Assessment of key parameters of normal uterus in women of reproductive age.

Currently, the precise and detailed anatomical data of the normal uterus, especially the myometrium thickness in various parts of the uterus, are lacking. This study aims to provide normal references for uterine size in healthy reproductive-aged Chinese women to facilitate the application of hysteroscopic surgery. A total of 298 women of reproductive age with normal uterine were included. Parity was significantly correlated with uterine measurements (P < 0.05), and age impacted several measurements (P < 0.05). At each uterine site examined, the myometrium was thinner in nulliparous women than in parous or primiparous women (P < 0.001). Similarly, the extrauterine measurements for parous or primiparous women were larger than those for nulliparous women. Weight affected some external measurements but not myometrial thicknesses, while height did not affect uterine measurements (P > 0.05). There was a positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) and extrauterine measurements as well as myometrial thickness (P < 0.05). The mathematical model of the uterine size for women of reproductive age was constructed stratified by parity. The study is the first to provide a detailed statistical description of the accurate anatomical parameters of the uterus in Chinese reproductive-aged women and has great significance for improving the safety and effectiveness of hysteroscopic surgery for patients.

[Advancement of imaging technology for coronary microcirculation dysfunction assessment].

Coronary microcirculation dysfunction (CMVD) is an important risk factor for the prognosis of re-perfused ischemic heart. Recent studies showed that the evaluation of CMVD has significant impact on both the early diagnosis of heart diseases relevant to blood supply and prognosis after myocardial reperfusion. In this review, the definition of CMVD from the perspective of pathophysiology was clarified, the principles and features of the state-of-the-art imaging technologies for CMVD assessment were reviewed from the perspective of engineering and the further research direction was promoted.

Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective Coupling Cyclohexenone into Indoles: Atom-Economic Synthesis of ß-Indolyl Cyclohexenones and Derivatization Applications.

Herein, we report a palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling of indoles with cyclic enones to give ß-indolyl cyclic enones under mild and neutral reaction conditions. The key to the success is to explore a mild condition, which ensures the indole C-H activation and subsequent syn ß-hydride elimination through rapid enolization isomerization of Pd(II)-enolate while suppressing other undesired side reactions. Synthetic utility has also been demonstrated in the flexible transformation of the coupling products to meta-phenols and benzo[a]carbazoles.

Regional inequality in health and its determinants: evidence from China.

Health inequality is a problem with great political importance all over the world. Urban-rural inequality in health has attracted great attentions in recent years in China, but very few researches have been undertaken into regional discrepancies in health. This research aims at measuring the degree of regional health inequality in China and identifying its determinants. Indicators for health, socioeconomic status, health resources and health services delivery were selected through Delphi consultations from 18 experts. With cross-sectional data from 31 provinces, composite health indexes were generated. The regional inequality in health was described by Lorenz curve and measured by Gini coefficient. The determinants of health inequality were identified through canonical correlation analysis. The results showed that there existed distinct regional disparities in health in China, which were mainly reflected in "Maternal & Child Health" and "Infectious Diseases", not in the most commonly used health indicator average life expectancy. The regional health inequality in China was increasing with the rapid economic growth. The regional health inequality was associated with not only the distribution of wealth, but also the distribution of health resources and primary health care services. Policy makers need to be aware of three major challenges when they try to achieve and maintain equality in distribution of health: First, the most commonly used health indicators are not necessarily sensitive enough to detect health inequalities. Second, increase in health inequality is often accompanied with rapid economic growth and increase in life expectancy. Countries in transition are facing the greatest challenge in developing a fair and equitable health care system. Finally, investment in health resources does bring about differences in distribution of health. However, primary health care plays a more important role than hospital services in reducing regional disparities in health.