The (in)visible Brazilians: A perspective review on the need for brain health and dementia research with Brazilian immigrants in the United States.

Introduction: The Brazilian population in the United States (U.S.), a Latinx subgroup, is rapidly growing and aging but remains underrepresented in U.S. health research. In addition to group-specific genetic and environmental risks, Brazilian immigrants and their offspring in the U.S. likely have cumulative risks for health inequities.It is estimated that 71% of Brazilian immigrants in the U.S. are undocumented, which may limit healthcare access/utilization. Furthermore, mental health is reported as a health priority by Brazilian immigrants in the U.S., and there is a lack of research on Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (AD/ADRD) in this population. Methods: We reviewed the scientific literature using traditional (e.g., PubMed) sources and databases generated by U.S. and Brazilian governments, as well as international organizations, and press articles. Results: This perspective review lists recommendations for researchers, health providers, and policymakers to promote greater inclusion of U.S. Brazilian populations in health research and care. The review identifies research areas in need of attention to address health inequities and promote mental/brain health in Brazilian immigrants and their offspring living in the U.S. These research areas are: 1) epidemiological studies to map the prevalence and incidence of mental/brain health conditions; 2) research on aging and AD/ADRD risk factors among Brazilian populations in the U.S.; and 3) the need for greater representation of U.S-residing Brazilian population in other relevant research areas involving genetics, neuropathology, and clinical trials. Conclusions: The recommendation and research efforts proposed should help to pave the way for the development of community-engagement research and to promote mental/brain health education, improvement of mental/brain health and AD/ADRD services, and the development of culturally-informed intervention to the U.S.-residing Brazilian communities. HIGHLIGHTS: The Brazilian population in the United States is growing but is underrepresented in U.S. health research.Approximately 71% of Brazilian immigrants in the United States are undocumented, with an increased risk for health inequities.Mental health is reported as a central health priority by Brazilian immigrants in the United States.There is a lack of research on Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (ADRD) in Brazilian immigrants in the United States.Epidemiological research is needed to map the prevalence/incidence of mental health conditions and ADRD risk factors among Brazilian immigrants in the United States.

Cognition, functionality, and life space in older adults: the mediating role of perceived control and autonomy / Cognição, funcionalidade e espaço de vida nas pessoas idosas: o papel mediador da percepção de controle e autonomia

OBJECTIVES: To examine a model of associations between cognition, functionality, and life-space mobility, and the mediating role of perceived control and autonomy. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of older adults aged over 72 years, which used data from the FIBRA study. We used the structural equation modeling technique. Variables in this model were cognition, functionality, perceived control and autonomy, and life-space mobility, with sociodemographic and health covariables. Data imputation was done through the expected maximization method aiming at more effective data utilization. This study was funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. RESULTS: The mediation model reached good fit indices. Cognition, functionality, and perceived control and autonomy demonstrated a predictive capacity for life space. Functionality and perceived control and autonomy mediated the relationship between cognition and life space; therefore, cognition influences life space, given its associations with the mediating variables. There was a mediating effect of perceived control and autonomy on the relationship between functionality and life space. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived control and autonomy have an adaptive role when considering changes in personal competencies. This adaptation is reflected on life spaces, indicating an adjustment between competence and environment. Studies aimed at promoting a good relationship between an individual and his or her context maintaining life space should consider perceived control and autonomy as important mechanisms in this relationship

