Recent changes in growth trajectories: a population-based cohort study of over 5 million Brazilian children born between 2001 and 2014.

Background: There is limited evidence on recent trends in childhood growth trajectories in Low-/middle-income countries. We investigated how age-trajectories for height and Body Mass Index (BMI) have changed among Brazilian children born in two different time periods after 2000. Methods: We used a population-based cohort (part of the "Cohort of 100-Million Brazilians") created by the linkage of three Brazilian administrative databases: the Cadastro Único of the Federal Government, the National System of Live Births and the National Nutritional and Food Surveillance System. We included longitudinal data on 5,750,214 children who were 3 to <10 years of age and born between 2001 and 2014 (20,209,133 observations). We applied fractional polynomial models with random-effects to estimate mean height and BMI trajectories for children. Findings: Compared to children born in 2001-2007, the cohort born in 2008-2014 were on average taller, by a z-score of 0.15 in boys and 0.12 in girls. Their height trajectories shifted upwards, by approximately 1 cm in both sexes. Levels of BMI increased little, by a z-score of 0.06 (boys) and 0.04 (girls). Mean BMI trajectories also changed little. However, the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased between cohorts, e.g., from 26.8% to 30% in boys and 23.9%-26.6% in girls aged between 5 and <10 years. Interpretation: An increase of 1 cm in mean height of Brazilian children during a short period indicates the improvement in maternal and child health, especially those from low-income families due to the new health and welfare policies in Brazil. Although mean BMI changed little, the prevalence of child overweight/obesity slightly increased and remained high. Funding: This work was supported by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre; Society for the Study of Human Biology; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG; Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia da Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Complexo da Saúde do Ministério da Saúde - Decit/SECTICS/MS. The study also used resources from the Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), which receives funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, the Health Surveillance Secretariat of the Ministry of Health and the Secretariat of Science and Technology of the State of Bahia (SECTI-BA).

Environmental factors associated with excessive gestational weight gain: a meta-analysis and systematic review / Fatores ambientais associados ao ganho de peso gestacional excessivo: uma meta-análise e revisão sistemática

Abstract The aim is, systematically examine the scientific evidences that associated environmental factors (environment, social environment, environmental planning and spatial population distribution) with the excessive gestational weight gain. A meta-analysis and systematic review carried out as per the Cochrane Handbook recommendations and following the steps recommended by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes. The inclusion studies were done with the following PECO criteria: P-pregnant women, E-environmental factors, O-weight gain. The search procedure was conducted on the databases EMBASE, Web of Science, Cinahl, LILACS and MEDLINE (PubMed). The relationship between the socioeconomic factors of the micro-region of residence and gestational weight gain was evidenced by the linkage between residing in high-poverty neighborhoods and inadequate gestational weight gain. This study revealed the higher prevalence of excessive gestational weight gain in pregnant women those lives in urban areas. Environmental factors of the pregnant women's residence area implicated in the excessive gestational weight gain. Our findings can therefore contribute to the development of public policies to prevent inadequate gestational weight gain.

Resumo O objetivo é examinar sistematicamente as evidências científicas que associam fatores ambientais (meio ambiente, meio ambiente social, planejamento ambiental e distribuição espacial da população) com o excessivo ganho de peso gestacional. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise realizada seguindo os passos recomendados pelo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes. Os estudos de incluídos basearam-se nos seguintes critérios PECO: P-gestantes, E-fatores ambientais, O-ganho de peso gestacional. O procedimento de pesquisa foi conduzido nas bases de dados EMBASE, Web of Science, Cinahl, LILACS e MEDLINE (PubMed). A relação entre os fatores socioeconômicos da microrregião de residência e o ganho de peso gestacional foi evidenciada pela ligação entre a residência em bairros de alta pobreza e o ganho de peso gestacional inadequado. Este estudo revelou a maior prevalência de ganho de peso gestacional excessivo em gestantes que vivem em áreas urbanas. Fatores ambientais da área de residência das gestantes implicados no ganho de peso gestacional excessivo. As descobertas desse estudo podem, portanto, contribuir para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para evitar o ganho de peso gestacional inadequado.

Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported diagnosis of high cholesterol in the Brazilian adult population: National Health Survey 2019. / Prevalência e fatores associados ao diagnóstico autorreferido de colesterol alto na população adulta brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of self-reported high cholesterol diagnosis and to analyze the factors associated with the prevalence in the Brazilian adult population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, using data from the 2019 National Health Survey. The diagnosis of high cholesterol was self-reported. Poisson regression models yielded prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: In the 88,531 adults, the prevalence of high cholesterol was 14.6%. Positively associated: female sex (PR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.40;1.52), age ≥ 60 years (PR = 3.80; 95%CI 3.06;4.71), health insurance (PR = 1.33; 95%CI 1.24;1.42), poor or very poor self-rated health (PR = 1.75; 95%CI 1.60;1.90), hypertension (PR = 1.78; 95%CI 1.68;-1.89), diabetes (RP = 1.54; 95%CI 1.45;1.65), renal failure (PR = 1.33; 95%CI 1.15;1.53), obesity (PR = 1.27; 95%CI 1.18;1.36), former smoker (PR = 1.13; 95%CI 1.07;1.20), alcohol abuse (PR = 1.11; 95%CI 1.01;1.21), physically active during leisure time (PR = 1.22; 95%CI 1.15;1.30). CONCLUSION: High cholesterol was associated with sociodemographic characteristics, health condition and lifestyle.

