RESUMO
Importance: Recent studies have shown that Friedewald underestimates low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at lower levels, which could result in undertreatment of high-risk patients. A novel method (Martin/Hopkins) using a patient-specific conversion factor provides more accurate LDL-C levels. However, this method has not been tested in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor-treated patients. Objective: To investigate accuracy of 2 different methods for estimating LDL-C levels (Martin/Hopkins and Friedewald) compared with gold standard preparative ultracentrifugation (PUC) in patients with low LDL-C levels in the Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Patients With Elevated Risk (FOURIER) trial. Design, Setting, and Participants: The FOURIER trial was a randomized clinical trial of evolocumab vs placebo added to statin therapy in 27â¯564 patients with stable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The patients' LDL-C levels were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and every 24 weeks thereafter, and measured directly by PUC when the level was less than 40 mg/dL per the Friedewald method (calculated as non-HDL-C level - triglycerides/5). In the Martin/Hopkins method, patient-specific ratios of triglycerides to very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) ratios were determined and used to estimate VLDL-C, which was subtracted from the non-HDL-C level to obtain the LDL-C level. Main Outcomes and Measures: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol calculated by the Friedewald and Martin/Hopkins methods, with PUC as the reference method. Results: For this analysis, the mean (SD) age was 62.7 (9.0) years; 2885 of the 12 742 patients were women (22.6%). A total of 56â¯624 observations from 12â¯742 patients had Friedewald, Martin/Hopkins, and PUC LDL-C measurements. The median difference from PUC LDL-C levels for Martin/Hopkins LDL-C levels was -2 mg/dL (interquartile range [IQR], -4 to 1 mg/dL) and for Friedewald LDL-C levels was -4 mg/dL (IQR, -8 to -1 mg/dL; P < .001). Overall, 22.9% of Martin/Hopkins LDL-C values were more than 5 mg/dL different than PUC values, and 2.6% were more than 10 mg/dL different than PUC levels. These were significantly less than respective proportions with Friedewald estimation (40.1% and 13.3%; P < .001), mainly because of underestimation by the Friedewald method. The correlation with PUC LDL-C was significantly higher for Martin/Hopkins vs Friedewald (ρ, 0.918 [95% CI 0.916-0.919] vs ρ, 0.867 [0.865-0.869], P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In patients achieving low LDL-C with PCSK9 inhibition, the Martin/Hopkins method for LDL-C estimation more closely approximates gold standard PUC than Friedewald estimation does. The Martin/Hopkins method may prevent undertreatment because of LDL-C underestimation by the Friedewald method. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01764633.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/análise , Hiperlipidemias/sangue , Estatística como Assunto/métodos , Ultracentrifugação/métodos , Idoso , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Anticolesterolemiantes/uso terapêutico , Aterosclerose/tratamento farmacológico , HDL-Colesterol/análise , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , VLDL-Colesterol/análise , VLDL-Colesterol/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperlipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Medição de Risco , Triglicerídeos/análise , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
PURPOSE: The need for novel approaches to cardiovascular drug development served as the impetus to convene an open meeting of experts from the pharmaceutical industry and academia to assess the challenges and develop solutions for drug discovery in cardiovascular disease. METHODS: The Novel Cardiovascular Therapeutics Summit first reviewed recent examples of ongoing or recently completed programs translating basic science observations to targeted drug development, highlighting successes (protein convertase sutilisin/kexin type 9 [PCSK9] and neprilysin inhibition) and targets still under evaluation (cholesteryl ester transfer protein [CETP] inhibition), with the hope of gleaning key lessons to successful drug development in the current era. Participants then reviewed the use of innovative approaches being explored to facilitate rapid and more cost-efficient evaluations of drug candidates in a short timeframe. RESULTS: We summarize observations gleaned from this summit and offer insight into future cardiovascular drug development. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid development in genetic and high-throughput drug evaluation technologies, coupled with new approaches to rapidly evaluate potential cardiovascular therapies with in vitro techniques, offer opportunities to identify new drug targets for cardiovascular disease, study new therapies with better efficiency and higher throughput in the preclinical setting, and more rapidly bring the most promising therapies to human testing. However, there must be a critical interface between industry and academia to guide the future of cardiovascular drug development. The shared interest among academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies in developing promising therapies to address unmet clinical needs for patients with cardiovascular disease underlies and guides innovation and discovery platforms that are significantly altering the landscape of cardiovascular drug development.
Assuntos
Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Desenho de Fármacos , Animais , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/farmacologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Indústria Farmacêutica , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Statin-mediated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering fails to prevent more than half of cardiovascular events in clinical trials. Serial plaque imaging studies have highlighted the benefits of aggressive LDL-C lowering, with plaque regression evident in up to two-thirds of patients with achieved LDL-C levels <70 mg/dL. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors permit LDL-C-lowering by a further 54% to 75% in statin-treated patients. The impact of achieving very low LDL-C levels with PCSK9 inhibitors on coronary atherosclerosis has not been investigated. AIMS: To test the hypothesis that incremental LDL-C lowering with the PCSK9 inhibitor, evolocumab, will result in a significantly greater change from baseline in coronary atheroma volume than placebo in subjects receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy. METHODS: A phase 3, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the impact of evolocumab on coronary atheroma volume as assessed by serial coronary intravascular ultrasound at baseline in patients undergoing a clinically indicated coronary angiogram with angiographic evidence of coronary atheroma, and after 78 weeks of treatment. Subjects (n = 968) were randomized 1:1 into 2 groups to receive monthly either evolocumab 420 mg or placebo subcutaneous injections. CONCLUSIONS: The GLAGOV trial will explore whether greater degrees of plaque regression are achievable with ultrahigh-intensity LDL-C lowering after combination statin-PCSK9 inhibitor therapy. GLAGOV will provide important mechanistic, safety, and efficacy data prior to the eagerly anticipated clinical outcomes trials testing the PCSK9 inhibitor hypothesis (www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01813422).