OBJETIVOS: Examinar um modelo de associações entre cognição, funcionalidade e mobilidade em espaço de vida, e o papel mediador da percepção de controle e autonomia. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal, com amostra composta por idosos acima de 72 anos, utilizando dados do estudo FIBRA. Utilizou-se a técnica de Modelagem por Equações Estruturais. As variáveis do modelo foram a cognição, a funcionalidade, a percepção de controle e autonomia e a mobilidade em espaço de vida, com covariáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde. Realizou-se imputação de dados através da técnica Expected Maximization, visando o melhor aproveitamento dos dados. Estudo financiado pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. RESULTADOS: O modelo de mediação obteve bons índices de ajuste. A cognição, a funcionalidade e a percepção de controle e autonomia demonstraram capacidade preditiva do espaço de vida. A funcionalidade e a percepção de controle e autonomia mediaram a relação entre a cognição e o espaço de vida, portanto, a cognição influencia o espaço de vida, dada suas associações com as variáveis mediadoras. Houve efeito de mediação da percepção de controle e autonomia na relação entre a funcionalidade e o espaço de vida. CONCLUSÕES: A percepção de controle e autonomia exerce função adaptativa frente às alterações nas competências pessoais. Essa adaptação é refletida nos espaços de vida, indicando ajuste entre competência e meio. Estudos que visem promover uma boa relação entre o indivíduo e seu contexto, mantendo o espaço de vida, devem considerar a percepção de controle e autonomia como mecanismo importante nesta relação."

Avaliação de seguimento do Estudo Fibra: caracterização sociodemográfica, cognitiva e de fragilidade dos idosos em Campinas e Ermelino Matarazzo, SP / Follow-up evaluation of the Fibra Study: sociodemographic, cognitive, and frailty characterization of older adults in Campinas and Ermelino Matarazzo, SP

Resumo Objetivo Investigar e comparar o perfil sociodemográfico, cognitivo e de fragilidade dos participantes do Estudo Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros em medidas de seguimento (SG) e linha de base (LB) realizadas em 2016-2017 e 2008-2009, respectivamente. Métodos Participaram da LB 1.284 idosos residentes em Campinas e Ermelino Matarazzo (SP), Brasil, que compuseram amostra única. No SG foram novamente entrevistados 549 participantes (42,5%); 192 tinham falecido (14,9%) e 543 foram perdidos (42,4%). Em ambos os momentos, foram avaliadas as variáveis sexo, idade, escolaridade, estado conjugal, renda familiar, arranjo de moradia, status cognitivo (Mini-Exame do Estado Mental) e fenótipo de fragilidade (três ou mais de cinco critérios). As diferenças intergrupos e intragrupos foram verificadas pelos testes qui-quadrado de Pearson e de McNemar, respectivamente. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em p<0,05. Resultados Entre os sobreviventes, os participantes eram mais jovens (72,2±5,3 anos) do que entre os falecidos (75,5±6,8 anos) e havia mais idosos casados, com nível educacional mais elevado, sem deficit cognitivo e pré-frágeis. Da LB para o SG, houve aumento estatisticamente significativo do número de idosos que moravam sozinhos (17,1% vs. 22,0%), não tinham companheiro(a) (46,4% vs. 55,4%), tinham renda familiar menor que três salários-mínimos (52,2% vs. 62,2%), apresentavam deficit cognitivo (17,7% vs. 23,5%) e eram frágeis (9,8% vs. 24,5%) Conclusão Da LB para o SG, ocorreu aumento da vulnerabilidade física, cognitiva e social dos idosos. Estes resultados reforçam a importância de políticas públicas que favoreçam a qualidade de vida dos idosos e a redução das iniquidades de saúde ao longo da vida.

Abstract Objective To investigate and compare the sociodemographic, cognitive and frailty profile of participants from the Frailty in Brazilian Older Adults (Fibra) study regarding follow-up (FW) and baseline (BL) measurements carried out in 2016-2017 and 2008-2009, respectively. Methods A total of 1,284 older adults living in Campinas and Ermelino Matarazzo (SP), Brazil, participated in the BL, comprising a pooled sample. At FW, 549 older adults (42.7%) were interviewed again; 192 had died (14.9%) and 543 were lost to follow-up (42.4%). Sex, age, education, marital status, family income, housing arrangement, cognitive status (Mini-Mental State Examination) and frailty phenotype (score ≥3 out of 5) were evaluated at both timepoints. Intergroup and intragroup differences were verified by Pearson's chi-square and McNemar's tests. Statistical significant level was set at p<0.05 Results The survivors were younger (72.2±5.3 years) than the deceased (75.5±6.8 years) and individuals included in the FW were mostly married, higher educated, cognitively unimpaired and pre-frail. Between BL and FW there was an increase in the number of participants who lived alone (17.1% vs. 22.0%), had no partner (46.4% vs. 55.4%), a family income <3 minimum wages (52.2% vs. 62.2%), cognitive impairment (17.7% vs. 23.5%) and frailty (9.8% vs. 24.5%). Conclusion Between BL and FW there was an increase in the physical, cognitive and social vulnerability of the older adults. These results reinforce the importance of public policies that favor the quality of life of older people and a reduction in health inequities throughout life.