Time trends and social inequalities in child malnutrition: nationwide estimates from Brazil's food and nutrition surveillance system, 2009-2017.

OBJECTIVE: In Brazil, national estimates of childhood malnutrition have not been updated since 2006. The use of health information systems is an important complementary data source for analysing time trends on health and nutrition. This study aimed to examine temporal trends and socio-demographic inequalities in the prevalence of malnutrition in children attending primary health care services between 2009 and 2017. DESIGN: Time trends study based on data from Brazil's Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. Malnutrition prevalence (stunting, wasting, overweight and double burden) was annually estimated by socio-demographic variables. Prais-Winsten regression models were used to analyse time trends. Annual percent change (APC) and 95 % CI were calculated. SETTING: Primary health care services, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Children under 5 years old. RESULTS: In total, 15,239,753 children were included. An increase in the prevalence of overweight (APC = 3·4 %; P = 0·015) and a decline in the prevalence of wasting (-6·2 %; P = 0·002) were observed. The prevalence of stunting (-3·2 %, P = 0·359) and double burden (-1·4 %, P = 0·630) had discrete and non-significant reductions. Despite the significant reduction in the prevalence of undernutrition among children in the most vulnerable subgroups (black, conditional cash transfer's recipients and residents of poorest and less developed areas), high prevalence of stunting and wasting persist alongside a disproportionate increase in the prevalence of overweight in these groups. CONCLUSIONS: The observed pattern in stunting (high and persistent prevalence) and increase in overweight elucidate setbacks in advances already observed in previous periods and stresses the need for social and political strategies to address multiple forms of malnutrition.

Spatial analysis of leisure-time physical activity in an urban area.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial distribution of the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in a Brazilian urban area and its association with the characteristics of the physical and social environments. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted with data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases from the years 2008-2010, in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The outcome was the practice of LTPA and the independent variables were residential and population density, the density of places for physical activity, homicide rates, average family income, and health vulnerability index. The spatial scanning technique was employed to identify clusters with a high prevalence of PA at leisure time. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare variables inside and outside the cluster. RESULTS: The sample included 5,779 participants, 33.3% (SE = 0.73) of whom reported sufficient PA during leisure time. We identified a significant cluster of a high prevalence of LTPA. After adjustments, the cluster presented a radius of 3,041.99 meters and 603 individuals, and 293 (48.6%) of them reported sufficient LTPA. The probability of performing sufficient LTPA in the cluster was 27% higher (PR = 1.27; p = 0.002) than in the coverage areas of primary healthcare units outside the cluster. There was a higher density of places for LTPA practice, higher population and residential density, and higher family income in the cluster. CONCLUSION: The results evidenced a cluster of high prevalence of LTPA in a privileged physical and socioeconomic environment in Belo Horizonte, even after adjustments, demonstrating that reducing inequalities can increase LTPA.

Socioeconomic inequalities in children's health-related quality of life according to weight status.

OBJECTIVES: This study explores the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among Portuguese children according to their weight status. METHODS: A total of 1215 primary school-aged children (mean age 8.78 years) from three Portuguese districts (Lisbon, Porto, Coimbra) were assessed during 2016/2017. Father and mother's education (low, medium, high) and work status (employed, unemployed/retired) were used as SEP indicators. Self-reported HRQoL was assessed with the KIDSCREEN-27. Height and weight were objectively measured and body mass index categorized in normal, overweight or obese. Age, sex, and district-adjusted linear regression models were fitted to estimate associations between SEP indicators and HRQoL dimensions, according to weight status. RESULTS: We found that 24.9% of children were categorized as having overweight/obesity. The mean scores of the Physical Well-Being, and School Environment dimensions of HRQoL were lower among children classified with overweight/obesity compared to children with normal weight (57.21 vs 54.11, P < .001 and 57.85 vs 56.04, P = .010, respectively). Father's education was significantly associated with all HRQoL dimensions in children with a normal weight, but the same was not observed among children presenting overweight/obesity. An increase in the level of maternal education was also significantly associated with all HRQoL dimensions among children classified with a normal weight, and only for the School Environment dimension among children classified with overweight/obesity. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the presence of socioeconomic inequalities in self-reported HRQoL from early age, particularly among children with normal weight.

Spatial analysis of leisure-time physical activity in an urban area / Análise espacial da prática de atividade física no lazer em área urbana

