2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: A third update of the energy costs of human activities.

BACKGROUND: The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity (PA) across studies. The original version was updated in 2000, and again in 2011, and has been widely used to support PA research, practice, and public health guidelines. METHODS: This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by removing data from those ≥60 years. Using a systematic review and supplementary searches, we identified new activities and their associated measured metabolic equivalent (MET) values (using indirect calorimetry) published since 2011. We replaced estimated METs with measured values when possible. RESULTS: We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from 701 papers. We added 303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing MET values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and removal of METs for older adults. We added a Major Heading (Video Games). The 2024 Adult Compendium includes 1114 PAs (912 with measured and 202 with estimated values) across 22 Major Headings. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive update and refinement led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Compendium, which has utility across research, public health, education, and healthcare domains, as well as in the development of consumer health technologies. The new website with the complete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://pacompendium.com.

Older Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: Energy costs of human activities in adults aged 60 and older.

PURPOSE: To describe the development of a Compendium for estimating the energy costs of activities in adults ≥60 years (OA Compendium). METHODS: Physical activities (PAs) and their metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values were obtained from a systematic search of studies published in 4 sport and exercise databases (PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost), and Scopus) and a review of articles included in the 2011 Adult Compendium that measured PA in older adults. MET values were computed as the oxygen cost (VO2, mL/kg/min) during PA divided by 2.7 mL/kg/min (MET60+) to account for the lower resting metabolic rate in older adults. RESULTS: We identified 68 articles and extracted energy expenditure data on 427 PAs. From these, we derived 99 unique Specific Activity codes with corresponding MET60+ values for older adults. We developed a website to present the OA Compendium MET60+ values: https://pacompendium.com. CONCLUSION: The OA Compendium uses data collected from adults ≥60 years for more accurate estimation of the energy cost of PAs in older adults. It is an accessible resource that will allow researchers, educators, and practitioners to find MET60+ values for older adults for use in PA research and practice.

2024 Wheelchair Compendium of Physical Activities: An update of activity codes and energy expenditure values.

PURPOSE: This paper presents an update of the 2011 Wheelchair Compendium of Physical Activities designed for wheelchair users and is referred to as the 2024 Wheelchair Compendium. The Wheelchair Compendium aims to curate existing knowledge of the energy expenditure for wheelchair physical activities (PAs). METHODS: A systematic review of the published energy expenditure of PA for wheelchair users was completed between 2011 and May 2023. We added these data to the 2011 Wheelchair Compendium data that was compiled previously in a systematic review through 2011. RESULTS: A total of 47 studies were included, and 124 different wheelchair PA reported energy expenditure values ranging from 0.8 metabolic equivalents for wheelchair users (filing papers, light effort) to 11.8 metabolic equivalents for wheelchair users (Nordic sit skiing). CONCLUSION: In introducing the updated 2024 Wheelchair Compendium, we hope to bridge the resource gap and challenge the prevailing narratives that inadvertently exclude wheelchair users from physical fitness and health PAs.

Go NAPSACC On-Demand Trainings for Early Care and Education Providers: Development and Dissemination.

Twenty-two on-demand nutrition training sessions were developed for Early Care and Education providers and disseminated in 21 states using the Go Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (Go NAPSACC) platform. The training was developed using the DESIGN (decide target behavior, explore determinants, select theory-based model, indicate objectives, generate education plans, and nail down the evaluation) procedure framework, adult learning principles, and behavior change techniques purposively disseminated. More than 96% of the nearly 3,000 providers who completed training in year 1 reported anticipated application of what they learned. On-demand training integrated into existing systems can potentially increase training access for hard-to-reach groups. Strategic promotion may be needed to encourage engagement of non-Child and Adult Care Food Program participating programs and completion of targeted modules.

