Epidemiological analysis reveals a surge in inflammatory bowel disease among children and adolescents: A global, regional, and national perspective from 1990 to 2019 - insights from the China study.

Background: The burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among children and adolescents is rising globally, with substantial variation in levels and trends of disease in different countries and regions, while data on the burden and trends were sparse in children and adolescents. We aimed to assess the trends and geographical differences in children and adolescents aged zero to 19 in 204 countries and territories over the past 30 years. Methods: Data on IBD among children and adolescents was collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database from 1990 to 2019. We used the GBD data and methodologies to describe the change in the burden of IBD among children and adolescents involving prevalence, incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality. Results: Globally, the IBD prevalence cases increased between 1990 and 2019. Annual percentage changes (AAPC) = 0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.11-0.19, and incidence cases of IBD increased from 20 897.4 (95% CI = 17 008.6-25 520.2 in 1990 to 25 658.6 (95% CI = 21 268.5-31 075.6) in 2019, representing a 22.78% increase, DALYs cases decreased between 1990 and 2019 (AAPC = -3.02; 95% CI = -3.15 to -2.89), and mortality cases of IBD decreased from 2756.5 (95% CI = 1162.6-4484.9) in 1990 to 1208.0 (95% CI = 802.4-1651.4) in 2019, representing a 56.17% decrease. Decomposition analysis showed that IBD prevalence and incidence increased significantly, and a trend exhibited a decrease in underlying age and population-adjusted IBD DALYs and mortality rates. Correlation analysis showed that countries with high health care quality and access (HAQ) had relatively higher IBD age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR) and age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), but lower age-standardised DALYs rate (ASDR) and age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR). Conclusions: Global prevalence and incidence rate of IBD among children and adolescents have been increasing from 1990 to 2019, while the DALYs and mortality have been decreasing. Rising prevalence and rising incidence in areas with historically low rates will have crucial health and economic implications.

[Comparison and health risk assessment of mineral elements in stems and leaves of Dendrobium officinale cultivated with conventional method and mycorrhizal fungi].

This study aims to analyze the variation of the content of mineral elements in stems and leaves of Dendrobium officinale cultivated with conventional method and mycorrhizal fungi, which is expected to lay a basis for safety of stems and leaves of D. officinale. A total of 7 samples from Jiangsu, Fujian, Shanghai, and Zhejiang were collected, which were then cultivated with conventional method and mycorrhizal fungi, separately. The content of 17 mineral elements in stems and leaves was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), and the content changes of the mineral elements were analyzed. The health risks of Pb, Cd, Hg, and As in stems were assessed by target hazard quotient(THQ). The results showed that the content of polluting elements in stems and leaves of D. officinale was low, and the content in the plants cultivated with mycorrhizal fungi was reduced. The content of K, Ca, Mg, and P was high in stems and leaves of the species, suggesting that cultivation with mycorrhizal fungi improved the content of other elements irregularly. According to the THQ, the safety risk of stems of D. officinale cultivated with either conventional method or mycorrhizal fungi was low, particularly the D. officinale cultivated mycorrhizal fungi. The results indicated that cultivation with mycorrhizal fungi influenced the element content in stems and leaves of D. officinale. It is necessary to study the culture substrate, processing technology, and the mechanism of the increase or decrease in mineral elements of D. officinale in the future.

Analysis and Risk Assessment of Seven Toxic Element Residues in Raw Bovine Milk in China.

The object of this study is to analyze the levels of seven toxic elements residues in raw bovine milk in China and assess the potential health risk of those residues. The 178 raw bovine milk samples were collected from eight main milk-producing provinces and from three types of milk stations in China, and were analyzed for arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), aluminum (Al), and nickel (Ni) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Al, Pb, Hg, Ni, Cr, and As were detected in 47.8, 29.2, 28.1, 23.6, 12.4, and 9.0% of total milk samples, respectively, and Cd were not detected in all samples. The raw bovine milk samples with high levels of toxic elements were found in industrial areas, such as Heilongjiang and Shanxi. Nemerow pollution index analysis showed that the levels were lower in the samples from the processing plants than that from the large-scale farms and small farm cooperatives. The margin of exposure (MOE) values suggest that the levels of As, Pb, Hg, Cr, Al, and Ni in the raw milk samples are not causing a health risk for Chinese consumers, including adults and children. Nevertheless, the risk of Pb for infant and young children was more serious than adult.