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Placa Aterosclerótica , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9 , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção/métodos , Idoso , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Anticolesterolemiantes/administração & dosagem , Angiografia Coronária/métodos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/tratamento farmacológico , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Progressão da Doença , Método Duplo-Cego , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inibidores de PCSK9 , Placa Aterosclerótica/diagnóstico por imagem , Placa Aterosclerótica/tratamento farmacológico , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9/imunologiaRESUMO
Despite the global burden of cardiovascular disease, investment in cardiovascular drug development has stagnated over the past 2 decades, with relative underinvestment compared with other therapeutic areas. The reasons for this trend are multifactorial, but of primary concern is the high cost of conducting cardiovascular outcome trials in the current regulatory environment that demands a direct assessment of risks and benefits, using clinically-evident cardiovascular endpoints. To work toward consensus on improving the environment for cardiovascular drug development, stakeholders from academia, industry, regulatory bodies, and government agencies convened for a think tank meeting in July 2014 in Washington, DC. This paper summarizes the proceedings of the meeting and aims to delineate the current adverse trends in cardiovascular drug development, understand the key issues that underlie these trends within the context of a recognized need for a rigorous regulatory review process, and provide potential solutions to the problems identified.
Assuntos
Fármacos Cardiovasculares/farmacologia , Descoberta de Drogas , Pesquisa Biomédica/economia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/economia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/legislação & jurisprudência , Congressos como Assunto , Aprovação de Drogas , Indústria Farmacêutica , Governo Federal , Regulamentação Governamental , Humanos , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug AdministrationRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study sought to define the ability of AMG 145, a monoclonal antibody directed against proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9), to enable subjects at high risk for major adverse cardiovascular events to achieve National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) parameters for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and other lipid goals. BACKGROUND: Many patients at high risk for adverse cardiovascular events are unable to achieve the NCEP-ATP III LDL-C goal of <70 mg/dl, even with high-potency statin therapy. METHODS: In 282 subjects from the LAPLACE-TIMI 57 (LDL-C Assessment with PCSK9 monoclonaL Antibody Inhibition Combined With Statin thErapy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 57) trial at high risk according to NCEP-ATP III criteria, we compared the proportion of subjects achieving the NCEP-ATP III recommended LDL-C goal of <70 mg/dl across treatment arms. Other outcomes included the triple goals of LDL-C <70 mg/dl, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) <100 mg/dl, and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) <80 mg/dl. RESULTS: During the dosing interval, more than 90% of subjects in both of the top dose groups every 2 weeks and every 4 weeks attained this lipid target over the dosing interval, with similar success rates for the triple lipid goal. CONCLUSIONS: PCSK9 inhibition with AMG 145 enables high-risk patients to achieve established lipid goals. If this therapy demonstrates efficacy for reducing cardiovascular events with a favorable safety profile in ongoing phase 3 trials, we believe it will have major public health implications.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/administração & dosagem , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Pró-Proteína Convertases/antagonistas & inibidores , Terapia Trombolítica/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Esquema de Medicação , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Hipercolesterolemia/complicações , Hipercolesterolemia/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/sangue , Infarto do Miocárdio/complicações , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9 , Pró-Proteína Convertases/imunologia , Serina Endopeptidases/imunologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Currently, there are few available therapies to lower Lp(a). We sought to evaluate the impact of AMG145, a monoclonal antibody against proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9), on Lp(a). METHODS AND RESULTS: As part of the LDL-C Assessment With PCSK9 Monoclonal Antibody Inhibition Combined With Statin Therapy (LAPLACE)-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 57 trial, 631 patients with hypercholesterolemia receiving statin therapy were randomized to receive AMG145 at 1 of 3 different doses every 2 weeks or 1 of 3 different doses every 4 weeks versus placebo. Lp(a) and other lipid parameters were measured at baseline and at week 12. Compared with placebo, AMG145 70 mg, 105 mg, and 140 mg every 2 weeks reduced Lp(a) at 12 weeks by 18%, 32%, and 32%, respectively (P<0.001 for each dose versus placebo). Likewise, AMG145 280 mg, 350 mg, and 420 mg every 4 weeks reduced Lp(a) by 18%, 23%, and 23%, respectively (P<0.001 for each dose versus placebo). The reduction in Lp(a) correlated with the reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ρ=0.33, P<0.001). The effect of AMG145 on Lp(a) was consistent regardless of age, sex, race, history of diabetes mellitus, and background statin regimen. Patients with higher levels of Lp(a) at baseline had larger absolute reductions but comparatively smaller percent reductions in Lp(a) with AMG145 compared with those with lower baseline Lp(a) values. CONCLUSIONS: AMG145 significantly reduces Lp(a), by up to 32%, among subjects with hypercholesterolemia receiving statin therapy, offering an additional, complementary benefit beyond robust low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction with regard to a patient's atherogenic lipid profile.