Physical Activity and Total Daily Energy Expenditure in Older US Adults: Constrained versus Additive Models.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the shape of the relationship between physical activity (PA) and total energy expenditure (TEE) and to explore the role of energy balance status (negative, stable, positive) in influencing this association. METHODS: Cross-sectional. Participants were 584 older adults (50-74 yr) participating in the Interactive Diet and Activity Tracking in AARP study. TEE was assessed by doubly labeled water and PA by accelerometer. The relationship between PA and TEE was assessed visually and using nonlinear methods (restricted cubic splines). Percent weight change (>3%) over a 6-month period was used as a proxy measurement of energy balance status. RESULTS: TEE generally increased with increasing deciles of PA averaging 2354 (SD, 351) kcal·d-1 in the bottom decile to 2693 (SD, 480) kcal·d-1 in the top decile. Cubic spline models showed an approximate linear association between PA and TEE (linear relation, P < 0.0001; curvature, P = 0.920). Results were similar in subgroup analyses for individuals classified as stable or positive energy balance. For those in negative energy balance, TEE was generally flat with increasing deciles of PA averaging 2428 (SD, 285) kcal·d-1 in the bottom decile to 2372 (SD, 560) kcal·d-1 in the top decile. CONCLUSIONS: Energy balance status seems to play an important role in the relationship between PA and TEE. When in a positive energy balance, the relationship between TEE and PA was consistent with an additive model; however, when energy balance was negative, TEE seems to be consistent with a constrained model. These findings support PA for weight gain prevention by increasing TEE; however, the effect of PA on TEE during periods of weight loss may be limited. An adequately powered, prospective study is warranted to confirm these exploratory findings.

Energy Expenditure and Intensity of Group-Based High-Intensity Functional Training: A Brief Report.

Background: High-intensity functional training (HIFT) may offer an attractive, time-efficient alternative to traditional aerobic exercise. However, limited information is available in the literature regarding HIFT meeting exercise guidelines for energy expenditure (improve health outcomes: ≥1000 kcal/wk; weight management: ≥2000 kcal/wk) and level of intensity (moderate: 3-6 metabolic equivalents [METs], vigorous: ≥6 METs) elicited by this approach. Thus, the primary aim was to objectively measure energy expenditure and intensity of HIFT sessions. Methods: \Energy expenditure was assessed in 20 adults (18-50 y, 50% females). The HIFT session format included the following segments: warm-up (∼5 min), exercise (∼35 min), and cooldown (∼5 min). Participant oxygen consumption (COSMED, L/min and mL/kg/min), heart rate (Polar RS400), and physical activity (ActiGraph GT3X+) were collected in 15-second intervals. Average kcal per minute, METs, total kcal per session, and percent maximum heart rate (HRmax) were calculated. Results: METs ranged from 5.5 to 11.6 for the complete session (including warm-up and cooldown). Participant's HRmax was ∼80% (range: 69%-100%). Average energy expenditure was ∼485 kcal per session (∼1400 kcal/wk). The vigorous-intensity exercise portion (∼35 min) contributed to 80% of total energy expenditure. Conclusions: HIFT has the potential to meet the recommendations for exercise to improve health outcomes.

The influence of physical characteristics on the resting energy expenditure of youth: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the literature on resting energy expenditure (REE) of youth and determine the influence of age, sex, BMI, and body composition on REE. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, BIOSIS Previews, NTIS, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Pascal databases for studies with data on resting metabolic rate, REE, resting oxygen uptake (or VO2 ) in healthy children, youth, or adolescents (age = 1-18 years). Over 200 publications were identified; sixty-one publications met criteria and were included in the meta-analyses, resulting in 142 study population estimates (totaling 5,397 youth) of REE. RESULTS: Pooled mean was 1414 kcal·day-1 with a significant and moderate-to-high between-study heterogeneity [Q(140) = 7912.42, P < 0.001; I2 = 98.97%]. A significantly greater (P < 0.001) pooled mean kcal·day-1 was estimated for studies with male participants (1519 kcal·day-1 ) comparing to studies with female participants (1338 kcal·day-1 ). Age, height, and body mass resulted in the highest R2 of 86.4 for males and 83.9% for females. Fat free mass and body mass index (BMI) did not improve total R2 . CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that using a linear equation including age, height, and body mass to estimate REE based on kcal·day-1 is more accurate than estimates based on body mass kcal·kg-1 ·h-1 . Further, if kcal·kg-1 ·h-1 is used, including a quadratic component for the physical characteristics improves the predictive ability of the equation. Regardless of the metric, separate equations should be used for each sex.

Energy Expenditure and Intensity of Classroom Physical Activity in Elementary School Children.

BACKGROUND: There is limited data regarding objectively measured energy cost and intensity of classroom instruction. Therefore, the purpose of current study was to objectively measure energy cost and subsequently calculate MET values using a portable indirect calorimeter (IC) for both normal classroom instruction (NCI) and active classroom instruction (ACI). METHODS: We assessed energy expenditure (EE) and intensity levels (METs) in elementary school children (17 boys and 15 girls) using an IC (COSMED K4b2). Independent t-tests were used to evaluate potential sex and grade level differences for age, BMI, VO2, EE, and METs. RESULTS: The average EE for NCI and ACI were 1.8 ± 0.4 and 3.9 ± 1.0, respectively. The average intensity level for NCI and ACI were 1.9 ± 0.4 and 4.2 ± 0.9 METs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PA delivered through ACI can elicit EE at a moderate intensity level. These results provide evidence for ACI as a convenient/feasible avenue for increasing PA in youth without decreasing instruction time.