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the spatial distribution of the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in a Brazilian urban area and its association with the characteristics of the physical and social environments. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted with data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases from the years 2008-2010, in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The outcome was the practice of LTPA and the independent variables were residential and population density, the density of places for physical activity, homicide rates, average family income, and health vulnerability index. The spatial scanning technique was employed to identify clusters with a high prevalence of PA at leisure time. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare variables inside and outside the cluster. Results: The sample included 5,779 participants, 33.3% (SE = 0.73) of whom reported sufficient PA during leisure time. We identified a significant cluster of a high prevalence of LTPA. After adjustments, the cluster presented a radius of 3,041.99 meters and 603 individuals, and 293 (48.6%) of them reported sufficient LTPA. The probability of performing sufficient LTPA in the cluster was 27% higher (PR = 1.27; p = 0.002) than in the coverage areas of primary healthcare units outside the cluster. There was a higher density of places for LTPA practice, higher population and residential density, and higher family income in the cluster. Conclusion: The results evidenced a cluster of high prevalence of LTPA in a privileged physical and socioeconomic environment in Belo Horizonte, even after adjustments, demonstrating that reducing inequalities can increase LTPA.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição espacial da prevalência da prática de atividade física (AF) no lazer suficiente em uma área urbana brasileira, no período de 2008 a 2010, e verificar se ela é influenciada por características dos ambientes físico e social. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados do sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, realizado em Belo Horizonte (MG), entre os anos 2008 e 2010. O desfecho foi a realização de AF no lazer e as exposições foram densidade residencial e populacional, densidade de locais de prática de AF no lazer, taxa de homicídio, renda familiar média e índice de vulnerabilidade da saúde. Foi empregada a técnica de varredura espacial para identificar clusters de alta prevalência de AF no lazer. Utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney para comparar variáveis ambientais dentro e fora do cluster. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída de 5.779 participantes, dos quais 33,3% referiram praticar AF no lazer suficientemente. Identificou-se um cluster significativo de alta prevalência de prática de AF no lazer. Após ajustes, ele apresentou raio de 3.041,99 m e 603 indivíduos, dos quais 293 (48,6%) realizavam AF no lazer suficiente. A probabilidade de um indivíduo praticar AF no lazer suficiente no cluster foi 27% maior (razão de prevalência — RP = 1,27; p = 0,002) do que nas áreas de abrangência das unidades básicas de saúde não pertencentes a ele. Esse cluster teve maior densidade de locais para a prática de AF no lazer, maior densidade populacional e residencial e maior renda familiar. Conclusão: Constatou-se cluster de alta prevalência de AF no lazer em um contexto físico e econômico privilegiado de Belo Horizonte, o que demonstra que diminuir desigualdades pode aumentar a prática de AF no lazer.

Trends in mortality due to non-communicable diseases in the Brazilian adult population: national and subnational estimates and projections for 2030.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring and reducing premature mortality due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a global priority of Agenda 2030. This study aimed to describe the mortality trends and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost due to NCDs between 1990 and 2017 for Brazil and to project those for 2030 as well as the risk factors (RFs) attributed deaths according to estimates of the Global Burden of Disease Study. METHODS: We analyzed cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, neoplasms, and diabetes, and compared the mortality rates in 1990 and 2017 for all of Brazil and states. The study used the definition of premature mortality (30-69 years) that is used by the World Health Organization. The number of deaths, mortality rates, DALYs, and years of life lost (YLL) were used to compare 1990 and 2017. We analyzed the YLL for NCDs attributable to RFs. RESULTS: There was a reduction of 35.3% from 509.1 deaths/100,000 inhabitants (1990) to 329.6 deaths/100,000 inhabitants due to NCDs in 2017. The DALY rate decreased by 33.6%, and the YLL rate decreased by 36.0%. There were reductions in NCDs rates in all 27 states. The main RFs related to premature deaths by NCDs in 2017 among women were high body mass index (BMI), dietary risks, high systolic blood pressure, and among men, dietary risks, high systolic blood pressure, tobacco, and high BMI. Trends in mortality rates due to NCDs declined during the study period; however, after 2015, the curve reversed, and rates fluctuated and tended to increase. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlighted a decline in premature mortality rates from NCDs nationwide and in all states. There was a greater reduction in deaths from cardiovascular diseases, followed by respiratory diseases, and we observed a minor reduction for those from diabetes and neoplasms. The observed fluctuations in mortality rates over the last 3 years indicate that if no further action is taken, we may not achieve the NCD Sustainable Development Goals. These findings draw attention to the consequences of austerity measures in a socially unequal setting with great regional disparities in which the majority of the population is dependent on state social policies.

The burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to high BMI in Brazil, 1990-2017: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and burden of disease resulting from obesity have increased worldwide. In Brazil, more than half of the population is now overweight. However, the impact of this growing risk factor on disease burden remains inexact. Using the 2017 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) results, this study sought to estimate mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost to non-communicable diseases caused by high body mass index (BMI) in both sexes and across age categories. This study also aimed to describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity throughout the states of Brazil. METHODS: Age-standardized prevalence of overweight and obesity were estimated between 1990 and 2017. A comparative risk assessment was applied to estimate DALYs and deaths for non-communicable diseases and for all causes linked to high BMI. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased during the period of analysis. Overall, age-standardized prevalence of obesity in Brazil was higher in females (29.8%) than in males (24.6%) in 2017; however, since 1990, males have presented greater rise in obesity (244.1%) than females (165.7%). Increases in prevalence burden were greatest in states from the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. Overall, burden due to high BMI also increased from 1990 to 2017. In 2017, high BMI was responsible for 12.3% (8.8-16.1%) of all deaths and 8.4% (6.3-10.7%) of total DALYs lost to non-communicable diseases, up from 7.2% (4.1-10.8%), and 4.6% (2.4-6.0%) in 1990, respectively. Change due to risk exposure is the leading contributor to the growth of BMI burden in Brazil. In 2017, high BMI was responsible for 165,954 deaths and 5,095,125 DALYs. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes have proven to be the most prevalent causes of deaths, along with DALYs caused by high BMI, regardless of sex or state. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates increasing age-standardized prevalence of obesity in all Brazilian states. High BMI plays an important role in disease burdens in terms of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and all causes of mortality. Assessing levels and trends in exposures to high BMI and the resulting disease burden highlights the current priority for primary prevention and public health action initiatives focused on obesity.

