Gender identity and sexual attraction among Canadian youth: findings from the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth. / Identité de genre et attirance sexuelle chez les jeunes Canadiens : résultats de l'Enquête canadienne sur la santé des enfants et des jeunes de 2019.

Gender identity and sexual attraction are important determinants of health. This study reports distributions of gender identity and sexual attraction among Canadian youth using data from the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth. Among youth aged 12 to 17, 0.2% are nonbinary and 0.2% are transgender. Among youth aged 15 to 17, 21.0%, comprising more females than males, report attraction not exclusive to the opposite gender. Given known associations between health and gender and sexual attraction, oversampling of sexual minority groups is recommended in future studies to obtain reliable estimates for identifying inequities and informing policy.

Gender and sexual attraction as a dimension of sexual orientation are important determinants of health among youth. Collecting gender and sexual attraction information as a routine part of public health surveillance is important for identifying inequities and informing policy. This study provides nationally representative estimates for the distribution of gender and sexual attraction among Canadian youth. This study identifies populations (nonbinary, transgender and same gender­attracted youth) that require oversampling or other approaches to ensure that reliable estimates can be obtained in public health surveillance.

Le genre et l'attirance sexuelle en tant que dimension de l'orientation sexuelle sont des déterminants importants de la santé chez les jeunes. La collecte de renseignements sur le genre et l'attirance sexuelle dans le cadre des activités habituelles de surveillance de la santé publique est importante pour relever les iniquités et orienter les politiques. Cette étude fait état d'estimations représentatives à l'échelle nationale de la répartition des genres et de l'attirance sexuelle chez les jeunes Canadiens. Cette étude répertorie les populations (non binaires, transgenres et jeunes ayant une attirance envers des personnes du même genre) devant faire l'objet d'un suréchantillonnage ou d'autres approches afin de garantir que des estimations fiables puissent être obtenues dans le cadre de la surveillance de la santé publique.

Opioid and Cannabis Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding in Relation to Sociodemographics and Mental Health Status: A Descriptive Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study of Canadian women estimates the prevalence of opioid and cannabis use during pregnancy and cannabis use during the breastfeeding period and explores the sociodemographic and mental health characteristics associated with use. METHODS: A total of 13 000 women who gave birth between January and June 2018 were invited to participate in the Survey on Maternal Health by Statistics Canada; 7111 women participated for a response rate of 54.7%. Participants were asked about their mental health, supports during pregnancy, and substance use. Multivariable logistic regression was used to describe the relationship between sociodemographic and mental health characteristics and substance use during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported opioid use during pregnancy was 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1%-1.8%). A higher proportion of women reported using cannabis during pregnancy and while breastfeeding, at 3.1% (95% CI 2.5%-3.6%) and 2.6% (95% CI 2.1%-3.1%), respectively. Younger age, not being in a relationship, lower level of education, and thoughts of self-harm were significantly associated with cannabis use during pregnancy. Lower level of education and thoughts of self-harm were also significantly associated with cannabis use while breastfeeding, as were symptoms of postpartum depression and/or generalized anxiety. Lower level of education and symptoms of postpartum depression and/or generalized anxiety were also significantly associated with opioid use during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The results of this survey show relatively low levels of opioid and cannabis use during pregnancy and cannabis use while breastfeeding in Canada. Different sociodemographic and mental health characteristics are associated with the use of these substances, and public health interventions and policies should take into account these factors.

Parkinson's disease: Prevalence, diagnosis and impact.

This article provides information on Parkinson's disease, using the 2010/2011 Canadian Community Health Survey, the 2011/2012 Survey of Neurological Conditions in Institutions in Canada, and the 2011 Survey of Living with Neurological Conditions in Canada. An estimated 0.2% of Canadian adults in private households (55,000), and 4.9% of those in residential institutions (12,500), had Parkinson's disease. Younger age at symptom onset was associated with a longer period to disease diagnosis. As a result of the condition, 58% reported that social interactions were negatively affected, 61% reported out-of-pocket expenses, and 56% reported receiving assistance with activities such as housework, transportation or personal care. Among those receiving assistance, 84% relied at least in part on family, friends or neighbours. The primary informal caregiver tended to be a spouse (64%), female (62%), live in the same household (72%), and provide assistance on a daily basis (76%).

Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in Canadian children: parent-report versus direct measures and relative associations with health risk.

BACKGROUND: The accurate measurement of time devoted to physical activity, sedentary pursuits and sleep is difficult and varies considerably between surveys. This has implications for population surveillance and understanding how these variables relate to health. METHODS: This sample of children (n = 878) was from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Moderate- to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behaviour and sleep duration were assessed using both a questionnaire and an accelerometer. This article compared parent-reported and directly measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep, and examined their associations, alone or in combination, with selected health markers in children aged 6 to 11. RESULTS: According to parent reports, the children in this study had an average of 105 minutes of MVPA, 2.5 hours of screen time and 9.7 hours of sleep per day; accelerometers recorded 63 minutes of MVPA, 7.6 hours of sedentary time and 10.1 hours of sleep per day. MVPA, measured by parent-report or accelerometry, was significantly associated with body mass index. In a regression model, directly measured MVPA and sleep were significantly associated with body mass index, and directly measured MVPA was significantly associated with waist circumference. Parent-reported screen time approached a significant association with body mass index. INTERPRETATION: Time estimates and associations with health markers varied between parent-reported and directly measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in children. These differences are important to understand before the two measurement techniques can be used interchangeably in research and health surveillance.

Assessment of validity of self-reported smoking status.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is associated with adverse health effects, including cancer, respiratory illness, heart disease and stroke. National data on smoking prevalence often rely on self-reports. This study assesses the validity of self-reported cigarette smoking status among Canadians. DATA AND METHODS: Data are from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of 4,530 Canadians aged 12 to 79. The survey included self-reported smoking status and a measure of urinary cotinine, a biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was calculated based on self-reports and also on urinary cotinine concentrations. RESULTS: Compared with estimates based on urinary cotinine concentration, smoking prevalence based on self-report was 0.3 percentage points lower. Sensitivity estimates (the percentage of respondents who reported being smokers among those classified as smokers based on cotinine concentrations) were similar for males and females (more than 90%). Although sensitivity tended to be lower for respondents aged 12 to 19 than for those aged 20 to 79, the difference did not attain statistical significance. INTERPRETATION: Accurate estimates of the prevalence of cigarette smoking among Canadians can be derived from self-reported smoking status data.