Heavy metals in meat products from Shandong, China and risk assessment.

In this study 13 heavy metals were analysed in representative livestock meat, poultry meat, livestock offal and poultry offal samples (20 per category) from marketplaces and retail stores in 16 cities in Shandong province, China. The investigated heavy metals were Cu, Cr, V, Ni, As, Se, Sn, Cd, Pb, Sb, Mn, Ba and Hg. Results revealed mean levels of total heavy metals in meat and offal of 1.56 mg/kg and 39.8 mg/kg, respectively. Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Se, Ba and Pb were found in all samples (100%), followed by Hg (95.0%), V (91.3%), Sn (73.8%), Cd (51.3%), As (21.3%) and Sb (11.3%). Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values showed that high meat intake can cause potential health risks. Thus, continuous monitoring of health risks and trends of heavy metals in meat products is needed, both for food safety and consumer's health.

[Contamination level and population exposure assessment of chloropropanol esters in edible vegetable oil in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the contamination of 2-chloropropanol esters and 3-chloropropanol esters in commercial edible vegetable oils in Shandong Province, and to assess the dietary 3-chloropropanol esters exposure and the health risk of intaking 3-chloropropanol esters. METHODS: From 2016 to 2020, 406 individually packaged edible vegetable oils were collected from stores and farmers' markets in 16 prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province. According to the 2016 National Food Contamination and Harmful Factors Risk Monitoring Manual, using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry detection, isotope internal standard method for quantification, laboratory determination of 2-chloropropanol ester and 3-chloropropanol in vegetable oil ester content. Combined with population weight, oil consumption and monitoring data, the point assessment method was used to evaluate the exposure of residents in Shandong Province to 3-chloropropanol esters. RESULTS: The detection rate of 3-chloropropanol ester was 92.4%(375/406), the concentration range was<limit of detection(LOD)-18.4 mg/kg, the median was 0.470 mg/kg, the average was 0.833 mg/kg, and the maximum value was 18.4 mg/kg in rice oil; the detection rate of 2-chloropropanol ester was 88.7%(360/406), the concentration range was <LOD-8.46 mg/kg, the median value was 0.204 mg/kg, the average value was 0.432 mg/kg, and the maximum value was 8.46 mg/kg in rice oil. The average exposure of each age group was less than the tolerable daily intake, and the high-end exposure of the children(2-6 years old) and adolescents(7-10 years old) group was greater than the tolerable daily intake. CONCLUSION: The contamination of chloropropanol esters of edible vegetable oil in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020 is widespread, and the highest detection value appears in rice oil. Children(2-6 years old) and adolescents(7-10 years old) in high-risk situations ingest 3-chloropropanol esters present health risks.

Occurrence of quinolones in cultured fish from Shandong Province, China and their health risk assessment.

The residue levels of 6 quinolones in 160 cultured fish samples from Shandong Province, China were investigated using UPLC-MS/MS. The detection rate was 43.1% and enrofloxacin had the highest detection rate as well as the highest residue concentration. The violation rates were 2.50% for the sum of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin and 1.25% for ofloxacin. Among the 9 fish species, quinolone contamination problems should receive more attention in Carp, Grass carp, Crucian and Catfish. The health risk assessment showed that when calculated by the maximum concentration, the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of Carp, Grass carp and Crucian for the high consumption group accounted for more than 10% of the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), indicating that a large intake of these fish species might pose a potential health risk and health risk monitoring of quinolones in cultured fish should be continually performed.

Fluoride in tea from Shandong Province, China and exposure assessment.

In this study fluoride in 170 tea samples from Shandong province (China) was determined using a selective ion electrode. The fluoride concentrations ranged from 31.2 to 338 mg/kg with an average of 119 mg/kg. The mean fluoride concentrations were 164, 121, 98.7 and 96.8 mg/kg, which corresponded to Pu'erh tea, green tea, oolong tea and black tea, respectively. Moreover, 4.7% of the analysed samples exceed the legal limit of 200 mg/kg recommended by China. The estimated daily intake of fluoride via drinking tea for an adult was between 0.655 and 1.07 mg/person/day, which were lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake value of 3.5 mg/person/day set by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China. In future, maintaining a surveillance programme to monitor the trend of fluoride in tea is necessary for food safety and human health.