Factors associated with perceived quality of life in older adults: ELSI-Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with perceived quality of life in a representative national sample of the population aged 50 or over. METHODS: Data from 7,651 participants of the baseline ELSI-Brazil (Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging), conducted between 2015 and 2016, were used. The perceived quality of life was measured by the CASP-19 scale - (CASP - control, autonomy, self-fulfillment and pleasure), considering the highest tertile as good quality of life. The independent variables included socio-demographic characteristics, mobility, loneliness, and indicators of sociability (social network, social support and social participation). The associations were tested using multivariate Poisson regression. RESULTS: The best perceived quality of life showed a positive and independent association with the frequency of contacts with friends (PR = 1.25 for at least once every 2-3 months and PR = 1.36 for at least once a week), instrumental support from spouse or partner in the household (PR = 1.69), and emotional support from other relatives (PR = 1.45), children or children in law (PR = 1.41) and spouse or partner (PR = 1.33). Negative associations were observed for participants aged 80 and over (RP = 0.77), with 4 to 7 or 8 or more years of schooling (PR = 0.78 and 0.75, respectively) and with difficulty in mobility (PR = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to age and schooling, mobility, sociability and instrumental and emotional support are associated with perceived quality of life among older Brazilian adults. These characteristics must be considered when actions are taken, aiming to promote quality of life in this population.

Subjective and psychological well-being among elderly participants of a University of the Third Age / Bem-estar subjetivo e psicológico de idosos participantes de uma Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade

Abstract Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the distribution of measures of subjective and psychological well-being according to demographic criteria and length of participation in the program. Method: A cross sectional study using the following instruments was carried out: a sociodemographic questionnaire (age, gender, education, length of participation in University of the Third Age (U3A) and similar programs located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil; an Overall Life Satisfaction Scale; a Life Satisfaction Scale that contemplated four domains: health, physical capacity, mental capacity and social involvement; a Positive/Negative Affect Scale; and a Personal Development Scale. The data were analyzed by the chi-squared test (for comparison of categorical variables), the Mann-Whitney and the Kruskal-Wallis U tests (for comparison of continuous variables). Results: Age and gender were the main factors that were significantly associated with overall life satisfaction, life satisfaction in specific domains, and morale. Higher education was associated with psychological adjustment. Conclusion: Participating in a U3A contributes to high levels of subjective and psychological well-being. Elderly individuals of more advanced ages and men had higher rates of satisfaction with life and positive feelings. The elderly can assess their development trajectory, their commitment to society and consider their efforts in pursuing an ideal of personal excellence. AU

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição entre as medidas de bem-estar subjetivo e bem-estar psicológico segundo os critérios sociodemográficos e tempo de participação no programa. Método: O estudo foi de corte transversal e utilizou os instrumentos: Questionário para levantamento de dados sociodemográficos: idade, sexo, escolaridade, tempo de participação na Universidade Aberta a Terceira Idade (UnATI), e programas semelhantes em outras instituições localizados na cidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil; Escala de Satisfação Geral com a Vida; Escala de Satisfação com a Vida referenciada à quatro domínios: saúde, capacidade física, capacidade mental e envolvimento social; Escala de Estado de Ânimo; Escala de Desenvolvimento Pessoal. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos testes: qui-quadrado (para comparação das variáveis categóricas), testes U de Mann-Whitney e Kruskall-Wallis (para comparação das variáveis contínuas). Resultado: Idade e sexo destacaram-se como os principais fatores significativamente associados à satisfação geral com a vida e referenciada a domínios e ao estado de ânimo. O maior nível de escolaridade associou-se com o ajustamento psicológico. Conclusão: Participar de uma UnATI contribui para apresentar altos níveis de bem-estar subjetivo e psicológico. Idosos com idades mais avançadas e do sexo masculino apresentaram índices mais altos de satisfação com a vida e de sentimentos positivos. Os idosos podem avaliar a própria trajetória de desenvolvimento, o compromisso com a sociedade e ponderar sobre o próprio empenho em perseguir um ideal de excelência pessoal. AU