Social and obstetric inequalities and vaccination in pregnant women.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the association of socioeconomic level and obstetric characteristics with vaccine registration of pregnant women. METHODS: cross-sectional study, performed with 480 women in puerperal. Vaccination of pregnant women was considered a dependent variable and as independent variables were age, skin color, education, steady union, paid work, and number of prenatal consultations. Association between variables was verified by the Poisson's regression model. RESULTS: from 480 pregnant women's health cards, 10.63% had information on hepatitis B vaccination; 31.46% for tetanus; and 90% of the health cards had not register for influenza. There was an association of paid work and number of prenatal consultations with hepatitis B vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: lower percentages in absence of vaccination occurred in women who were in the job market and had a higher number of prenatal consultations. This suggests that socioeconomic inequalities may interfere with the vaccination of pregnant women in health services.

Social and obstetric inequalities and vaccination in pregnant women / Desigualdades sociales y obstétricas y vacunación en gestantes / Desigualdades sociais e obstétricas e vacinação em gestantes

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the association of socioeconomic level and obstetric characteristics with vaccine registration of pregnant women. Methods: cross-sectional study, performed with 480 women in puerperal. Vaccination of pregnant women was considered a dependent variable and as independent variables were age, skin color, education, steady union, paid work, and number of prenatal consultations. Association between variables was verified by the Poisson's regression model. Results: from 480 pregnant women's health cards, 10.63% had information on hepatitis B vaccination; 31.46% for tetanus; and 90% of the health cards had not register for influenza. There was an association of paid work and number of prenatal consultations with hepatitis B vaccination. Conclusions: lower percentages in absence of vaccination occurred in women who were in the job market and had a higher number of prenatal consultations. This suggests that socioeconomic inequalities may interfere with the vaccination of pregnant women in health services.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la relación del nivel socioeconómico y características obstétricas con registro de vacunación de gestantes. Métodos: estudio transversal, realizado con 480 puérperas. Ha sido considerada, como variable dependiente, la vacunación de gestantes; y como variables independientes: edad, color de piel, escolaridad, unión estable, trabajo remunerado y número de consultas en el prenatal. Relación entre las variables ha sido verificada por medio de modelo de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: de las 480 libretas de gestantes, 10,63% poseían informaciones de la vacunación contra hepatitis B; 31,46% para el tétanos; y, para influenza, se observó ausencia de registro en 90% de las libretas. Hubo relación de trabajo remunerado y número de consultas realizadas en el prenatal con vacunación contra hepatitis B. Conclusiones: menores proporciones de ausencia de vacunación ocurrieron en mujeres que estaban en el mercado de trabajo y que realizaron mayor número de consultas de prenatal. Eso sugiere que desigualdades socioeconómicas pueden interferir en la vacunación de gestantes en los servicios de salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a associação do nível socioeconômico e características obstétricas com registro vacinal de gestantes. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado com 480 puérperas. Foi considerada, como variável dependente, a vacinação de gestantes; e como variáveis independentes: idade, cor de pele, escolaridade, união estável, trabalho remunerado e número de consultas no pré-natal. Associação entre as variáveis foi verificada por meio de modelo de regressão de Poisson. Resultados: das 480 cadernetas de gestantes, 10,63% possuíam informações da vacinação contra hepatite B; 31,46% para o tétano; e, para influenza, observou-se ausência de registro em 90% das cadernetas. Houve associação de trabalho remunerado e número de consultas realizadas no prénatal com vacinação contra hepatite B. Conclusões: menores proporções de ausência de vacinação ocorreram em mulheres que estavam no mercado de trabalho e que realizaram maior número de consultas de pré-natal. Isso sugere que desigualdades socioeconômicas podem interferir na vacinação de gestantes nos serviços de saúde.

Social and obstetric inequalities and vaccination in pregnant women / Desigualdades sociales y obstétricas y vacunación en gestantes / Desigualdades sociais e obstétricas e vacinação em gestantes

