among schoolchildren in Brazil: data from the 2019 national school health

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de violência sexual entre escolares adolescentes de 13 a 17 anos no Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2019. Foram analisadas as prevalências de abuso sexual e estupro e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) envolvendo escolares de 13 a 17 anos no Brasil, de acordo com sexo, faixa etária, tipo de instituição, agressor, região admisnistrativa de residência e unidades federadas. Resultados: a prevalência de abuso sexual entre escolares foi de 14,6% (IC95%:14,2;15,1) e de estupro foi de 6,3% (IC95%:6,0;6,6). Maiores prevalências ocorreram entre adolescentes do sexo feminino e da faixa etária de 16 e 17 anos. O agressor mais comum para ambos indicadores foi namorado(a), ex-namorado(a), ficante ou crush. Entre os escolares que sofreram estupro, mais da metade relatou ter sofrido essa violência antes dos 13 anos de idade (53,2%; IC95%: 51,0;55,4). Conclusão: a violência sexual tem elevada prevalência entre os escolares de 13 a 17 anos no Brasil, além de as agressões serem perpetradas, em sua maior parte, por pessoas do núcleo familiar e das relações íntimas e de afeto. É necessário que haja articulação intersetorial para desenvolver políticas públicas que atuem no enfrentamento ao problema.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de la violencia sexual entre los estudiantes adolescentes de 13 a 17 años en Brasil. Métodos: estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar 2019. Se analizó la prevalencia de abuso sexual y violación y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) que involucran a estudiantes de 13 a 17 años en Brasil, según sexo, grupo de edad, tipo de institución, agresor, región administrativa de residencia y unidades federadas. Resultados: la prevalencia de los abusos sexuales entre los estudiantes fue del 14,6% (IC95%:14,2;15,1) y de la violación fue del 6,3% (IC95%:6,0;6,6). La mayor prevalencia se dio entre las adolescentes mujeres y en el grupo de edad de 16 y 17 años. El agresor más común para ambos indicadores fue el novio/novia, ex novio, amante o enamorado. Entre los estudiantes que sufrieron una violación, más de la mitad declaró haber sufrido esta violencia antes de los 13 años (53,2%; IC95%: 51,0;55,4). Conclusión: la violencia sexual tiene una alta prevalencia entre los escolares de 13 a 17 años en Brasil, además de que las agresiones son perpetradas principalmente por personas del núcleo familiar y de las relaciones íntimas y afectivas. Es necesario que haya una articulación intersectorial para desarrollar políticas públicas que actúen para enfrentar el problema.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the prevalence of sexual violence among schoolchildren aged from 13 to 17 years old in Brazil. Methods: a cross-sectional study conducted with data from the 2019 National School Health Survey. The prevalence values for sexual abuse and rape and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) involving students aged from 13 to 17 years old in Brazil were analyzed according to gender, age group, type of institution, aggressor, administrative region of residence and federated units. Results: the prevalence of sexual abuse among schoolchildren was 14.6% (95% CI: 14.2; 15.1) and the one for rape was 6.3% (95% CI: 6.0; 6.6). Higher prevalence values were found among female adolescents an in the age group of 16 and 17 years old. The most common aggressor for both indicators was boyfriend/girlfriend, ex-boyfriend, date or crush. Among the schoolchildren who were victims of rape, more than half reported having suffered this type of violence before 13 years of age (53.2%; 95% CI: 51.0; 55.4). Conclusion: sexual violence has high prevalence among schoolchildren aged from 13 to 17 years old in Brazil, in addition to the aggressions being mostly perpetrated by people from the family nucleus and by individuals with intimate and affection ties. Intersectoral articulation is necessary to develop public policies that act on coping with the problem.