A subtest analysis of The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): which subtests can best discriminate between healthy controls, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease?

The authors would like to apologise for a typographical error in the discussion of the above mentioned article. In the discussion on page 830 of the article, paragraph 'In the present sample, when we tested the accuracy of the MoCA to discriminate between MCI and healthy participants using ROC curves, the best cut-off score was 24 points, with good sensitivity and specificity ( 92% and 82%, respectively).' Should read: In the present sample, when we tested the accuracy of the MoCA to discriminate between MCI and healthy participants using ROC curves, the best cut-off score was 24 points, with good sensitivity and specificity (83% and 89%, respectively).

The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory in primary care: applicability and psychometric characteristics of the original and short form

Abstract Background Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has negative implications for people’s lives, but is often underdiagnosed in the elderly. There is a shortage of instruments to assess geriatric anxiety. Objectives To analyze the applicability and psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) and its short form (GAI-SF) within primary care. Methods Fifty-five seniors were classified as non-demented by a multidisciplinary panel. The protocol included the GAI, the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), the Depression Scale D-10, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Bayer Scale for Activities of Daily Living (B-ADL) and the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). A sub-sample also completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Results The GAI and GAI-SF showed good internal consistency (0.89; 0.62, respectively) and test-retest stability (0.58, 0.97). The GAI and GAI-SF correlated significantly with the SRQ-20 (0.74, 0.55) and BAI (0.75, 0.58). Discussion The psychometric characteristics of the Brazilian versions of the GAI and GAI-SF suggest these instruments are suitable for application in the Brazilian elderly population within the primary care setting.

A subtest analysis of the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA): which subtests can best discriminate between healthy controls, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease?

BACKGROUND: It is necessary to continue to explore the psychometric characteristics of key cognitive screening tests such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to diagnose cognitive decline as early as possible and to attend to the growing need of clinical trials involving mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants. The main aim of this study was to assess which MoCA subtests could best discriminate between healthy controls (HC), participants with MCI, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of 136 elderly with more than four years of education. All participants were submitted to detailed clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging evaluation. The MoCA, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) were applied to all participants. The MoCA test was not used in the diagnostic procedure. RESULTS: Median MoCA total scores were 27, 23 and 18 for HC, MCI, and AD, respectively (p < 0.001). Word repetition, inverse digits, serial 7, phrases, verbal fluency, abstraction, and word recall discriminated between MCI and HC participants (p < 0.001). The clock drawing, the rhino naming, delayed recall of five words and orientation discriminated between patients with MCI and AD (p < 0.001). A reduced version of the MoCA with only these items did not improve accuracy between MCI and HC (p = 0.076) or MCI and AD (p = 0.119). CONCLUSIONS: Not all MoCA subtests might be fundamental to clinical diagnosis of MCI. The reduced versions of MoCA did not add diagnostic accuracy.