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the association of socioeconomic level and obstetric characteristics with vaccine registration of pregnant women. Methods: cross-sectional study, performed with 480 women in puerperal. Vaccination of pregnant women was considered a dependent variable and as independent variables were age, skin color, education, steady union, paid work, and number of prenatal consultations. Association between variables was verified by the Poisson's regression model. Results: from 480 pregnant women's health cards, 10.63% had information on hepatitis B vaccination; 31.46% for tetanus; and 90% of the health cards had not register for influenza. There was an association of paid work and number of prenatal consultations with hepatitis B vaccination. Conclusions: lower percentages in absence of vaccination occurred in women who were in the job market and had a higher number of prenatal consultations. This suggests that socioeconomic inequalities may interfere with the vaccination of pregnant women in health services.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la relación del nivel socioeconómico y características obstétricas con registro de vacunación de gestantes. Métodos: estudio transversal, realizado con 480 puérperas. Ha sido considerada, como variable dependiente, la vacunación de gestantes; y como variables independientes: edad, color de piel, escolaridad, unión estable, trabajo remunerado y número de consultas en el prenatal. Relación entre las variables ha sido verificada por medio de modelo de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: de las 480 libretas de gestantes, 10,63% poseían informaciones de la vacunación contra hepatitis B; 31,46% para el tétanos; y, para influenza, se observó ausencia de registro en 90% de las libretas. Hubo relación de trabajo remunerado y número de consultas realizadas en el prenatal con vacunación contra hepatitis B. Conclusiones: menores proporciones de ausencia de vacunación ocurrieron en mujeres que estaban en el mercado de trabajo y que realizaron mayor número de consultas de prenatal. Eso sugiere que desigualdades socioeconómicas pueden interferir en la vacunación de gestantes en los servicios de salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a associação do nível socioeconômico e características obstétricas com registro vacinal de gestantes. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado com 480 puérperas. Foi considerada, como variável dependente, a vacinação de gestantes; e como variáveis independentes: idade, cor de pele, escolaridade, união estável, trabalho remunerado e número de consultas no pré-natal. Associação entre as variáveis foi verificada por meio de modelo de regressão de Poisson. Resultados: das 480 cadernetas de gestantes, 10,63% possuíam informações da vacinação contra hepatite B; 31,46% para o tétano; e, para influenza, observou-se ausência de registro em 90% das cadernetas. Houve associação de trabalho remunerado e número de consultas realizadas no prénatal com vacinação contra hepatite B. Conclusões: menores proporções de ausência de vacinação ocorreram em mulheres que estavam no mercado de trabalho e que realizaram maior número de consultas de pré-natal. Isso sugere que desigualdades socioeconômicas podem interferir na vacinação de gestantes nos serviços de saúde.

Health Iniquity, Unhealthy Behavior, and Coverage of Mammography in Brazil / Iniquidad de salud, comportamiento no saludable y cobertura de mamografía en Brasil / Iniquidade em saúde, comportamentos não saudáveis e cobertura de mamografia no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the prevalence of mammography screening and the association among socio-demographic, behavior factors and non-adherence to mammography screening among women between 50 and 69 years old, using data from Vigitel 2016. Method: Cross-sectional, population-based study with data from Vigitel including 12,740 women in the 50-69 age group. The variables were analyzed using logistic regression. Results: Among the women studied, 21.8% had not had a mammography in the past 2 years. The characteristics associated with non-adherence to the test were having less than 12 years of education (p<0.001), having no partner (p=0.001), being underweight (p=0.002), having a negative self-perceived health status (p<0.001) and having at least one negative health behavior (p<0.001). Conclusion: There is a subgroup of women with markers of social vulnerability, which reflect the inequality in mammography screening.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Investigar la prevalencia de la cobertura de mamografías y su relación entre los factores sociodemográficos y comportamentales asociados a la no realización de mamografías en mujeres de 50 a 69 años de edad, según datos del Vigitel 2016. Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal, de base poblacional, realizado con los datos del Vigitel que incluye 12.740 mujeres entre 50 y 69 años. Las variables se analizaron con regresión logística. Resultados: Entre las mujeres estudiadas, el 21,8% no se había hecho una mamografía en los últimos 2 años. La no realización del examen estaba relacionada con determinadas características: menos de 12 años de estudio (p<0,001), no tener pareja (p=0,001), bajo peso (p=0,002), autoevaluación de su salud como negativa (p<0,001) y por lo menos un comportamiento de salud negativo (p<0,001). Conclusión: Se observa un subgrupo de mujeres con marcadores de vulnerabilidad más elevados, lo que refleja las desigualdades en la cobertura de las mamografías.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência da cobertura de mamografia e a relação entre fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais associados à não realização de mamografia em mulheres de 50 a 69 anos de idade, usando dados do Vigitel 2016. Método: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, que utilizou dados do Vigitel e incluiu 12.740 mulheres na faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos. As variáveis foram analisadas por meio da regressão logística. Resultados: Entre as mulheres estudadas, 21,8% não haviam realizado a mamografia nos últimos 2 anos. As características associadas à não realização do exame foram mulheres com menos de 12 anos de estudo (p<0,001), que declararam não ter companheiro (p=0,001), com baixo peso (p=0,002), autoavaliação da sua saúde como negativa (p<0,001) e com pelo menos um comportamento negativo em saúde (p<0,001). Conclusão: Observa-se um subgrupo de mulheres com marcadores de maior vulnerabilidade, os quais refletem as iniquidades na cobertura da mamografia.