Predicting resting energy expenditure in young adults.

PURPOSE: To develop and validate a REE prediction equation for young adults. METHODS: Baseline data from two studies were pooled (N=318; women=52%) and randomly divided into development (n=159) and validation samples (n=159). REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. Stepwise regression was used to develop an equation to predict REE (University of Kansas (KU) equation). The KU equation and 5 additional REE prediction equations used in clinical practice (Mifflin-St. Jeor, Harris-Benedict, Owens, Frankenfield (2 equations)) were evaluated in the validation sample. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between predicted and measured REE using the KU equation for either men or women. The Mifflin-St. Jeor equation showed a non-significant mean bias in men; however, mean bias was statistically significant in women. The Harris-Benedict equation significantly over-predicted REE in both men and women. The Owens equation showed a significant mean bias in both men and women. Frankenfield equations #1 and #2 both significantly over-predicted REE in non-obese men and women. We found no significant differences between measured REE and REE predicted by the Frankenfield #2 equations in obese men and women. CONCLUSION: The KU equation, which uses easily assessed characteristics (age, sex, weight) may offer better estimates of REE in young adults compared with the 5 other equations. The KU equation demonstrated adequate prediction accuracy, with approximately equal rates of over and under-prediction. However, enthusiasm for recommending any REE prediction equations evaluated for use in clinical weight management is damped by the highly variable individual prediction error evident with all these equations.

Breakfast Intake and Composition Is Associated with Superior Academic Achievement in Elementary Schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breakfast consumption or content affects academic achievement measured by standardized tests. METHODS: Baseline data were collected in fall of 2011 from 698 students (50.5% female, age = 7.5 ± 0.6 years) living in the state of Kansas. Academic achievement was assessed using 3 components from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III). Prior to taking the WIAT-III, participants completed a breakfast recall of all foods and drinks consumed that morning, which was analyzed using Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R). WIAT-III scores were compared between breakfast and non-breakfast consumers in a sample (n = 162) matched for age, sex, race, education level of both parents, household income, body mass index (BMI), and cardiovascular fitness, and Pearson correlations were calculated from all breakfast eaters (n = 617) between test performance and components of the breakfast. RESULTS: When compared to non-breakfast consumers, the breakfast consumers had significantly higher scores in all 3 WIAT-III components (all p < 0.05). In breakfast consumers, servings of fruit juice were negatively correlated with reading comprehension and fluency standard score and mathematics standard score (both p < 0.0001), and greater servings of whole grains were significantly related to higher scores in reading comprehension and fluency and mathematics (both p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both breakfast consumption and the content may be associated with improved standardized test performance in elementary school students.

Nonexercise energy expenditure and physical activity in the Midwest Exercise Trial 2.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine compensatory changes in nonexercise energy expenditure (NEEx) and nonexercise physical activity (NEPA) in response to an aerobic exercise training program. METHODS: Ninety-two overweight/obese (body mass index, 25-39.9 kg·m) sedentary young adults (18-30 yr) completed a 10-month randomized clinical efficacy trial of aerobic exercise 5 d·wk at either 400 kcal per session (n = 37), 600 kcal per session (n = 37), or control (n = 18). Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were measured at months 0 and 10. NEPA was measured by an accelerometer at months 0, 3.5, 7, and 10. NEEx was calculated by the following formula: [(total daily energy expenditure × 0.9) - RMR] - net EEEx (EEEx-RMR). Mixed modeling was used to examine differences between groups (group effect), within groups (time effect), and group-time interaction for NEEx and NEPA. RESULTS: Within the exercise groups, there were no significant effects (all P > 0.05) of group, time, or group-time interaction for NEPA. In addition, there were no significant within- or between-group differences for change in NEEx. However, activity counts per minute were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the 600-kcal-per-session group (346 ± 141 min·d) versus controls (290 ± 106 min·d) at month 7 and significantly higher (P < 0.001) in both the 600-kcal-per-session (345 ± 163 min·d) and 400-kcal-per-session groups (317 ± 146 min·d) versus controls (277 ± 116 min·d) at 10 months. CONCLUSIONS: A 10-month aerobic exercise training program in previously sedentary, overweight and obese young adults was not associated with compensatory decreases in NEEx or NEPA. Results suggest that overweight and obese individuals do not become less physically active or spend more time in sedentary pursuits in response to exercise.