Cognitive performance and engagement in physical, social and intellectual activities in older adults: The FIBRA study / Desempenho cognitivo e envolvimento em atividades físicas, sociais e intelectuais em idosos: estudo fibra

Cognitive decline in aging can negatively impact quality of life in the elderly. However, studies have shown that elderly engaged in advanced activities of daily living (AADLs) can maintain or enhance global cognitive function or specific domains.Objective:To investigate the relationship between engagement in AADLs and domains of cognition in elderly from seven different locations in Brazil.Methods:A cross-sectional study involving 2,549 elderly without cognitive deficits suggestive of dementia was conducted. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, health status, the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) by subdomain (orientation, memory, attention/calculus, language and constructional praxis), and engagement in AADL grouped under physical, social and intellectual activities.Results:Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed an association, albeit modest, between intellectual AADLs and the domains orientation, attention/calculus, language and constructional praxis (R2=0.005, 0.008, 0.021, and 0.021 respectively). Social AADLs were correlated with memory (R2=0.002) and language (R2=0.004) domains. No association was found between physical AADLs and MMSE domains. Schooling and family income were the sociodemographic variables exhibiting the strongest relationship with cognitive domains.Conclusion:The study found associations between intellectual and social AADLs with higher cognitive performance, suggesting that active aging can provide opportunities to attenuate cognitive decline in aging.

O declínio cognitivo no envelhecimento pode interferir na qualidade de vida do idoso. No entanto, estudos tem documentado que idosos engajados em atividades avançadas de vida diária (AAVD) podem manter ou melhorar a função cognitiva global ou domínios específicos.Objetivo:Investigar a relação entre o engajamento em AAVD e domínios da cognição em idosos residentes em sete localidades brasileiras.Métodos:Participaram de estudo transversal 2.549 idosos sem déficits cognitivos sugestivos de demência. Foram coletados dados referentes às características sociodemográficas, de saúde, Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) subdividido em subdomínios (orientação, memória, atenção/ cálculo, linguagem e praxia construtiva) e o engajamento em AAVD agrupadas em físicas, sociais e intelectuais.Resultados:Embora modesta a análise de regressão linear multivariada mostrou associação entre as AAVD intelectuais e os domínios de orientação, atenção/ cálculo, linguagem e praxia construtiva (R2=0.005, 0.008, 0.021, 0.021 respectivamente). As AAVD sociais se associaram aos domínios de memória (R2=0.002) e linguagem (R2=0.004). Não houve associação entre a as AAVD físicas e os domínios do MEEM. Escolaridade e renda familiar foram as variáveis sociodemográficas que apresentaram relação mais robusta com os domínios cognitivos.Conclusão:O estudo mostrou associação entre as AAVD intelectuais e sociais e o melhor desempenho cognitivo, sugerindo que o envelhecimento ativo pode oferecer oportunidades para amenizar o declínio cognitivo no envelhecimento.

Qualitative analysis of the Clock Drawing Test by educational level and cognitive profile / Análise qualitativa do Teste do Desenho do Relógio por faixas de escolaridade e perfil cognitivo

The use of a qualitative scale for the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) may add information about the pattern of errors committed. Objective: To translate and adapt the Modified Qualitative Error Analysis of Rouleau into Brazilian Portuguese and to examine the pattern of errors according to educational level and cognitive profile. Method: 180 adults (47-82 years) completed the CDT. Participants were stratified into age and educational levels and separated between those with and without changes in cognitive screening tests (Mini-Mental State Examination, Verbal Fluency). Results: No significant differences were found in CDT scores among age groups. Among participants without cognitive impairment, those with lower education often presented graphic difficulties, conceptual deficits and spatial deficits. Participants with cognitive deficits, demonstrated more frequently conceptual and spatial errors. Conclusion: The qualitative analysis of the CDT may contribute to the identification of cognitive changes. Education level has to be taken into consideration during the analysis. .

O uso de uma escala qualitativa para o Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR) pode trazer informações adicionais sobre o perfil dos erros cometidos. Objetivo: Realizar a tradução e a adaptação da Análise Qualitativa de Erros de Rouleau Modificada para o português e analisar o padrão de erros por faixas de escolaridade e perfil cognitivo. Método: 180 adultos (47-82 anos) completaram o TDR. Os participantes foram estratificados em faixas etárias, faixas de escolaridade e separados entre aqueles com e sem alterações cognitivas em testes de rastreio (Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, Fluência Verbal). Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças no perfil de erros no TDR entre as faixas de idade. Dentre os participantes com cognição preservada, aqueles com menor escolaridade apresentaram com maior frequência dificuldades gráficas, déficits conceituais e déficit espacial. Entre os participantes com alterações cognitivas, foram frequentes as dificuldades conceituais e espaciais. Conclusão: A análise qualitativa do TDR pode contribuir para identificar alterações cognitivas. A escolaridade deve ser levada em consideração durante sua análise. .