Parental supervision and alcohol use among Brazilian adolescents: analysis of data from National School-based Health Survey 2015. / Supervisão dos pais e o consumo de álcool por adolescentes brasileiros: análise dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation between parental supervision and sociodemographic factors and alcohol use by Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with data from National School-based Health Survey (PeNSE) 2015, which included 16,608 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years, students from Brazilian public and private schools. Variables related to alcohol use, sociodemographic factors and parental supervision were evaluated. In order to analyze the relation between sociodemographic variables, parental supervision and use of alcohol among adolescents, prevalence ratios stratified by sex were used. RESULTS: It was observed that 61.4% of the adolescents had tried alcohol, 27.2% had a drunken episode in their lifetime, 9.3% have had problems with alcohol and 29.3% reported alcohol use in last 30 days. The lack of parental supervision was associated with increased use of alcohol. The proportion of alcohol use was higher for girls, and also among those who were older than 16 years, worked, did not live with one or both parents, and lived in the South, regardless of sex. CONCLUSION: The results showed early alcohol experimentation and occurrence of problems due to its use among Brazilian adolescents. In addition, the lack of monitoring by parents and guardians shows a risk of alcohol use in this age.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação de indicadores de supervisão dos pais e fatores sociodemográficos com o uso de álcool pelos adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2015. A amostra foi composta de 16.608 adolescentes de 13 a 17 anos estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas brasileiras. Foram analisadas variáveis relacionadas ao uso de álcool, aos fatores sociodemográficos e aos indicadores de supervisão dos estudantes pelos pais. Foram calculadas razões de prevalência (RPs) para análise das relações existentes entre as variáveis sociodemográficas, de supervisão dos pais e o uso de álcool por adolescentes. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo. RESULTADOS: Encontrou-se que 61,4% dos adolescentes já haviam experimentado bebida alcoólica, 27,2% já tiveram episódio de embriaguez alguma vez na vida, 9,3% já tiveram problemas devido ao uso de álcool e 29,3% relataram uso nos últimos 30 dias. Menores escores de supervisão dos pais se associaram à maior prevalência de uso de álcool, que também foi elevada entre as meninas, os que tinham idade superior a 16 anos, moravam na Região Sul, trabalhavam e não moravam com os pais. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram, em adolescentes, a experimentação precoce de bebidas alcoólicas e a ocorrência de problemas devido ao uso da substância. Além disso, a falta de supervisão e acompanhamento mais próximo dos filhos pelos pais e responsáveis aumentou o uso de álcool nessa idade.

Supervisão dos pais e o consumo de álcool por adolescentes brasileiros: análise dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015 / Parental supervision and alcohol use among Brazilian adolescents: analysis of data from National School-based Health Survey 2015

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a relação de indicadores de supervisão dos pais e fatores sociodemográficos com o uso de álcool pelos adolescentes brasileiros. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2015. A amostra foi composta de 16.608 adolescentes de 13 a 17 anos estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas brasileiras. Foram analisadas variáveis relacionadas ao uso de álcool, aos fatores sociodemográficos e aos indicadores de supervisão dos estudantes pelos pais. Foram calculadas razões de prevalência (RPs) para análise das relações existentes entre as variáveis sociodemográficas, de supervisão dos pais e o uso de álcool por adolescentes. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo. Resultados: Encontrou-se que 61,4% dos adolescentes já haviam experimentado bebida alcoólica, 27,2% já tiveram episódio de embriaguez alguma vez na vida, 9,3% já tiveram problemas devido ao uso de álcool e 29,3% relataram uso nos últimos 30 dias. Menores escores de supervisão dos pais se associaram à maior prevalência de uso de álcool, que também foi elevada entre as meninas, os que tinham idade superior a 16 anos, moravam na Região Sul, trabalhavam e não moravam com os pais. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram, em adolescentes, a experimentação precoce de bebidas alcoólicas e a ocorrência de problemas devido ao uso da substância. Além disso, a falta de supervisão e acompanhamento mais próximo dos filhos pelos pais e responsáveis aumentou o uso de álcool nessa idade.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the relation between parental supervision and sociodemographic factors and alcohol use by Brazilian adolescents. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data from National School-based Health Survey (PeNSE) 2015, which included 16,608 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years, students from Brazilian public and private schools. Variables related to alcohol use, sociodemographic factors and parental supervision were evaluated. In order to analyze the relation between sociodemographic variables, parental supervision and use of alcohol among adolescents, prevalence ratios stratified by sex were used. Results: It was observed that 61.4% of the adolescents had tried alcohol, 27.2% had a drunken episode in their lifetime, 9.3% have had problems with alcohol and 29.3% reported alcohol use in last 30 days. The lack of parental supervision was associated with increased use of alcohol. The proportion of alcohol use was higher for girls, and also among those who were older than 16 years, worked, did not live with one or both parents, and lived in the South, regardless of sex. Conclusion: The results showed early alcohol experimentation and occurrence of problems due to its use among Brazilian adolescents. In addition, the lack of monitoring by parents and guardians shows a risk of alcohol use in this age.

Risk factors related to the global burden of disease in Brazil and its Federated Units, 2015. / Fatores de risco relacionados à carga global de doença do Brasil e Unidades Federadas, 2015.

OBJECTIVE:: To analyze the global burden of disease related to disability adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to selected risk factors in Brazil and its 27 Federated Units. METHODS:: Databases from the Global Burden of Disease study in Brazil and its Federated Units were used, estimating the summary exposure value (SEV) for selected environmental, behavioral, and metabolic risk factors (RFs), and their combinations. The DALYs were used as the main metric. The ranking of major RFs between 1990 and 2015 was compiled, comparing data by sex and states. RESULTS:: The analyzed RFs account for 38.8% of the loss of DALYs in the country. Dietary risks was the main cause of DALYs in 2015. In men, dietary risks contributed to 12.2% of DALYs and in women, to 11.1%. Other RFs were high systolic blood pressure, high body mass index, smoking, high fasting plasma glucose and, among men, alcohol and drug use. The main RFs were metabolic and behavioral. In most states, dietary risks was the main RF, followed by high blood pressure. CONCLUSION:: Dietary risks leads the RF ranking for Brazil and its Federated Units. Men are more exposed to behavioral risk factors, and women are more exposed to metabolic ones.