Mortality and years of life lost to death or disability by interpersonal violence against women in Brazil: Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 and 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Aggression against women is an important cause of morbidity and death. This study compares the variation of deaths and years of life lost to death or disability (DALY) caused by interpersonal violence against women in Brazil and its states. METHODS: This descriptive study analyzed estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) referring to interpersonal violence against women, aged 15 to 49 years, examining the mortality and DALY rates for Brazil and its states, in 1990 and 2019. RESULTS: In this study, 3,168 deaths of women between 15 and 49 years of age, caused by interpersonal violence, were estimated in 1990, and 4,262 in 2019, which represents an increase of 33.8%. Regardless of the Maria da Penha Law and the progress in policies for curbing violence against women, one can observe a stability in the mortality and DALY rates in most of the Brazilian states. Only Bahia had a significant increase in those rates, while Federal District, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo showed a significant decline. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of female homicide have remained stable when comparing 1990 and 2019. Although there were improvements in terms of women's rights in the early 2000's, the chauvinist and conservative society of Brazil has not been able to protect women, and the country might not reach the targets established by the UN's 2030 Agenda.

Hipertensão arterial autorreferida, uso de serviços de saúde e orientações para o cuidado na população brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019 / Hipertensión arterial autoinformada, uso de servicios de salud y guías de atención en la población brasileña: Encuesta Nacional de Salud, 2019 / Self-reported arterial hypertension, use of health services and guidelines for care in Brazilian population: National Health Survey, 2019

Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência de hipertensão arterial (HA), segundo características sociodemográficas, no Brasil, e analisar os indicadores relacionados ao acesso aos serviços de saúde e orientações para controle do agravo no país. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo utilizando a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2019. Estimou-se a prevalência de HA com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%), além das proporções dos indicadores da HA. Resultados: Foram 88.531 os entrevistados, dos quais 23,9% autorreferiram HA, mais prevalente entre o sexo feminino (26,4%) e idosos (55,0%). Entre aqueles que autorrelataram HA, 57,8% referiram atenção médica nos últimos seis meses; a maioria recebeu orientações sobre autocuidado; 66,1% foram atendidos em serviço público de saúde; e 45,8%, em unidade básica de saúde (UBS). Conclusão: A prevalência de HA na população brasileira foi alta, com a maioria das pessoas que autorreferiram o agravo sendo atendidas em serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), onde receberam orientações sobre promoção da saúde

Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial (HA) según características sociodemográficas en Brasil y analizar los indicadores relacionados con el acceso a los servicios de salud y orientaciones para su control. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal utilizando la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2019. Se estimó la prevalencia de HA con intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) y proporciones de los indicadores de la HA. Resultados: Hubo 88.531 entrevistados, de los cuales 23,9% declararon haber HA, con mayor prevalencia entre el sexo femenino (26,4%) y ancianos (55,0%). Entre los autodeclarados con HA, 57,8% recibió atención médica en los últimos seis meses; la mayoría recibió orientación sobre el autocuidado; 66,1% fue atendido en un servicio público de salud y 45,8% en unidad básica de salud. Conclusión: La prevalencia de la HA en la población brasileña fue alta, con la mayoría de las personas que autorreferían al agravio siendo atendidas en los servicios del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), donde han recibido orientación sobre el autocuidado.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of arterial hypertension according to sociodemographic characteristics in Brazil and to analyze the indicators related to access to health services and guidelines for controlling the disease in the country. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study using the National Health Survey (PNS) conducted in 2019. The prevalence of hypertension was estimated with a 95% confidence interval, in addition to the proportions of hypertension indicators. Results: There were 88,531 respondents, of which 23.9% self-reported hypertension, more prevalent among females (26.4%) and the elderly (55.0%). Among those who self-reported hypertension, 57.8% reported medical attention in the last six months; most received guidance on self-care; 66.1% were seen in public health services; and 45.8%, in primary health care units. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension in the Brazilian population was high, with most people who self-reported the condition being seen in services of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), where they received guidance on health promotion.

Prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence against adult women in Brazil: National Survey of Health, 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence against adult women in Brazil. METHODS: Quantitative cross-sectional epidemiological study using the database of the National Survey of Health 2019. The prevalence in the last 12 months and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of intimate partner violence were calculated, stratified by sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Intimate partner violence was reported by 7.60% of Brazilian women aged from 18 to 59 years, with higher prevalence among younger women (8.96%), black women (9.05%), those with lower education level (8.55%) and low income (8.68%). After adjusted analysis, the age groups of 18-24 years old (PRadj: 1.41) and 25-39 years old (PRadj: 1.42) and income lower than one minimum wage (PRadj: 1.55) remained associated with intimate partner violence. CONCLUSIONS: Intimate partner violence was associated with younger and poorest women. This result points to the need to develop intersectoral policies, especially those aimed at reducing social inequalities and at the coping with intimate partner violence among adult women.

Prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence against adult women in Brazil: National Survey of Health, 2019 / Prevalência e fatores associados a violência por parceiro íntimo contra mulheres adultas no Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence against adult women in Brazil. Methods: Quantitative cross-sectional epidemiological study using the database of the National Survey of Health 2019. The prevalence in the last 12 months and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of intimate partner violence were calculated, stratified by sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Intimate partner violence was reported by 7.60% of Brazilian women aged from 18 to 59 years, with higher prevalence among younger women (8.96%), black women (9.05%), those with lower education level (8.55%) and low income (8.68%). After adjusted analysis, the age groups of 18-24 years old (PRadj: 1.41) and 25-39 years old (PRadj: 1.42) and income lower than one minimum wage (PRadj: 1.55) remained associated with intimate partner violence. Conclusions: Intimate partner violence was associated with younger and poorest women. This result points to the need to develop intersectoral policies, especially those aimed at reducing social inequalities and at the coping with intimate partner violence among adult women.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência da violência por parceiro íntimo sofrida por mulheres adultas no país e os fatores associados a ela. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico transversal quantitativo utilizando base de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019. Foram calculadas as prevalências e razões de prevalência bruta e ajustada da violência por parceiro íntimo nos últimos 12 meses segundo características sociodemográficas. Resultados: A violência por parceiro íntimo foi relatada por 7,60% das mulheres brasileiras de 18-59 anos, com maior prevalência entre as mais jovens (8,96%), aquelas que se autodeclararam pretas (9,05%), com menor escolaridade (8,55%) e baixa renda (8,68%). Após análise ajustada, permaneceram associadas à violência por parceiro íntimo as faixas etárias 18-24 anos (RPa: 1,41) e 25-39 anos (RPa: 1,42) e renda menor que um salário mínimo (RPa: 1,55). Conclusões: A violência por parceiro íntimo se associou às mulheres mais jovens e com pior renda. Esses resultados apontam a necessidade de desenvolvimento de políticas intersetoriais, especialmente as relacionadas à redução das desigualdades sociais e para o enfrentamento da violência por parceiro íntimo entre mulheres adultas.

Inequalities in mammography and Papanicolaou test coverage: a time-series study.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a serious public issue problem worldwide. In Brazil, breast cancer is the most common type and cervical cancer is the third most frequent among women. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of coverage of mammography and cervical oncotic cytological testing, between 2007 and 2018. DESIGN AND SETTING: Time-series study conducted in the 26 Brazilian state capitals and in the Federal District. METHODS: A linear regression model was used to estimate trends in coverage of mammography and cervical oncotic cytological testing over the period. The data collection system for Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel) was used. RESULTS: A significant increase in mammography coverage was observed, from 71.1% in 2007 to 78.0% in 2018. There was a trend towards an increase among women with 0 to 8 years of schooling, in all regions of Brazil. Regarding cervical oncotic cytological testing coverage, there was a trend towards stability during the period analyzed, reaching 81.7% in 2018. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the northern region. CONCLUSIONS: There was an improvement in the coverage of these screening examinations, especially regarding mammography. However, it is still necessary to expand their provision, quality and surveillance, aimed towards women's health.