[Methodology and social, demographic, cognitive, and frailty profiles of community-dwelling elderly from seven Brazilian cities: the FIBRA Study]. / Metodologia e perfil sociodemográfico, cognitivo e de fragilidade de idosos comunitários de sete cidades brasileiras: Estudo FIBRA.

A study was designed to identify conditions of frailty in relation to social, demographic, health, cognitive, functional, and psychosocial variables in community-dwelling elderly. The article presents the methodology and preliminary data. A total of 3,478 elderly (65 years and older) were selected from probabilistic samples of seven Brazilian cities chosen by convenience and participated in a data collection session in a community setting. The following characteristics predominated: women (67.7%), married (48%) or widowed (36.4%), living with a son or daughter and family (52.6%), head of family (64.5%), and 1-4 years of schooling (49%); 28.8% were illiterate and 24.8% presented a cognitive deficit; 9.1% were frail, 51.8% pre-frail, and 39.1% non-frail. There were more frail individuals among women, those 80 years or older, the widowed, the illiterate, those who had never attended school, and those with cognitive deficit. In general, the social and demographic data corroborate Brazilian epidemiological studies, while those on frailty, cognitive status, and schooling corroborate the international literature.

Metodologia e perfil sociodemográfico, cognitivo e de fragilidade de idosos comunitários de sete cidades brasileiras: Estudo FIBRA / Methodology and social, demographic, cognitive, and frailty profiles of community-dwelling elderly from seven Brazilian cities: the FIBRA Study / Metodología y perfil sociodemográfico, cognitivo y de fragilidad de ancianos en comunidades desfavorecidas de siete ciudades brasileñas: Estudio FIBRA

A study was designed to identify conditions of frailty in relation to social, demographic, health, cognitive, functional, and psychosocial variables in community-dwelling elderly. The article presents the methodology and preliminary data. A total of 3,478 elderly (65 years and older) were selected from probabilistic samples of seven Brazilian cities chosen by convenience and participated in a data collection session in a community setting. The following characteristics predominated: women (67.7%), married (48%) or widowed (36.4%), living with a son or daughter and family (52.6%), head of family (64.5%), and 1-4 years of schooling (49%); 28.8% were illiterate and 24.8% presented a cognitive deficit; 9.1% were frail, 51.8% pre-frail, and 39.1% non-frail. There were more frail individuals among women, those 80 years or older, the widowed, the illiterate, those who had never attended school, and those with cognitive deficit. In general, the social and demographic data corroborate Brazilian epidemiological studies, while those on frailty, cognitive status, and schooling corroborate the international literature.

Um estudo foi planejado para identificar condições de fragilidade em relação a variáveis sociodemográficas, de saúde, cognição, funcionalidade e psicossociais em idosos comunitários. Metodologia e dados preliminares são apresentados. Foram selecionados 3.478 idosos (65 anos e mais), integrantes de amostras probabilísticas de sete cidades brasileiras escolhidas por conveniência, participaram de sessão de coleta de dados, em ambiente comunitário. Predominaram as seguintes características: mulheres (67,7%), casados (48%) ou viúvos (36,4%), vivendo com a família de filho/a (52,6%), chefes de família (64,5%) e 1-4 anos de escolaridade (49%); 28,8% eram analfabetos e 24,8% tinham déficit cognitivo; 9,1% eram frágeis, 51,8% pré-frágeis e 39,1% não-frágeis. Houve mais frágeis entre as mulheres, os de 80 anos e mais, os viúvos, os analfabetos, os que nunca foram à escola e os com déficit cognitivo. Em geral, os dados sociodemográficos replicam os de estudos epidemiológicos brasileiros, e os de fragilidade, estado cognitivo e escolaridade, os da literatura internacional.