Prevalence of and factors associated with self-reported high blood pressure in Brazilian adults.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze factors associated with self-reported high blood pressure among adults in Brazilian state capitals. METHODS: The study uses data from Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel - Surveillance System of Risk and Protection Factors of Noncommunicable Diseases by Telephone Survey) collected in 2013. Prevalence rates and their respective 95% confidence intervals by gender were estimated according to sociodemographic variables, lifestyle, reported noncommunicable diseases and self-rated health status. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to identify variables associated with self-reported high blood pressure with α < 0.05. RESULTS: Prevalence of self-reported high blood pressure among adults living in Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District was 24.1%. The following variables were associated with self-reported high blood pressure: age group, taking 18-24 as reference (all age groups presented increased risk - from 25-34 years [OR = 2.6; 95%CI 2.0-3.4] up to 65 years or more [OR = 28.1; 95%CI 21.7-36.4]); low education level (9 to 11 years of study [OR = 0.8; 95%CI 0.7-0.9] and 12 years or more [OR = 0.6; 95%CI 0.6-0.7]); Black race or skin color (OR = 1.3; 95%CI 1.1-1.5); being a former smoker (OR = 1.2; 95%CI 1.1-1.3); obesity (OR = 2.7; 95%CI 2.4-3.0); diabetes (OR = 2.9; 95%CI 2.5-3.5%), and high cholesterol (OR = 1.9; 95%CI 1.8-2.2). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one quarter of the adult population living in Brazilian state capitals reported having high blood pressure. Information from Vigitel is useful to monitor high blood pressure and identity its associated factors, supporting public policies for health promotion, surveillance and care.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores associados à hipertensão arterial autorreferida entre adultos nas capitais brasileiras. MÉTODOS: Estudo com os dados do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel) coletados no ano de 2013. Foram estimadas as prevalências e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança 95% por sexo segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, estilos de vida, doenças crônicas relatadas e avaliação do estado de saúde. Modelagem de regressão logística multivariada foi utilizada para identificar as variáveis associadas à hipertensão arterial autorreferida com α < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de hipertensão arterial autorreferida entre os adultos residentes nas capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal foi de 24,1%. Foram identificadas as seguintes associações com hipertensão arterial autorreferida: faixa etária, tomando 18 a 24 anos como referência, todas as faixas etárias apresentaram maior chance - de 25 a 34 anos (RC = 2,6; IC95% 2,0-3,4) até 65 anos ou mais (RC = 28,1; IC95% 21,7-36,4); baixa escolaridade (9 a 11 anos de estudo - RC = 0,8; IC95% 0,7-0,9; e 12 anos ou mais - RC = 0,6; IC95% 0,6-0,7); raça/cor da pele preta (RC = 1,3; IC95% 1,1-1,5); ser ex-fumante (RC = 1,2; IC95% 1,1-1,3); obesidade (RC = 2,7; IC95% 2,4-3,0); diabetes (RC = 2,9; IC95% 2,5-3,5); e colesterol elevado (RC = 1,9; IC95% 1,8-2,2). CONCLUSÕES: Cerca de um quarto da população adulta residente nas capitais brasileiras refere ter hipertensão arterial. As informações do Vigitel são úteis para o monitoramento da hipertensão arterial e identificação de seus fatores associados, subsidiando políticas públicas de promoção, vigilância e atenção à saúde.

Fatores de risco relacionados à carga global de doença do Brasil e Unidades Federadas, 2015 / Risk factors related to the global burden of disease in Brazil and its Federated Units, 2015

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a carga global de doença, quanto aos anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (disability adjusted life years - DALYs) atribuídos a fatores de risco (FRs) selecionados, para Brasil e 27 Unidades Federadas (UFs). Métodos: Foram utilizadas bases de dados do estudo Carga Global de Doença (Global Burden of Disease - GBD) para Brasil e UFs estimando a síntese de exposição de risco (summary exposure value - SEV) para FRs selecionados, incluindo os ambientais, comportamentais, metabólicos e suas combinações. Os DALYs foram usados como métrica principal do estudo. Construiu-se o ranking dos principais FRs entre 1990 e 2015, com comparações por sexo e UF. Resultados: Os FRs analisados explicariam 38,8% da perda de DALYs no país. A dieta inadequada foi a principal causa de DALYs em 2015. Em homens, a dieta inadequada contribuiu com 12,2% dos DALYs, e, em mulheres, com 11,1% deles. Outros FRs importantes foram: pressão arterial sistólica elevada, índice de massa corporal (IMC) elevado, tabagismo, glicose sérica elevada; entre homens, destaca-se o uso de álcool e drogas. Os principais FRs foram metabólicos e comportamentais. Na maioria das UFs, predominou a dieta inadequada, seguida da pressão arterial elevada. Conclusão: A dieta inadequada lidera o ranking de FRs para Brasil e UF. Os homens estão mais expostos aos FRs comportamentais, e as mulheres, aos metabólicos.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the global burden of disease related to disability adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to selected risk factors in Brazil and its 27 Federated Units. Methods: Databases from the Global Burden of Disease study in Brazil and its Federated Units were used, estimating the summary exposure value (SEV) for selected environmental, behavioral, and metabolic risk factors (RFs), and their combinations. The DALYs were used as the main metric. The ranking of major RFs between 1990 and 2015 was compiled, comparing data by sex and states. Results: The analyzed RFs account for 38.8% of the loss of DALYs in the country. Dietary risks was the main cause of DALYs in 2015. In men, dietary risks contributed to 12.2% of DALYs and in women, to 11.1%. Other RFs were high systolic blood pressure, high body mass index, smoking, high fasting plasma glucose and, among men, alcohol and drug use. The main RFs were metabolic and behavioral. In most states, dietary risks was the main RF, followed by high blood pressure. Conclusion: Dietary risks leads the RF ranking for Brazil and its Federated Units. Men are more exposed to behavioral risk factors, and women are more exposed to metabolic ones.

