Trends in the Exposure, Distribution, and Health Risk Assessment of Perchlorate among Crayfish in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.

Perchlorate is a well-known thyroid-disrupting chemical as well as an extremely stable inorganic pollutant widely distributed in the environment. Therefore, perchlorate posts potential risks to the environment as well as human health. Crayfish is a dominant aquatic food with increasing consumption levels in recent years. It is crucial to evaluate the accumulation of perchlorate with well-water-soluble properties in crayfish and to assess its health risks. In our present study, we obtained crayfish samples from cultivated ponds and markets based on the regions of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River. The perchlorate concentration was measured in all 206 samples using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Monte Carlo simulation was used to perform health risk assessments. The results indicated that perchlorate levels ranged from 7.74-43.71 µg/kg for cultivated crayfish and 4.90-16.73 µg/kg for crayfish sold in markets. The perchlorate accumulation mainly occurred in exoskeleton parts. All the HQ values were remarkable, at less than one-indicating that perchlorate exposure through the ingestion of crayfish does not pose an appreciable risk to human health.

Collaborative elicitation process for sustainable manufacturing: A novel evolution model of green technology innovation path selection of manufacturing enterprises under environmental regulation.

Due to promote manufacturing enterprises to carry out green technology innovation practice smoothly, achieve the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction, and win green competitive advantage, this paper first divides the green technology innovation path into two types, namely internal independent R&D of green technology (IIGT) and external green technology introduction (EGTI), and analyzes the operation mechanism of these two types of paths. Secondly, a two-agent game model of different types of environmental regulation tools on the choice of green technology innovation path of manufacturing enterprises is constructed. To be sure, the manufacturing enterprises include the leader enterprise A and the follower enterprise B. It is assumed that the two groups of manufacturing enterprises produce the same products or provide the same services in the natural state without considering other influencing factors. Finally, stability analysis and numerical simulation are employed to compare and analyze the heterogeneous effects of different environmental regulation tools on the path selection of green technology innovation in manufacturing enterprises.The simulation shows that when the government adopts or does not adopt environmental regulation means, the system, leader enterprise A and follower enterprise B will eventually choose the path of IIGT or EGTI respectively after a long-term evolution process. However, the effects of subsidy for green technology innovation and carbon tax rate on the path selection of green technology innovation are different among the three parties. Specifically, when the government adopts the means of subsidy for green technology innovation, the leader enterprise A will actively choose the the path of IIGT earlier than the follower enterprise B. On the contrary, when the government adopts the means of carbon tax, the leader enterprise A will actively choose the the path of IIGT later than the follower enterprise B. The research of this paper is helpful to explore the green and sustainable development mode of China's manufacturing industry under the dual constraints of environment and resources, and provides decision support for the relevant national departments to make relevant policies.

Inhalation bioaccessibility, health risk assessment, and source appointment of ambient PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Caofeidian, China.

The inhalation bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is significant for accurately assessing the health risks posed by PM2.5-bound PAHs. In this study, 96 PM2.5 samples from Caofeidian, China, were investigated for PM2.5-bound PAH source appointment and bioaccessibility assessment during four seasons. PAH18 potential sources were identified by positive matrix factorization. The inhalation bioaccessibility of PAH18 was investigated by simulated epithelial lung fluid extraction. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model was subsequently used to evaluate the carcinogenic risk posed by PM2.5-bound PAHs in children, teenagers, and adults. Four potential sources of PM2.5-bound PAH18 were identified: industry emissions (44%), petroleum volatilization (30%), vehicle emissions (15%), and coal combustion (11%). The average inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs ranged from 17.8% (dibenzo [a,h] anthracene) to 67.9% (fluorene). The ILCR values for children and teenagers were lower than the acceptable levels (10-6) in the four seasons considering inhalation bioaccessibility. However, the ILCR value of adults was higher than the threshold in winter (1.26 × 10-6). Source identification suggested that reducing industrial pollution was the primary measure for controlling PM2.5-bound PAHs in Caofeidian. Additionally, the inhalation bioaccessibility of PM2.5-bound PAHs was evaluated to precisely estimate the health risks caused by PAHs.

Toxic metals in outdoor/indoor airborne PM2.5 in port city of Northern, China: Characteristics, sources, and personal exposure risk assessment.