Se planificó un estudio para identificar condiciones de fragilidad en relación con las variables sociodemográficas, de salud, cognición, funcionalidad y psicosociales en ancianos de comunidades desfavorecidas. En el estudio se presenta la metodología y datos preliminares. Fueron seleccionados 3.478 ancianos (65 años y más), integrantes de muestras probabilísticas de siete ciudades brasileñas, escogidas por conveniencia. En la sesión de recogida de datos participaron dentro de un ambiente de comunidades desfavorecidas. Predominaron las siguientes características: mujeres (67,7%), casados (48%) o viudos (36,4%), viviendo con la familia de hijo/a (52,6%), jefes de familia (64,5%) y 1-4 años de escolaridad (49%); un 28,8% eran analfabetos y un 24,8% tenían déficit cognitivo; un 9,1% eran enfermizos; un 51,8% pre-enfermizos y un 39,1% no enfermizos. Hubo más enfermizos entre las mujeres, quienes tenían 80 años y más, los viudos, los analfabetos, los que nunca fueron a la escuela y quienes tienen déficit cognitivo. En general, los datos sociodemográficos replican los de estudios epidemiológicos brasileños, y los de morbilidad, status cognitivo y escolaridad, además de los de la literatura internacional.

Mini-Mental State Examination performance in frail, pre-frail, and non-frail community dwelling older adults in Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Frailty in older adults is a multifactorial syndrome defined by low metabolic reserve, less resistance to stressors, and difficulty in maintaining organic homeostasis due to cumulative decline of multiple physiological systems. The relationship between frailty and cognition remains unclear and studies about Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) performance and frailty are scarce. The objective was to examine the association between frailty and cognitive functioning as assessed by the MMSE and its subdomains. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study (FIBRA) was carried out in Ermelino Matarazzo, a poor subdistrict of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Participants were 384 community dwelling older adults, 65 years and older who completed the MMSE and a protocol to assess frailty criteria as described in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). RESULTS: Frail older adults had significantly worse performance on the MMSE (p < 0.001 for total score). Linear regression analyses showed that the MMSE total score was influenced by age (p < 0.001), education (p < 0.001), family income (p < 0.001), and frailty status (p < 0.036). Being frail was associated more significantly with worse scores in Time Orientation (p < 0.004) and Immediate Memory (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that being frail is associated with worse cognitive performance, as assessed by the MMSE. It is recommended that the assessment of frail older adults should include the investigation of their cognitive status.

Determinants of cognitive performance among community dwelling older adults in an impoverished sub-district of São Paulo in Brazil.

Determinants of cognitive performance in old age have received limited attention in Latin America. We investigated the association of socio-demographic and health-related variables with cognitive performance in a sample of older adults with limited educational experience living in a poor sub-district of the city of São Paulo. This was a cross-sectional population-based study which included a sample of 384 seniors 65 years and older. Cognition was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) (episodic memory test with 10 pictures, verbal fluency (VF), Clock Drawing Test (CDT)). Results indicated that age, sex, schooling, depressive symptoms, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) level had a significant impact on the cognitive performance of the sample. Therefore, pharmacological and psychosocial interventions with a focus on improving mood and controlling hypertension may have beneficial effects on cognition among seniors with similar socio-demographic characteristics.

Relationships between gender, age, family conditions, physical and mental health, and social isolation of elderly caregivers.