Factors associated with body mass index in Brazilian children: structural equation model

INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity in children is an important global problem. Its prevalence is increasing in developed and developing countries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between socioeconomic conditions, maternal body mass index (BMI), food security, and intake of obesogenic foods on excess body weight in children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted, using the data of 3,676 children from the latest National Demographic and Health Survey in Brazil. The children's BMI was the study outcome. Socioeconomic condition, maternal BMI, food security, and intake of obesogenic foods were use as predictors. structural equation models were used for analysis. RESULTS: Socioeconomic conditions directly influenced the children's BMI (ß = 0.102; p = 0.02), mediated by intake of obesogenic foods (ß = 0.018; p = 0.04). A direct association was observed between maternal and child BMIs (ß = 0.169; p < 0.001) and intake of obesogenic foods and child BMI (ß = 0.114; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Favorable socioeconomic conditions, increased maternal BMI, and intake of obesogenic foods contributed to increased child BMI.

Factors associated with the contraindicated use of oral contraceptives in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of the contraindicated use of oral contraceptives and the associated factors in Brazilian women. METHODS: 20,454 women who answered the VIGITEL survey in 2008 also participated in this study, of which 3,985 reported using oral contraceptives. We defined the following conditions for the contraindicated use of contraceptives: hypertension; cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack, stroke/cerebrovascular accident; diabetes mellitus; being smoker and 35 years old or older. We estimated the prevalence and 95% confidence intervals of contraindicated use in users of oral contraceptives and the factors associated with contraindication by prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: In the total population, 21% (95%CI 19.7-21.9) of women showed some contraindication to the use of oral contraceptives, of which 11.7% (95%CI 10.6-13.7) belonged to the group of users of oral contraceptives. The most frequent contraindication in users of oral contraceptives was hypertension (9.1%). The largest proportion of women with at least one contraindication was aged between 45 and 49 years (45.8%) and with education level between zero and eight years (23.8%). The prevalence of contraindication to oral contraceptives was higher in women less educated (zero to eight years of study) (PR = 2.46; 95%CI 1.57-3.86; p < 0.05) and with age between 35-44 years (PR = 4.00; 95%CI 2.34-6.83) and 45-49 years (PR = 5.59; 95%CI 2.90-10.75). CONCLUSIONS: Age greater than or equal to 35 and low education level were demographic and iniquity factors, respectively, in the contraindicated use of oral contraceptives. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de contraindicação ao uso de anticoncepcionais orais e os fatores associados em mulheres brasileiras. MÉTODOS: Participaram 20.454 mulheres que responderam ao inquérito Vigitel em 2008, das quais 3.985 reportaram uso de contraceptivos orais. Definiu-se como uso contraindicado de anticoncepcionais quando presente pelo menos uma condição: hipertensão; doenças cardiovasculares como infarto, derrame/acidente vascular encefálico; diabetes mellitus; ser tabagista e ter idade igual ou maior de 35 anos. Foram estimadas as prevalências e intervalos de 95% de confiança de uso contraindicado em usuárias de anticoncepcionais orais e fatores associados à contraindicação por meio de razões de prevalência e intervalos de 95% de confiança. RESULTADOS: Na população total, 21,0% (IC95% 19,7-21,9) das mulheres apresentaram alguma contraindicação ao uso de anticoncepcionais orais, das quais 11,7% (IC95% 10,6-13,7) pertenciam ao grupo de usuárias de anticoncepcionais orais. A contraindicação mais freqüente entre as usuárias de anticoncepcionais orais foi hipertensão (9,1%). A maior proporção de mulheres com pelo menos uma contraindicação tinha entre 45 a 49 anos (45,8%) e escolaridade entre zero e oito (23,8%). A prevalência de contraindicação de anticoncepcionais orais foi maior nas mulheres menos escolarizadas (zero a oito anos de estudos) (RP = 2,46; IC95% 1,57-3,86; p < 0,05) e idade entre 35-44 anos (RP = 4,00; IC95% 2,34-6,83) e 45-49 anos (RP = 5,59; IC95% 2,90-10,75). CONCLUSÕES: Idade maior ou igual a 35 e escolaridade baixa foram fatores demográficos e de iniquidade, respectivamente, no uso contraindicado de contraceptivos orais.