Assessment of the quality and content of clinical practice guidelines for post-stroke rehabilitation of aphasia.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of guidelines for rehabilitation of post-stroke aphasia using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE-II) instrument and identify consistency of different guidelines. METHODS: A systematic search was undertaken from inception to October 2018. Two reviewers independently screened all titles and abstracts, and assessed eligible guidelines using the AGREE-II. Agreement among reviewers was measured by using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: From 5008 records screened, 8 guidelines met the inclusion criteria. The quality of guidelines was heterogeneous. Three guidelines were rated high (6.5) across; the highest rated domain was "scope and purpose' (median score 95.8%); the lowest rated domain was "rigor of development' (median score 67.2%). An overall high degree of agreement among reviewers to each domain was observed (ICC ranged from 0.60 to 0.99). The speech language therapy was recommended in 3 guidelines. Four guidelines described group treatment was beneficial for the continuum of care. However, other therapies for aphasia varied in the level of detail across guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated the quality of guidelines for post-stroke aphasia needed to be improved. Moreover, the treatment recommendations of aphasia existed discrepancy among the included guidelines. Therefore, it is suggested to pay more attention on the rigor of methodology and applicability during the process of the formulation of guideline. Future research should focus on the effectiveness, intensity, and duration of treatment measures.

Occupational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers or decabromodiphenyl ethane during chemical manufacturing: Occurrence and health risk assessment.

Field investigations were conducted on a decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) manufacturing plant and a decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) manufacturing plant, and worker exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) or DBDPE was assessed. Workshop air was collected and tested to measure levels of external exposure to corresponding chemicals via air inhalation. Paired human serum and urine samples taken from 202 workers were tested to assess levels of internal BFR exposure. Levels of BDE-209 in air for the BDE-209 plant ranged from 10.6 to 295 µg m-3, accounting for at least 99% of the total PBDEs in the workshop air, and those of DBDPE in air samples from the DBDPE plant ranged from 12.7 to 435 µg m-3. Maximum estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of BDE-209 and DBDPE accumulated via air inhalation exceeded the corresponding RfD level recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, indicating that for some workers, occupational exposure is likely to create significant health problems. The levels of BDE-209 measured in serum taken from BDE-209 workers ranged from 0.202 to 57.1 µg g-1 lw, and those of DBDPE in serum taken from DBDPE workers ranged from 0.087 to 54.4 µg g-1 lw. These values are several orders of magnitude higher than those detected in general areas and e-waste recycling sites. BDE-209 and DBDPE were detected in all of the urine samples with median levels of 1.12 and 8.6 ng mL-1, respectively, and levels of BDE-209 and DBDPE in the urine were significantly and positively correlated with those observed in the serum.

Residual levels of rare earth elements in freshwater and marine fish and their health risk assessment from Shandong, China.

The total concentrations of rare earth elements (ΣREE) were quantified in 251 samples from 10 common species of freshwater and marine fish in seventeen cities of Shandong, China. ΣREE obtained from the freshwater fish ranged from 34.0 to 37.9ngg(-1) (wet weight) and marine fish from 12.7 to 37.6ngg(-1). The ratio of LREE to HREE was 13.7:1 and 10:1 for freshwater and marine fish, respectively. This suggests that freshwater fish exhibit greater REE concentrations than marine fish and the biological effects of LREE are higher than HREE. Results revealed a similar REE distribution pattern between those fish and coastal sediments, abiding the "abundance law". The health risk assessment demonstrated the EDIs of REEs in fish were significantly lower than the ADI, indicating that the consumption of these fish presents little risk to human health.