BACKGROUND: In an aging population an increasing number of elderly caregivers will be called upon to provide care over a long period, during which time they will be burdened both by caregiving and by the physiological effects of their own aging. Among them there will be more aged male caregivers, who will probably be less prepared than women to become caregivers. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between caregivers' gender, age, family income, living arrangements and social support as independent variables, and depressive symptoms, comorbidities, level of frailty, grip strength, walking speed and social isolation, as dependent variables. METHODS: 176 elderly people (123 women) were selected from a sample of a population-based study on frailty (n = 900), who had cared for a spouse (79.3%) and/or parents (31.4%) in the past five years (mean age = 71.8 ± 4.86 years; mean monthly family income in minimum wages = 4.64 ± 5.14). The study used questionnaires and self-report scales, grip strength and walking speed tests. RESULTS: 65% of participants evaluated caregiving as being very stressful. Univariate analyses of regression showed low family income as a risk factor for depression; being female and low perceived social support as a risk for comorbidities; being 80 years of age and above for low grip strength; and being male for social isolation indicated by discontinuity of activities and social roles. In multivariate analyses of regression, poverty arose as a risk factor for depression and being female for comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Gender roles, age, income and social support interacted with physical and emotional health, and with the continuity of social participation of elderly caregivers. Special attention must be given to male caregivers.

Fluência verbal e variáveis sociodemográficas no processo de envelhecimento: um estudo epidemiológico / Verbal fluency and sociodemographic variables in the aging process: an epidemiological study

A fluência verbal é um marcador das funções executivas, envolvendo a capacidade de busca e recuperação de dados, habilidades de organização, autorregulação e memória operacional. Objetivou-se identificar a existência de diferenças em fluência verbal (número de animais, categorias, grupos e alternância de categorias) entre sexo, faixas etárias, faixas de escolaridade e renda. Trezentos e oitenta e três idosos (60 anos ou mais) participaram de estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal. Foram aplicadas questões sociodemográficas e o teste de fluência verbal categoria animais. As variáveis do teste de fluência verbal foram influenciadas por sexo, idade e escolaridade, com melhor desempenho a favor dos homens, dos participantes mais jovens e mais escolarizados. Os resultados confirmam que o desempenho em fluência verbal deve ser interpretado à luz das informações sociodemográficas.

Verbal fluency is a marker of executive functions which involves the ability of searching and retrieving information, organizational skills, self-regulation and working memory. The objective of this paper was to identify differences in verbal fluency (number of animals, categories, clusters and category switching) associated with gender, age, education and income. Three hundred eighty three elderly (60 or older) participated in an epidemiological cross-sectional study. Participants answered sociodemographic questions and completed the verbal fluency animal category test. Verbal fluency variables were influenced by gender, age, and education. Higher performance was reported for men and participants with lower age and higher education. Results confirm that performance in verbal fluency must be interpreted in the light of sociodemographic information.

Diagnostic transitions in mild cognitive impairment subtypes.

BACKGROUND: At least for a subset of patients, the clinical diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may represent an intermediate stage between normal aging and dementia. Nevertheless, the patterns of transition of cognitive states between normal cognitive aging and MCI to dementia are not well established. In this study we address the pattern of transitions between cognitive states in patients with MCI and healthy controls, prior to the conversion to dementia. METHODS: 139 subjects (78% women, mean age, 68.5 +/- 6.1 years; mean educational level, 11.7 +/- 5.4 years) were consecutively assessed in a memory clinic with a standardized clinical and neuropsychological protocol, and classified as cognitively healthy (normal controls) or with MCI (including subtypes) at baseline. These subjects underwent annual reassessments (mean duration of follow-up: 2.7 +/- 1.1 years), in which cognitive state was ascertained independently of prior diagnoses. The pattern of transitions of the cognitive state was determined by Markov chain analysis. RESULTS: The transitions from one cognitive state to another varied substantially between MCI subtypes. Single-domain MCI (amnestic and non-amnestic) more frequently returned to normal cognitive state upon follow-up (22.5% and 21%, respectively). Among subjects who progressed to Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common diagnosis immediately prior conversion was multiple-domain MCI (85%). CONCLUSION: The clinical diagnosis of MCI and its subtypes yields groups of patients with heterogeneous patterns of transitions between one given cognitive state to another. The presence of more severe and widespread cognitive deficits, as indicated by the group of multiple-domain amnestic MCI may be a better predictor of AD than single-domain amnestic or non-amnestic deficits. These higher-risk individuals could probably be the best candidates for the development of preventive strategies and early treatment for the disease.