Outdoor and indoor PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected over four seasons (2017-2018) in Caofeidian, China, and analyzed for 15 elements to investigate the characteristics, sources, and health risks of PM2.5-bound metals. Source-specific PM2.5-bound metals were analyzed using positive matrix factorization, combined with the conditional probability function and potential source contribution function model. The health risks were evaluated using the health risk assessment model, which included the exposure parameters of indoor and outdoor activities of Chinese residents. The annual median of PM2.5 concentrations (89.68 µg/m3) and total metals (2.67 µg/m3) from the outdoor samples significantly surpassed that of the indoor samples (51.56 µg/m3) and total metals (1.51 µg/m3) (P < 0.05). In addition, the indoor/outdoor concentration ratios indicated that most indoor metals mainly originated from outdoor emission sources. In the annual analysis of PM2.5-bound metal sources, this study identified five metal sources: coal combustion, resuspended dust, traffic emissions, fuel combustion sources, and industrial sources, among which industry sources (36.6%) contributed the most. The non-carcinogenic risks of metals for adults (2.81) and children (2.80) all exceed the acceptable non-carcinogenic risk level (1). The non-carcinogenic risk of Mn (1.46 for children, 1.48 for adults) was a key factor in the total non-carcinogenic risk. The total carcinogenic risk of metals for children (3.75 × 10-5) was above the acceptable level (1.0 × 10-6) but within the tolerant limit (1.0 × 10-4), and that for adults (1.48 × 10-4) was above the tolerant limit. The lifetime carcinogenic risk of Cr6+ had the highest proportion of the total carcinogenic risk for children (87.5%) and adults (87.8%). Our results revealed that both adults and children suffered carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from the PM2.5-bound metals in Caofeidian. The corresponding emission control measures of metals in atmosphere should be considered.

Source Identification and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Enriched PM2.5 in Tangshan, China.

Tangshan city in Hebei Province is one of the most heavily polluted cities in China, with substantial industrial emissions. The development of effective air pollution emission reduction policies requires knowledge of the sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-enriched fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ). We investigated the seasonal variation and source apportionment of 16 priority PAH-enriched PM2.5 samples in Tangshan during 2014 and 2015, and we assessed the health risks associated with inhalation exposure to PAHs. The PM2.5 samples were collected from April 2014 to February 2015. We analyzed the concentrations of PM2.5 and PAH-enriched PM2.5 , and used principal component analysis and molecular diagnostic ratios to identify potential sources. We explored the relationship between distribution and meteorological conditions, and used an incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model to quantitatively evaluate exposure from the inhalation risk of PAHs. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 196 µg/m3 , with a range 34.0 to 586 µg/m3 . The median ∑16 PAH values in PM2.5 were 190 ng/m3 , with a range of 60.2 to 862 ng/m3 over the sampling period. The order of ∑16 PAHs concentration was winter > autumn > summer > spring. The results show that the primary sources of PAH-enriched PM2.5 are coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, and biomass burning. The annual mean of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was 8.37 ng/m3 , more than 8-fold greater than the BaP annual standard (1 ng/m3 ) set by the Chinese State Environmental Protection Agency. The ILCR values for 3 groups (children, teenagers, and adults) over the 4 seasons were between 10-6 and 10-4 , indicating a potential health risk from PAHs in Tangshan. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:458-467. © 2019 SETAC.

Rapid monitoring of plant growth regulators in bean sprouts via automated on-line polymeric monolith solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

An automated on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) following liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was established for the fast determination of plant growth regulator residues in soybean sprout and mung bean sprout. The crude extracted specimens were directly purified on a poly (2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic column which was well-defined as the on-line SPE adsorbent. Under the optimized conditions, the developed method gave the linear range of 0.3-50 ng/mL for gibberellin and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.2-50 ng/mL for 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 0.5-50 ng/mL for 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (r ≥ 0.998). The detection limits (S/N = 3) ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 µg/kg and the recoveries for spiked soybean sprout samples were in the range of 75.0-93.3%. Besides, the total time for one analysis was 16 min. The reusability of the monolith was up to 600 extractions. The proposed process facilitated fully automated SPE and accurate determination in one step with rapidity, simplicity, and reliability. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

[Cost-effectiveness analysis on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multi-point daily insulin injections in the treatment program of type 2 diabetes].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the cost-effectiveness of using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CS II) and multi-point daily insulin injections (MDI) in controlling blood sugar in the newly hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS: Retrospective analysis on 86 cases taking CS II and 103 cases using MDI on a 'blood sugar control program' among the newly hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. The period for observation was 2 weeks, using cost-effectiveness analysis methods to evaluate the two treatment programs. RESULTS: After two weeks of treatment, the effectiveness in the control of blood sugar in CS II group was similar to the MDI group, with no significant difference (P<0.05) and the adverse reactions were similar. Costs in the CS II program (Yuan/person) was less than in the MDI program (1478.34 vs. 1620.46), with significant differences (P< 0.05). The cost-effectiveness ratios (C/E) were 15.07 in the CS II group, and 16.34 in the MDI group, with no significant difference (P>0.05). In order to further reduce the cost of CS II group as a reference, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (DeltaC/DeltaE) of the MDI group was 129.20. CONCLUSION: Costs-effective of the CS II program was better than the MDI one in treating the newly hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that CS II program might be a better choice for hospitals to carry on an intensive insulin therapy program.